Ihora elilodwa kuya kwamabili ngemva kokubeletha, umntwana osanda kuzalwa uba nesikhathi sokuphaphama okuzolile futhi uqaphile esivumela ukushintshana, ukufunda nokukhumbula ngekhanda (1). Lesi simo sokunaka sichazwa ngokwengxenye ukukhululwa kwama-catecholamines emzimbeni wosana olusanda kuzalwa, ihomoni elimsiza ukuba azivumelanise nemvelo endaweni yakhe entsha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umama ukhiqiza inqwaba ye-oxytocin, “ihomoni yothando” noma “i-hormone enamathiselwe”, enomthelela kulesi simo “sokukhathazeka okuyinhloko komama” esichazwe udokotela wezingane uWinnicott (2). Ngakho-ke amahora amabili ngemva kokuzalwa awumzuzu oyilungelo lomhlangano wokuqala phakathi kukamama nosana.

Uma ukubeletha kuhambe kahle, umntwana osanda kuzalwa wethulwa kumama kusukela ekuzalweni, ngokufanelekile "isikhumba esikhumbeni": ubekwe enqunu, embozwe ngemuva ngemva kokumisa, esiswini sikanina. Lokhu kuthintana kwesikhumba kuya esikhumbeni (CPP) kusukela emizuzwini yokuqala yokuphila futhi kuthathe isikhathi eside (imizuzu engama-90 kuye kwengama-120) kuvumela uguquko olubushelelezi phakathi kwe-utero world nempilo yomoya, futhi kukhuthaze ukujwayela kokuphila komntwana osanda kuzalwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. :

• ukugcinwa ngempumelelo kokushisa komzimba (3);
• ibhalansi ye-carbohydrate engcono (4);
• ukulungiswa okungcono kwe-cardio-respiratory (5);
• ukujwayela kangcono amagciwane (6);
• ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokukhala (7).

Isikhumba esikhumbeni sizophinde sikhuthaze ukusungulwa kwesibopho sikamama nengane, ikakhulukazi ngokukhishwa kwehomoni i-oxytocin. “Lo mkhuba wokuthintana ngokuseduze emahoreni okuqala ngemva kokuzalwa ungenza kube lula ukuziphatha okunamathelayo nokusebenzelana phakathi kukamama nengane ngokusebenzisa izinzwa ezithinta inhliziyo njengokuthinta, ukufudumala nokuhogela. », Ikhombisa i-WHO (8).

Ezithombeni zezingane ezisanda kuzalwa egumbini lokubelethela, okuvame ukuhlaba umxhwele yilokhu kubuka okujulile kosana olusanda kuzalwa imizuzu embalwa nje yokuphila. Kochwepheshe, lokhu kubukeka kuhlukile, ikakhulukazi. UDkt Marc Pilliot ungomunye wabokuqala, ngo-1996, ukuba nentshisekelo kulo “mhloli” (kusuka kwelesiGreek protos, kuqala). “Uma ingane siyishiya kunina, ukubuka kwesigamu sehora kuzoba neqhaza elibalulekile neliyisisekelo. »(9), kuchaza udokotela wezingane. Lokhu kubukeka kunendima “yokuba umzali”: kuzothuthukisa ukunamathela kukamama nengane kodwa futhi kubaba nengane. “Umthelela (walokhu protoregard) kubazali unamandla kakhulu futhi uyabathinta, okubangela kubo isiphithiphithi sangempela esibashintsha bonke ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela wokukhulisa izingane okungafanele kunganakwa”, kuchaza omunye umenduleli we-materology, UDkt Jean-Marie delassus (10). Izikhathi zokuqala zokuphila kwengane, ngakho-ke konke kufanele kwenziwe, ekamelweni lokubeletha, ukuze kuthande lokhu kubukeka kanye nalokhu kushintshaniswa okuyingqayizivele.

Amahora amabili egunjini lokubelethela isikhathi esifanelekile sokuncelisa ibele kusenesikhathi komama abafisa ukuncelisa, kodwa nalabo abafisa ukunikeza ingane yabo “ukuncelisa ibele” okukodwa. Lokhu kudla kuyithuba elihle lokushintshisana nengane futhi ngokombono wokudla okunempilo, kumvumela ukuba azuze ku-colostrum, uketshezi oluwugqinsi noluphuzi olucebile kakhulu ngamaprotheni kanye nezici ezihlukahlukene zokuzivikela.

I-WHO itusa ukuba “omama baqale ukuncelisa izinsana zabo phakathi nehora zizelwe. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa kufanele zihlaliswe ngonina okungenani ihora, futhi omama kufanele bakhuthazwe ukuthi babone lapho usana lwabo selulungele ukuhushula, banikeze usizo uma ludingeka. . "(11).

Ingane iyazi ukuthi incela kanjani kusukela izalwa, inqobo nje uma inikezwe izimo ezifanele. “Ucwaningo oluhlukene luye lwabonisa ukuthi lapho kungekho ukulaliswa, izinsana zithwala ibele likanina ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa, ziba nokuziphatha okukhethekile ngaphambi kokuncelisa okokuqala, okuhluka kuphela isikhathi sakho. Ukunyakaza kokuqala, okwenziwa ngemuva kwemizuzu eyi-12 kuye kwengama-44, kwalandelwa i-latch efanele ebeleni ephelezelwa ukuncela okuzenzakalelayo, ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-27 kuye kwengama-71. Ngemuva kokuzalwa, i-reflex yokuncela ingaba ngcono ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-45, bese yehla, ime amahora amabili amahora amabili nesigamu, ”kusho i-WHO. Ezingeni lama-hormone, ukumba kwebele ngengane kubangela ukukhishwa kwe-prolactin (i-hormone yokuncelisa) ne-oxytocin, eyenza kube lula ukuqala kokuphuma kobisi kanye nokukhishwa kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nalamahora amabili ngemva kokuzalwa, umntwana “usesimeni esishubile sesenzo futhi ubamba ngekhanda. Uma ubisi lugeleza, uma ekwazile ukukuthatha ngejubane lakhe, uzoqopha lokhu kudla kokuqala njengento enhle, azofuna ukuyikhiqiza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ”, kuchaza uDkt Marc Pilliot (12).

Lokhu kudla kokuqala kwenziwa kahle isikhumba nesikhumba ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuqaliswa kokuncelisa kodwa nokuqhubeka kwakho. Ngempela, "idatha yamanje ikhombisa ukuthi ukuthintana kwesikhumba nesikhumba phakathi kukamama nosana olusanda kuzalwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa kusiza ukuqalisa ukuncelisa, kwandisa amathuba okuncelisa ibele kuphela inyanga eyodwa kuya kwezine, futhi kwandise isikhathi esiphelele sokuncelisa ", kubonisa i-WHO (13). ).