Isamba senani lezixubho ezisetshenziswa futhi elahlwa minyaka yonke belilokhu likhula kancane kancane kusukela kwethulwa isixubho sokuqala sepulasitiki ngawo-1930. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka izixubho zenziwa ngezinto zemvelo, kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abakhiqizi baqala ukusebenzisa inayiloni namanye amapulasitiki ukuze benze izixubho. Ipulasitiki cishe ayinakonakala, okusho ukuthi cishe zonke izixubho ezenziwe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930 zisekhona ndawana thize ngendlela kadoti.
Ukusungulwa okungcono kakhulu kwezikhathi zonke?
Kuvele ukuthi abantu bathanda ngempela ukuxubha amazinyo. Ucwaningo lwe-MIT ngo-2003 lwathola ukuthi izixubho zaziswa kakhulu kunezimoto, amakhompyutha omuntu siqu, nomakhalekhukhwini ngenxa yokuthi abaphendulile kungenzeka ukuthi bathi ngeke bakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwazo.
Abavubukuli bathole “izinti zamazinyo” emathuneni aseGibhithe. UBuddha wahlafuna amagatsha ukuze axubhe amazinyo. Umlobi ongumRoma uPliny Omdala waphawula ukuthi “amazinyo ayoqina uma uwakha ngophaphe lwezingungumbane,” futhi imbongi engumRoma u-Ovid yaphikisa ngokuthi ukugeza amazinyo njalo ekuseni kuwumqondo omuhle.
Ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo kwathatha ingqondo ye-Chinese Hongzhi Emperor ngasekupheleni kwawo-1400s, owasungula idivayisi efana nebhulashi esiyaziyo sonke namuhla. Yayinezingulube eziwugqinsi ezimfishane ezigundwe entanyeni yengulube futhi zafakwa esibanjeni sethambo noma sokhuni. Lo mklamo olula ube khona ungaguquki emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Kodwa izibambo zezingulube nezibambo zamathambo kwakuyizinto ezibizayo, ngakho abantu abacebile kuphela ababekwazi ukuthenga amabhulashi. Bonke abanye kwakudingeka benze izinti zokuhlafuna, izinsalela zendwangu, iminwe, noma lutho nhlobo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1920, umuntu oyedwa kuphela kwabane e-United States owayenebhulashi lamazinyo.
Impi ishintsha yonke into
Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 lapho umqondo wokunakekelwa kwamazinyo kubo bonke, abacebile nabampofu, waqala ukungena ekuqapheleni komphakathi. Enye yezinto ezagqugquzela lolu shintsho kwakuyimpi.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, phakathi neMpi Yombango YaseMelika, izibhamu zazilayishwa isibhamu esisodwa ngesikhathi, nesibhamu nezinhlamvu ezazisongwe ngaphambili ephepheni elisindayo eligoqiwe. Amasosha kwadingeka alidabule iphepha ngamazinyo, kodwa isimo samazinyo amasosha asizange sikuvumele njalo lokhu. Ngokusobala lena bekuyinkinga. I-Army of the South yaqasha odokotela bamazinyo ukuba banikeze ukunakekelwa kokuvimbela. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye udokotela wamazinyo webutho waphoqa amasosha ebutho lakhe ukuba agcine izixubho zawo ezimbotsheni zezinkinobho ukuze zingeneke kalula ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Kwadingeka eminye imihlangano emibili emikhulu yezempi ukuze kutholwe izixubho cishe kuyo yonke indawo yokugezela. Lapho kuqala iMpi Yezwe II, amasosha ayeqeqeshelwa ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo, odokotela bamazinyo bengeniswa ezimpini, futhi izixubho kunikezwa izisebenzi zezempi. Lapho izigilamkhuba zibuyela ekhaya, zafika nomkhuba wokuxubha amazinyo.
"Indlela Elungile Yokuba Isakhamuzi SaseMelika"
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimo zengqondo mayelana nenhlanzeko yomlomo zazishintsha kulo lonke izwe. Odokotela bamazinyo baqala ukubheka ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo njengendaba yezenhlalo, yokuziphatha, ngisho neyokushisekela izwe. “Uma amazinyo amabi ayengavinjelwa, kungaba yinzuzo enkulu kuhulumeni nakumuntu, ngoba kuyamangaza ukuthi zingaki izifo ezihlotshaniswa ngokungaqondile namazinyo amabi,” kubhala omunye udokotela wamazinyo ngo-1904.
Izinhlangano zomphakathi eziphakamisa izinzuzo zamazinyo anempilo zisabalele ezweni lonke. Ezimweni eziningi, le mikhankaso ibheke abantu abampofu, abokufika kanye nabantu abancishwe amathuba. Ukuhlanzeka komlomo kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela “yokwenza imiphakathi ibe seMelika”.
Ukumuncwa kwepulasitiki
Njengoba isidingo sezixubho sakhula, nokukhiqizwa kwakhula, kusizwa ukwethulwa kwamapulasitiki amasha.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, osokhemisi bathola ukuthi ingxube ye-nitrocellulose ne-camphor, into enamafutha anephunga elimnandi etholakala ku-camphor laurel, ingenziwa ibe into eqinile, ecwebezelayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi eqhumayo. Impahla, ebizwa ngokuthi "celluloid", yayishibhile futhi ingabunjwa ibe yinoma yikuphi ukuma, ilungele ukwenza izibambo zesixubho.
Ngo-1938, indawo yokucwaninga yesizwe yaseJapane yenza into ezacile, enosilika eyayinethemba lokuthi yayizothatha indawo kasilika owawusetshenziselwa ukwenza amapharashuthi ezempi. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, inkampani yamakhemikhali yaseMelika iDuPont yakhipha impahla yayo ene-fibre, inayiloni.
I-Silky, ehlala isikhathi eside futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo impahla eguquguqukayo yaphenduka indawo enhle kakhulu yama-bristles e-boar abizayo futhi ama-brittle. Ngo-1938, inkampani ebizwa ngokuthi uDkt. West yaqala ukuhlomisa amakhanda abo “kaDkt. Amabhulashi aseWest Miracle” anamabristle enayiloni. Izinto zokwenziwa, ngokusho kwenkampani, zihlanzwe kangcono futhi zihlala isikhathi eside kunamabhulashi amadala emvelo.
Kusukela lapho, i-celluloid iye yathathelwa indawo amapulasitiki amasha kanye nemiklamo ye-bristle isiyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa amabhulashi abelokhu eyipulasitiki.
Ikusasa elingenapulasitiki?
I-American Dental Association iphakamisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ashintshe izixubho zakhe njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kwezine. Ngakho, izixubho ezingaphezu kwesigidi eziyinkulungwane zilahlwa minyaka yonke e-US kuphela. Futhi uma wonke umuntu emhlabeni wonke elandela lezi zincomo, cishe izixubho eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-23 zizogcina zisemvelo minyaka yonke. Izixubho eziningi azikwazi ukugaywa kabusha ngenxa yokuthi amapulasitiki ayinhlanganisela okwenziwa ngawo izixubho eziningi manje anzima, futhi ngezinye izikhathi akwenzeki, ukuwagaya kabusha ngokuphumelelayo.
Namuhla, ezinye izinkampani zibuyela ezintweni zemvelo ezifana nezinkuni noma ama-boar bristles. Izibambo zebhulashi loqalo zingaxazulula ingxenye yenkinga, kodwa iningi lala mabhulashi anamabristle enayiloni. Ezinye izinkampani zibuyele emiklamo eyethulwa ekuqaleni cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule: izixubho ezinamakhanda akhiphekayo.
Kunzima kakhulu ukuthola izinketho zebhulashi ngaphandle kwepulasitiki. Kodwa noma iyiphi inketho enciphisa inani eliphelele lezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokupakishwa okusetshenzisiwe kuyisinyathelo endleleni efanele.