I-salmon (i-salmon yase-Atlantic): incazelo yenhlanzi, lapho ihlala khona, idlani, iphila isikhathi esingakanani

I-salmon ibizwa nangokuthi i-salmon yase-Atlantic. Igama elithi "salmon" lanikezwa le nhlanzi ngabakwaPomors, futhi abaseNorwegi abamabhizinisi bathuthukisa uhlobo lwegama elifanayo eYurophu.

Izinhlanzi ze-Salmon: incazelo

I-Salmon (i-Salmo salar) ithakaselwa kakhulu abadobi. I-salmon yase-Atlantic ingeyenhlanzi ene-ray-finned futhi imele uhlobo lwe-"salmon" kanye nomndeni "i-salmon". Ososayensi, ngenxa yokwenza ucwaningo lwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ze-saumoni yaseMelika neyaseYurophu, bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi lezi ziyizinhlobo ezihlukene futhi bazikhomba, ngokulandelana, ngokuthi “S. I-Salar americanus” nethi “S. iholo lomholo”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona into efana ne-salmon efudukayo kanye ne-saumon yechibi (amanzi ahlanzekile). I-salmon yechibi ngaphambili yayibhekwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukene, futhi ngesikhathi sethu yabelwa ifomu elikhethekile - "Salmo salar morpha sebago".

Ubukhulu nokubukeka

Bonke abameleli be-salmon bahlukaniswa nomlomo omkhulu, kanti umhlathi ongenhla udlulela ngalé kokuqagela kwamehlo. Lapho umuntu emdala, amazinyo akhe anamandla. Abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi banehhuku eligqamayo ekugcineni komhlathi ongezansi, elingena ekucindezelekeni komhlathi ongenhla. Umzimba wenhlanzi mude futhi ucindezelwe kancane kancane, kuyilapho umbozwe ngamazenga amancane, asiliva. Abanamatheli emzimbeni ngokuqinile futhi acwecwe kalula. Zinomumo oyindilinga nemiphetho engalingani. Emgqeni osemaceleni, ungabala kufikela esikalini esiyi-150 noma ngaphansi kancane. Amaphiko e-pelvic akheka kusuka emisebeni engaphezu kwe-6. Atholakala maphakathi nomzimba, futhi amaphiko e-pectoral atholakala kude nomugqa omaphakathi.

Kubalulekile ukwazi! Iqiniso lokuthi le nhlanzi imele umndeni "we-salmon" ingabonwa nge-fin encane ye-adipose, etholakala ngemuva kwe-dorsal fin. Iphiko lomsila linenotshi elincane.

Isisu se-salmon simhlophe, izinhlangothi zinombala osiliva, kanti ingemuva linombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okotshani. Kusukela emgqeni ongemuva futhi eduze nangemuva, amabala amnyama angalingani angabonakala emzimbeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akukho mabala ngaphansi komugqa ongemuva.

I-salmon yase-Atlantic encane ihlukaniswa ngombala othize kakhulu: kungemuva elimnyama, ungabona amabala ayi-12 atholakala kuwo wonke umzimba. Ngaphambi kokuzala, abesilisa bashintsha kakhulu umbala wabo futhi banamabala abomvu noma awolintshi, ngokumelene nesizinda se-bronze hue, futhi amaphiko athola imithunzi ehluke kakhulu. Kungesikhathi sokuzala lapho umhlathi ongezansi uba ndewe kwabesilisa bese kuvela iqhasha elimise okwehhuku kuwo.

Endabeni yokutholakala kokudla okwanele, umuntu ngamunye angakhula aze afike kumitha elilodwa nengxenye ubude futhi abe nesisindo esicishe sibe ngu-50 kg. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubukhulu be-salmon yechibi bungahluka emifuleni ehlukene. Kweminye imifula, banesisindo esingaphezu kuka-5 kg, kanti kwezinye, cishe 9 kg.

Emigodini yoLwandle Olumhlophe kanye neBarents, bobabili abameleli abakhulu balo mndeni nabancane, abanesisindo esingama-2 kg futhi abangekho ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-0,5 ubude, batholakala.

Indlela yokuphila, ukuziphatha

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kungcono ukubiza i-salmon ezinhlobonhlobo ze-anadromous ezikwazi ukuhlala emanzini amasha nasawoti. Emanzini anosawoti olwandle nolwandle, i-salmon yase-Atlantic iyakhuluphala, idla izinhlanzi ezincane nama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona ukukhula okusebenzayo kwabantu, kuyilapho izinhlanzi zikhula ngosayizi ngo-20 cm ngonyaka.

Abantu abasha basolwandle nasolwandle cishe iminyaka emi-3, baze bafinyelele ekuvuthweni kobulili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bakhetha ukuhlala endaweni esogwini, ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-120. Ngaphambi kokuzalela, abantu abalungele ukuzala baya emlonyeni wemifula, emva kwalokho bakhuphukele phezulu, banqobe nsuku zonke amakhilomitha angama-50.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Phakathi kwabamele "i-salmon" kunezinhlobo ezincane ezihlala emifuleni futhi zingalokothi ziye olwandle. Ukubonakala kwalolu hlobo kuhlotshaniswa namanzi abandayo kanye nokudla okungenamsoco, okuholela ekuvimbeleni inqubo yokuvuthwa kwezinhlanzi.

Ochwepheshe baphinde bahlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-lacustrine nezasentwasahlobo ze-salmon yase-Atlantic, kuye ngesikhathi sokuthomba. Lokhu kuxhunyaniswa ngokushintshana nesikhathi sokuzala: ifomu elilodwa lizala ekwindla kanti elinye entwasahlobo. I-salmon yechibi, encane ngobukhulu, ihlala emachibini asenyakatho, njenge-Onega neLadoga. Emachibini, ziyadla, kodwa ukuze zizale ziya emifuleni egeleza kula machibi.

I-salmon iphila isikhathi esingakanani

Njengomthetho, i-salmon yase-Atlantic ayiphili iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-6, kodwa uma kwenzeka inhlanganisela yezinto ezinhle, ingaphila izikhathi ezi-2 isikhathi eside, cishe iminyaka engu-12,5.

Uhla, izindawo zokuhlala

I-Salmon iyinhlanzi enendawo ebanzi kakhulu ehlanganisa inyakatho ye-Atlantic kanye nengxenye esentshonalanga ye-Arctic Ocean. Izwekazi laseMelika libonakala ngendawo yokuhlala ye-salmon, okuhlanganisa nogu lwaseMelika olusuka eMfuleni i-Connecticut, oseduze ne-latitudes eseningizimu, kuze kufike eGreenland ngokwayo. I-salmon yase-Atlantic izalela emifuleni eminingi eYurophu, kusukela ePortugal naseSpain kuya oLwandle iBarents. Izinhlobo ze-salmon zechibi zitholakala emanzini ahlanzekile aseSweden, eNorway, eFinland, njll.

I-salmon yechibi ihlala ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezitholakala eKarelia naseNhlonhlweni yaseKola. Uhlangana:

• Emachibini aseKuito (Ezansi, Ephakathi nangaphezulu).
• ESegozero naseVygozero.
• Ku-Imandra kanye noKamenny.
• Ku-Topozero ne-Pyaozero.
• EChibini iNyuk naseSandal.
• E-Lovozero, e-Pyukozero nase-Kimasozero.
• Emachibini aseLadoga nase-Onega.
• Ichibi Janisjarvi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-salmon ibambe iqhaza emanzini eBaltic and White Seas, eMfuleni iPechora, kanye nasogwini lwedolobha laseMurmansk.

Ngokusho kwe-IUCN, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ziye zafakwa emanzini ase-Australia, eNew Zealand, e-Argentina naseChile.

Ukudla kweSalmon

I-salmon fish ithathwa njengesilwane esizingelayo sakudala, esizihlinzeka ngemisoco kuphela olwandle oluphakeme. Njengomthetho, isisekelo sokudla akuzona izinhlanzi ezinkulu, kodwa futhi abameleli bezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Ngakho, ukudla kwe-salmon kuhlanganisa:

• Sprat, herring kanye herring.
• Gerbil futhi iphunga.
• Krill kanye echinoderms.
• Izinkalankala nezimfanzi.
• Iphunga eliphindwe kathathu (elimele amanzi ahlanzekile).

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! I-Salmon, etshalwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenziwa, inikezwa izimfanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, inyama yenhlanzi ithola i-pink hue ejulile.

I-salmon yase-Atlantic ingena emifuleni futhi ibheke ekuzaleni yeka ukudla. Abantu abangakafinyeleli ekuvuthweni ngokocansi futhi abangakayi olwandle lokudla ku-zooplankton, izibungu zezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene, izibungu ze-caddisfly, njll.

Ukuzala kanye nenzalo

Inqubo yokuzalanisa iqala ngoSepthemba iphele ngoZibandlela. Ngokuzalela, inhlanzi ikhetha izindawo ezifanelekayo ezindaweni eziphakeme zemifula. Isihloko seSalmon sokuzala sinqoba zonke izinhlobo zezithiyo, kanye namandla amanje. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, unqoba ama-rapids nezimpophoma ezincane, egxuma cishe amamitha amathathu emanzini.

Lapho i-salmon iqala ukuthuthela ezindaweni eziphakeme zemifula, iba namandla anele namandla, kodwa njengoba isondela endaweni yokuzalela, ilahlekelwa cishe wonke amandla ayo, kodwa la mandla anele ukumba umgodi ofinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude. phansi bese ufaka i-caviar. Ngemva kwalokho, iduna liyayivundisa futhi insikazi ingaphonsa amaqanda kuphela ngenhlabathi engezansi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Ngokuya ngobudala, ama-salmon wesifazane azalela amaqanda ayi-10 kuye kwangama-26, anesilinganiso sobubanzi obucishe sibe ngu-5 mm. I-Salmon ingazala izikhathi ezifika kwezi-5 ekuphileni kwayo.

Lapho zizalana, izinhlanzi kufanele zilambe, ngakho zibuyela olwandle zicolekile futhi zilimele, kanye namaphiko alimele. Ngokuvamile, abantu abaningi bafa ngenxa yokukhathala, ikakhulukazi abesilisa. Uma inhlanzi ikwazi ukungena olwandle, ibuyisela ngokushesha amandla namandla ayo, futhi umbala wayo uba yi-silvery yakudala.

Njengomthetho, izinga lokushisa lamanzi ezindaweni eziphakeme zemifula akudluli ama-+6 degrees, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwamaqanda, ngakho-ke ukuthosa kubonakala kuphela ngenyanga kaMeyi. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-Fry ihluke kakhulu kubantu abadala, ngakho-ke, ngesinye isikhathi babethiwa ngephutha uhlobo oluhlukile. Abantu bendawo babiza i-salmon yezingane ngokuthi "pestryanki", ngenxa yombala othize. Umzimba we-Fry uhlukaniswa nomthunzi omnyama, kuyilapho uhlotshiswe ngemigqa enqamulayo namabala amaningi abomvu noma ansundu. Ngenxa yombala onjalo omibalabala, izingane ziyakwazi ukuzifihla ngokuphelele phakathi kwamatshe nezimila zasemanzini. Ezindaweni zokuzalela, izingane zingahlala iminyaka emi-5. Abantu bangena olwandle lapho befinyelela ubude obungaba amasentimitha angu-20, kuyilapho umbala wabo oyi-variegated uthathelwa indawo nemibala esiliva.

Abantu abasha abasala emifuleni baphenduka abe abesilisa abancane, okuthi, njengamaduna amakhulu ama-anadromous, babambe iqhaza ekuvundiseni amaqanda, ngokuvamile axosha ngisho namaduna amakhulu. Abesilisa abancane badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuzaleni, njengoba amaduna amakhulu evame ukuba matasa elungisa izinto futhi awabanaki amalungu amancane omkhaya wawo.

Izitha zemvelo ze-salmon

Amaduna amancane angawadla kalula amaqanda abekwe, futhi i-minnow, i-sculpin, i-whitefish, ne-perch idla ukudla okuthosiwe okusafufusa. Ehlobo, inani lezingane liyancipha ngenxa yokuzingela kwe-taimen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-salmon yase-Atlantic ifakiwe ekudleni kwezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo, njenge:

• Ithrawuthi.
• I-Golec.
• I-Pike.
• Nalim nabanye.

Njengoba isezindaweni zokuzalela, i-salmon ihlaselwa ama-otters, izinyoni ezidla inyama, njengezinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe, ama-merganser amakhulu nezinye. Njengoba isivele isolwandle oluvulekile, i-salmon iba ukudla kwemikhomo ebulalayo, i-beluga whale, kanye nama-pinnipeds amaningi.

Inani lokudoba

I-Salmon ibilokhu ibhekwa njengenhlanzi ebalulekile futhi ingashintshwa kalula ibe uju. Emuva ezikhathini zama-tsarist, i-salmon yabanjwa eNhlonhlweni yaseKola futhi yathunyelwa kwezinye izifunda, eyayikade ifakwe usawoti kanye nogwayi. Le nhlanzi yayiwukudla okuvamile ematafuleni ezikhulu ezihlukahlukene, ematafuleni amakhosi nabefundisi.

Namuhla, i-salmon yase-Atlantic ayisathandwa kangako, nakuba ingekho ematafuleni ezakhamuzi eziningi. Inyama yale nhlanzi inokunambitheka okuthambile, ngakho inhlanzi inesithakazelo esikhethekile sokuhweba. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-salmon ibanjwa ngenkuthalo ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi, itshalwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenziwa. Emapulazini ezinhlanzi, izinhlanzi zikhula ngokushesha kakhulu kunendawo yemvelo futhi zingazuza kuze kufike ku-5 kg ​​wesisindo ngonyaka.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Emashalofini ezitolo zaseRussia kunezinhlanzi ze-salmon ezibanjwe eMpumalanga Ekude futhi zimelela uhlobo lwe-"Oncorhynchus", oluhlanganisa abameleli abanjengo-chum salmon, i-salmon e-pink, i-sockeye salmon ne-coho salmon.

Iqiniso lokuthi i-salmon yasekhaya ayitholakali emashalofini ezitolo zaseRussia lingachazwa ngezizathu eziningi. Okokuqala, kunomehluko wokushisa phakathi kweNorway noLwandle iBarents. Ukuba khona kweGulf Stream ngasogwini lwaseNorway kuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lamanzi ngamadigri ambalwa, okuba yisisekelo ekuzaleni izinhlanzi zokwenziwa. E-Russia, inhlanzi ayinaso isikhathi sokuthola isisindo sokuhweba, ngaphandle kwezindlela ezengeziwe, njengaseNorway.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane

Ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ekupheleni kuka-2018, akukho lutho olusongela inani labantu olwandle lwe-salmon yase-Atlantic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-salmon yechibi (i-Salmo Salar m. sebago) eRussia ifakwe ohlwini lwe-Red Book ngaphansi kwesigaba sesi-2, njengezinhlobo ezincipha ngamanani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, liyancipha inani lama-salmon asemanzini ahlanzekile ahlala echibini i-Ladoga ne-Onega, lapho kuze kube muva nje kuqashelwe ukubanjwa okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Esikhathini sethu, le nhlanzi eyigugu iye yaba ngaphansi kakhulu eMfuleni iPechora.

Iqiniso elibalulekile! Njengomthetho, ezinye izici ezingezinhle ezihlobene nokudoba okungalawuleki, ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi, ukwephulwa kombuso wemvelo wemifula, kanye nemisebenzi yokuzingela ngokungemthetho, eye yanda emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, iholela ekwehleni kwenani le-salmon.

Ngamanye amazwi, kuyaphuthuma ukuthatha izinyathelo eziningi zokuzivikela ukuze kulondolozwe inani lama-salmon. Ngakho-ke, i-salmon ivikelwe ku-Kostomuksha Reserve, ehlelwe ngesisekelo seLake Kamennoe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ochwepheshe bathi kuyadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo eziningi ezibanzi, njengokuzalanisa ezimweni zokwenziwa, ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo zokuzalanisa zemvelo, ukulwa nokuzingela nokudoba okungalawulwa, njll.

Ekuphetheni

Namuhla, ama-salmon atholakala ikakhulukazi eziQhingini zaseFaroe, ezisenyakatho ye-Atlantic, phakathi kwe-Iceland neScotland. Njengomthetho, imibhalo ibonisa ukuthi lena i-salmon yase-Atlantic (i-Atlantic Salmon). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuncike kubathengisi ngokwabo ukuthi yini abangayibonisa ngentengo yentengo - i-salmon noma i-salmon. Singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi i-salmon ebhalwe phansi kungenzeka ukuthi ingamaqhinga abadayisi. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi abanye abakhiqizi bafaka imibala yezinhlanzi, kodwa lokhu kumane nje kuwukucabangela, njengoba umbala wenyama uncike ekutheni yiliphi iphesenti lezimfanzi ezitholakala ekudleni kwezinhlanzi.

I-Salmon ingumthombo wamaprotheni, ngoba amagremu angu-100 aqukethe ingxenye yesimiso somuntu nsuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyama ye-salmon iqukethe inani elanele lezinye izinto eziwusizo, njengamaminerali, amavithamini, i-Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, ethinta kahle imisebenzi yezitho zangaphakathi zomuntu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-salmon eluhlaza, enosawoti omncane iqukethe izingxenye eziwusizo kakhulu. Njengomphumela wokwelashwa okushisa, ezinye zazo zisalahlekile, ngakho-ke uma zingaphansi kokwelashwa okushisa, ziwusizo kakhulu. Kungcono ukubilisa noma ukubhaka kuhhavini. Inhlanzi ethosiwe ayinampilo, futhi iyingozi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, lapho imifula igcwele izinhlanzi zase-Atlantic i-salmon, yayingenaso isimo esidliwayo, njengoba kwasho umlobi odumile uWalter Scott. Izisebenzi zaseScotland ezaziqashiwe zabeka umbandela owodwa wokuthi zingaphakelwa kaningi ngama-salmon. Yilokho kuphela!