I-Latimeria: incazelo yezinhlanzi, lapho ihlala khona, idlani, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Inhlanzi ye-coelacanth, ummeleli wezwe elingaphansi kwamanzi, imelela ukuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwezinhlanzi nabameleli bezilwane ezihlala emanzini, ezaphuma olwandle nezilwandle emhlabeni cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-400 edlule ngesikhathi se-Devonian. Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi lwaluphelile ngokuphelele, kuze kube ngo-1938 eNingizimu Afrika, abadobi babamba omunye wabameleli balolu hlobo. Ngemva kwalokho, ososayensi baqala ukutadisha izinhlanzi zangaphambi komlando we-coelacanth. Naphezu kwalokhu, kusenezimfihlakalo eziningi ochwepheshe abangakwazi ukuzixazulula kuze kube namuhla.

I-fish coelacanth: incazelo

Kukholakala ukuthi lolu hlobo lwavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-350 edlule futhi lwahlala emhlabeni wonke. Ngokusho kososayensi, lolu hlobo lwaphela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-80 edlule, kodwa omunye wabameleli wabanjwa ephila e-Indian Ocean ekhulwini elidlule.

Ama-coelacanths, njengoba abameleli bezinhlobo zasendulo bebizwa futhi, ayaziwa kakhulu ochwepheshe abavela emlandweni wezinsalela. Idatha yabonisa ukuthi leli qembu lathuthuka kakhulu futhi lalihluke kakhulu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-300 edlule ngesikhathi sePermian ne-Triassic. Ochwepheshe abasebenza eziQhingini zaseComoro, ezitholakala phakathi kwezwekazi lase-Afrika nengxenye esenyakatho yeMadagascar, bathole ukuthi abadobi bendawo bakwazi ukubamba abantu abangaba ngu-2 balolu hlobo. Lokhu kwaziwa ngengozi, njengoba abadobi abazange bakhangise ukuthunjwa kwalaba bantu, ngoba inyama ye-coelacanths ayifanele ukudliwa abantu.

Ngemva kokutholakala kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane, emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, kwakungenzeka ukufunda ulwazi oluningi mayelana nalezi zinhlanzi, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zangaphansi kwamanzi. Kwase kwaziwa ukuthi lezi izidalwa ezikhathalayo, zasebusuku eziphumula emini, zicashe ezindaweni zazo zokukhosela ngamaqembu amancane, kuhlanganise nabantu abangafika kweshumi nambili noma oyedwa nengxenye. Lezi zinhlanzi zincamela ukuba sezindaweni zamanzi ezinedwala eliphansi, cishe elingaphili, kuhlanganise nemigede enamadwala etholakala ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha angu-250, futhi mhlawumbe nangaphezulu. Izinhlanzi zizingela ebusuku, zisuka ezindaweni zazo zokukhosela ebangeni elingafika ku-8 km, kuyilapho zibuyela emigedeni yazo ngemva kokuqala kokukhanya kwemini. Ama-coelacanth ahamba kancane ngokwanele futhi kuphela lapho ingozi isondela ngokuzumayo, abonisa amandla e-caudal fin yawo, asuke ngokushesha noma asuke ekubanjweni.

Ngama-90s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ososayensi benza ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA yezibonelo zomuntu ngamunye, okwenza kube lula ukukhomba abameleli base-Indonesian bezwe elingaphansi kwamanzi njengezinhlobo ezihlukene. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, le nhlanzi yabanjwa ngasogwini lwaseKenya, kanye naseSodwana Bay, ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika.

Nakuba okuningi kungakaziwa ngalezi zinhlanzi, ama-tetrapod, ama-colacant, ne-lungfish yizihlobo eziseduze kakhulu. Lokhu kwafakazelwa ososayensi, naphezu kwe-topology eyinkimbinkimbi yobudlelwane babo ezingeni lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ungafunda ngomlando ophawulekayo nonemininingwane eyengeziwe wokutholakala kwalaba bameleli basendulo bezilwandle nezilwandle ngokufunda le ncwadi: “Izinhlanzi ezibanjwa ngesikhathi: ukusesha ama-coelacanths.”

ukubukeka

Lolu hlobo lunomehluko omkhulu uma luqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Ku-caudal fin, lapho ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zine-depression, i-coelacanth ine-petal eyengeziwe, hhayi enkulu. Amaphiko anezinkezo abhanqiwe, futhi ikholomu yomgogodla yahlala isencane. Ama-coelacanth aphinde ahlukaniswe yiqiniso lokuthi yilona kuphela uhlobo olunenhlanganisela esebenzayo ye-intercranial. Imelelwa ingxenye ye-cranium ehlukanisa indlebe nobuchopho emehlweni nekhala. Ukuhlangana kwe-intercranial kubonakala njengokusebenza, okuvumela umhlathi ongezansi ukuthi uphushwe phansi ngenkathi uphakamisa umhlathi ongaphezulu, okuvumela ama-coelacanth ukuthi adle ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Okukhethekile kwesakhiwo somzimba we-coelacanth futhi ukuthi inamaphiko abhanqiwe, imisebenzi yawo efana neyamathambo esandla somuntu.

I-coelacanth inamapheya angu-2 ama-gill, kuyilapho ama-gill lockers abukeka njengamapuleti ama-prickly, indwangu yayo enesakhiwo esifanayo nezicubu zamazinyo omuntu. Ikhanda alinazo izakhi ezengeziwe zokuzivikela, futhi izembozo zegill zinesandiso ekugcineni. Umhlathi ongezansi uqukethe amapuleti e-spongy amabili agqagqene. Amazinyo ahlukile ngendlela eyi-conical futhi atholakala kumapuleti amathambo akhiwe endaweni yesibhakabhaka.

Izikali zikhulu futhi ziseduze nomzimba, futhi izicubu zayo zifana nokwakheka kwezinyo lomuntu. Isinye sokubhukuda side futhi sigcwele amafutha. Kukhona i-valve e-spiral emathunjini. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kubantu abadala, ubukhulu bobuchopho buyi-1% kuphela yevolumu ephelele yesikhala se-cranial. Ivolumu esele igcwele isisindo samafutha ngendlela yejeli. Okuthakazelisa nakakhulu ukuthi kubantu abasha lo mqulu ugcwele ubuchopho ngo-100%.

Njengomthetho, umzimba we-coelacanth udwetshwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nge-metallic sheen, kuyilapho ikhanda nomzimba wezinhlanzi zimbozwe izindawo ezingavamile ezimhlophe noma eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isifanekiso ngasinye sihlukaniswa ngephethini yaso eyingqayizivele, ngakho izinhlanzi zihluke ngokuphawulekayo kwenye futhi kulula ukuzibala. Izinhlanzi ezifile zilahlekelwa umbala wazo wemvelo futhi zibe nsundu ngokumnyama noma zicishe zibe mnyama. Phakathi kwama-coelacanths, i-dimorphism yobulili ibizwa ngokuthi, equkethe ubukhulu babantu ngabanye: abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa.

Indlela yokuphila, ukuziphatha

Emini, ama-coelacanth asendaweni yokukhosela, akha amaqembu ambalwa abantu abangaphezulu kancane kweshumi nambili. Bakhetha ukujula, basondele phansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Baphila impilo yasebusuku. Njengoba ijule, lolu hlobo selufunde ukonga amandla, futhi ukuhlangana nezilwane ezidla ezinye akuvamile lapha. Lapho kuqala ubumnyama, abantu bayashiya izindawo zabo zokucasha bayofuna ukudla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izenzo zabo zihamba kancane, futhi zitholakala ebangeni elingekho ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-3 ukusuka phansi. Lapho ifuna ukudla, ama-coelacanth abhukuda amabanga amade kuze kufike usuku futhi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Ihamba kukholomu yamanzi, i-coelacanth yenza ukunyakaza okuncane ngomzimba wayo, izama ukonga amandla amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, angasebenzisa imisinga engaphansi kwamanzi, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi wamaphiko, ukuze alawule ukuma komzimba wakhe.

I-coelacanth ihlukaniswa ngesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele samaphiko ayo, ngenxa yalokho ikwazi ukulenga kukholomu yamanzi, ibe kunoma iyiphi indawo, noma ibheke phansi noma phezulu. Ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, i-coelacanth ingakwazi ngisho nokuhamba phansi, kodwa lokhu akunjalo neze. Ngisho nalapho isendaweni yokukhosela (emgedeni), inhlanzi ayithinti phansi ngamaphiko ayo. Uma i-coelacanth isengozini, khona-ke inhlanzi iyakwazi ukugxumela phambili ngokushesha, ngenxa yokunyakaza kwe-caudal fin, enamandla kakhulu kuyo.

I-coelacanth iphila isikhathi esingakanani

Kukholakala ukuthi ama-coelacanths angama-centenarians angempela futhi ayakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engu-80, nakuba le datha ingaqinisekisiwe yinoma yini. Ochwepheshe abaningi bayaqiniseka ukuthi lokhu kuqhutshwa ukuphila okulinganiselwe kwezinhlanzi ekujuleni, kuyilapho izinhlanzi zikwazi ukusebenzisa amandla azo ngokwezomnotho, zibalekela izilwane ezidla ezinye, zibe sesimweni sokushisa esilungile.

Izinhlobo ze-coelacanth

I-Coelacanth igama elisetshenziswa ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezimbili ezifana ne-Indonesian coelacanth kanye ne-Coelacanth coelacanth. Ziwukuphela kwezinhlobo eziphilayo ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Kukholakala ukuthi bangabameleli abaphilayo bomndeni omkhulu, ohlanganisa izinhlobo ezingu-120, ezifakazelwa emakhasini eminye imibhalo.

Uhla, izindawo zokuhlala

Lolu hlobo lwaziwa nangokuthi "insalela ephilayo" futhi luhlala emanzini asentshonalanga ye-Pacific Ocean, emngceleni woLwandlekazi i-Indian, ngaphakathi kwe-Greater Comoro kanye ne-Anjouan Islands, kanye nangaphakathi kogu lwaseNingizimu Afrika, i-Mozambique ne-Madagascar.

Kwathatha amashumi ambalwa eminyaka ukutadisha inani labantu bezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngemva kokuthunjwa kwesifanekiso esisodwa ngo-1938, kwabhekwa iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha kuphela isifanekiso esimele lolu hlobo lwezilwane.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ngesinye isikhathi kwakunohlelo lwase-Afrika oluwuhlelo oluthi “Celacanth”. Ngo-2003, i-IMS yanquma ukujoyina le phrojekthi ukuhlela ukusesha okwengeziwe kwabamele lezi zinhlobo zasendulo. Ngokushesha, imizamo yaba nemiphumela emihle futhi kakade ngo-September 6, 2003, esinye isifanekiso sabanjwa eningizimu yeTanzania eSongo Mnare. Ngemva kwalokho, iTanzania yaba izwe lesithupha emanzini lapho kwatholakala khona ama-coelacanth.

Ngo-2007, ngoJulayi 14, abadobi abavela enyakatho yeZanzibar babamba abantu abambalwa. Ochwepheshe be-IMS, i-Institute of Marine Sciences of Zanzibar, bahamba ngokushesha noDkt. Nariman Jiddawi endaweni yesigameko, lapho behlonze khona izinhlanzi ngokuthi “Latimeria chalumnae”.

Ukudla kwe-coelacanths

Njengomphumela wokuhlola, kwatholakala ukuthi inhlanzi ihlasela isisulu sayo esingase sibe isisulu uma itholakala. Ukuze enze lokhu, usebenzisa imihlathi yakhe enamandla. Kuphinde kwahlaziywa nokuqukethwe yisisu sababanjwe. Ngenxa yalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi izinhlanzi nazo zidla izinto eziphilayo ezizithola emhlabathini ngaphansi kolwandle noma olwandle. Njengomphumela wokubhekwa, kwabuye kwasungulwa ukuthi isitho se-rostral sinomsebenzi we-electroreceptive. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlanzi zihlukanisa izinto ezisekholomu yamanzi ngokuba khona kwensimu kagesi kuzo.

Ukuzala kanye nenzalo

Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanzi zisekujuleni okukhulu, kuncane okwaziwayo ngakho, kodwa into ehluke ngokuphelele icacile - ama-coelacanths ayizinhlanzi ze-viviparous. Muva nje, bekunenkolelo yokuthi zibekela amaqanda, njengezinye izinhlanzi eziningi, kodwa asevele avundiswa ngowesilisa. Lapho abesifazane bebanjwa, bathola i-caviar, ubukhulu bayo obulingana nebhola lethenisi.

Ulwazi oluthakazelisayo! Owesifazane oyedwa uyakwazi ukuzala, kuye ngeminyaka, kusukela ku-8 kuya ku-26 bukhoma gazinga, ubukhulu bawo bungaba ngu-37 cm. Lapho zizalwa, sezivele zinamazinyo, amaphiko namazenga.

Ngemva kokuzalwa, ingane ngayinye inesaka elikhulu kodwa elivilaphayo le-yolk entanyeni, elalisebenza njengomthombo walo wokudla phakathi nesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, njengoba isikhwama se-yolk siphela, kungenzeka ukuthi sishwabane futhi sivaleleke emgodini womzimba.

Insikazi izala izinyanga eziyi-13. Kulokhu, kungacatshangwa ukuthi abesifazane bangakwazi ukukhulelwa ngaphambi konyaka wesibili noma wesithathu emva kokukhulelwa okulandelayo.

Izitha zemvelo ze-coelacanth

Oshaka babhekwa njengezitha ezivame kakhulu ze-coelacanth.

Inani lokudoba

Ngeshwa, inhlanzi okuthiwa i-coelacanth ayibalulekile ekuhwebeni, ngoba inyama yayo ayikwazi ukudliwa. Naphezu kwalokhu, izinhlanzi zibanjwa ngobuningi, okubangela umonakalo omkhulu kubantu bazo. Ibanjwa kakhulu ukuze ihehe izivakashi, idale izilwane ezigxilile eziyingqayizivele ukuze ziqoqwe ngasese. Okwamanje, le nhlanzi ibhalwe ku-Red Book futhi ivinjelwe ekuhwebeni emakethe yomhlaba nganoma yiluphi uhlobo.

Ngokulandelayo, abadobi bendawo basesiqhingini saseGreat Comoro benqaba ngokuzithandela ukuqhubeka nokubamba ama-coelacanth ahlala emanzini asogwini. Lokhu kuzosindisa izilwane eziyingqayizivele zamanzi asogwini. Njengomthetho, zidoba ezindaweni zamanzi ezingafanele ukuphila kwe-coelacanth, futhi uma kwenzeka zibanjwa, zibuyisela abantu ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala zemvelo unomphela. Ngakho-ke, kusanda kuvela umkhuba okhuthazayo, njengoba inani labantu baseComoros liqapha ukulondolozwa kwenani lale nhlanzi eyingqayizivele. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-coelacanth ibaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi. Ngenxa yobukhona bale nhlanzi, ososayensi bazama ukubuyisela isithombe somhlaba esasikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamakhulu ambalwa edlule, nakuba lokhu akulula kangako. Ngakho-ke, ama-coelacanths namuhla amelela izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zesayensi.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane

Ngokudabukisayo, nakuba inhlanzi ingelutho njengento yokuziphilisa, isengcupheni yokushabalala ngakho-ke ibhalwe ohlwini lwe-Red Book. I-coelacanth isohlwini Olubomvu Lwe-IUCN Njengesengozini Ebucayi. Ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe se-CITES, i-coelacanth inikezwe isimo sohlobo olusengozini.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lezi zinhlobo azikafundwa ngokugcwele, futhi namuhla asikho isithombe esiphelele sokunquma inani le-coelacanth. Lokhu futhi kungenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lukhetha ukuhlala ekujuleni okukhulu futhi luhlala endaweni yokukhosela emini, futhi akulula kangako ukufunda noma yini ebumnyameni obuphelele. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, emuva kuma-90s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukwehla okukhulu kwenani ngaphakathi kweComoros kungabonwa. Ukwehla okukhulu kwezinombolo kwakungenxa yokuthi i-coelacanth yayivame ukuwela emanetheni abadobi ababedoba ngokujulile izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezihluke ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi lapho abesifazane abasesigabeni sokuzala behlangana enetheni.

Ekuphetheni

Singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi i-coelacanth iyinhlobo eyingqayizivele yezinhlanzi ezavela emhlabeni eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-300 edlule. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zinhlobo zakwazi ukuqhubeka ziphila kuze kube yilolu suku, kodwa ngeke kube lula ngaye (i-coelacanth) ukusinda iminyaka engaba ngu-100. Muva nje, umuntu akacabangi ukuthi angasindisa kanjani uhlobo olulodwa lwezinhlanzi. Kunzima ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi i-coelacanth, engadliwa, ihlushwa izenzo zomuntu zokuxhamazela. Umsebenzi wesintu wukumisa futhi ekugcineni sicabange ngemiphumela, ngaphandle kwalokho zingadabukisa kakhulu. Ngemva kokunyamalala kwezinto zokuphila, isintu siyoshabalala. Ngeke kube nesidingo sanoma yiziphi izimpi zenuzi noma ezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo.