I-Arapaima: incazelo yenhlanzi enesithombe, ukuthi idlani, iphila isikhathi esingakanani

Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izinhlanzi ze-arapaima ziwuntanga wangempela wama-dinosaurs asekhona nanamuhla. Kukholakala ukuthi ayikashintshi nhlobo kule minyaka eyizigidi eziyi-135 edlule. Le nhlanzi emangalisayo ihlala emifuleni nasemachibini aseNingizimu Melika endaweni yenkabazwe. Kukholakala futhi ukuthi lena ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke emanzini ahlanzekile emhlabeni, njengoba ingaphansi kancane ngosayizi kunezinye izinhlobo ze-beluga.

Izinhlanzi ze-Arapaima: incazelo

I-Arapaima ingeyomndeni wakwa-Aravan futhi imele i-oda efana ne-Aravan. Le nhlanzi enkulukazi itholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo kuphela, lapho ifudumele ngokwanele. Ngaphezu kokuthi le nhlanzi i-thermophilic kakhulu, lesi sidalwa esiphilayo sihlukaniswa izici eziningi eziyingqayizivele. Igama lesayensi yi-Arapaima gigas.

ukubukeka

Lo mmeleli omkhulu wemifula namachibi asezindaweni ezishisayo uyakwazi ukukhula aze afike kumamitha ama-2 ubude, kanti kunezinhlobo ezihlukene ezikhula zibe ngamamitha amathathu ubude. Nakuba ulwazi lungakaqinisekiswa, kodwa, ngokusho kofakazi bokuzibonela, kukhona abantu abangafika kumamitha angu-3 ubude, futhi mhlawumbe ngaphezulu. Kwabanjwa isifanekiso esinesisindo esicishe sibe ngu-5 kg. Umzimba we-arapaima unwetshiwe futhi uncipha ngokuqinile eduze kwekhanda, kuyilapho uphansi kancane emaceleni. Ikhanda lincane, kodwa lide.

Ukuma kogebhezi lwekhanda kuqiniswa kusuka phezulu, kanti amehlo atholakala eduze nengxenye engezansi ye-muzzle, futhi umlomo omncane utholakala eduze nangaphezulu. I-arapaima inomsila oqinile, osiza inhlanzi ukuthi igxumele phezulu iphuma emanzini lapho umhlaseli ujaha inyamazane yayo. Umzimba umbozwe phezu kwendawo yonke ngezikali ezinezingqimba eziningi, ezinkulu ngobukhulu, okudala ukukhululeka okukhulu emzimbeni. Ikhanda lesilwane esizingelayo livikelwe ngamapuleti amathambo ngendlela yephethini eyingqayizivele.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Izikali ze-arapaima ziqine kangangokuthi ziqine izikhathi eziningana kunezicubu zamathambo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinhlanzi zitholakala kalula emanzini kanye nama-piranhas, anesibindi sokumhlasela.

I-pectoral fins yezinhlanzi ibekwe phansi, cishe endaweni yesisu. I-anal fin kanye ne-dorsal fin zinde ngokuqhathaniswa futhi ziseduze ne-caudal fin. Ukuhlelwa okunjalo kwezimpiko kuvumela inhlanzi esivele inamandla futhi enamandla ukuthi ihambe ngokushesha kukholomu yamanzi, ibambe noma iyiphi inyamazane engase ibe khona.

Ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba ihlukaniswa ne-olive-brown tint kanye ne-bluish tint, ephenduka kancane kancane ibe i-tint ebomvu endaweni yama-fins angahlanganisiwe, futhi ithola umbala obomvu omnyama ezingeni lomsila. Kulokhu, umsila, njengokungathi, uhlelwe umngcele omnyama obanzi. Izembozo ze-gill nazo zingaba ne-tint ebomvu. Lolu hlobo lune-dimorphism yocansi ethuthuke kakhulu: abesilisa bahlukaniswa ngomzimba obalekayo futhi onemibala egqamile, kodwa lokhu kujwayelekile kubantu abadala abavuthiwe ngokocansi. Abantu abasha banemibala ecishe ifane futhi eyisicefe, kungakhathalekile ubulili.

Ukuziphatha, indlela yokuphila

I-Arapaima ihola indlela yokuphila ye-benthic, kodwa ngesikhathi sokuzingela ingakhuphukela ezingqimbeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi. Njengoba lesi silwane esizingelayo, sidinga amandla amaningi. Mayelana nalokhu, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-arapaima ihamba njalo, ifuna ukudla ngokwayo. Kuyisilwane esizingelayo esingazingeli sisesivaleni. Lapho i-arapaima ijaha isisulu sayo, ingagxuma iphume emanzini ifike ngobude bayo, noma ngaphezulu kwalokho. Ngenxa yaleli thuba, akakwazi ukuzingela izinhlanzi kuphela, kodwa nezilwane nezinyoni ezingafinyeleleka kusilwane esizingelayo.

Ulwazi oluthakazelisayo! I-pharynx kanye nesinye sokubhukuda sesilwane esizingelayo sihlatshwa inqwaba yemithambo yegazi, efana namaseli ngokwakheka. Lesi sakhiwo sifaniswa nesakhiwo sezicubu zamaphaphu.

Kulokhu, singacabanga ngokuphepha ukuthi i-arapaima inesinye isitho sokuphefumula, esibaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ezinzima kangaka zokuphila. Ngamanye amazwi, lesi silwane esizingelayo singakwazi nokuphefumula umoya. Ngenxa yalesi simo, izinhlanzi zisinda kalula ezikhathini ezomile.

Njengomthetho, izindawo zamanzi zivame ukuba zincane ezindaweni ezishisayo, ngenxa yesomiso esithatha indawo yenkathi yemvula, futhi ngokuphawulekayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, i-arapaima imba othulini olumanzi noma esihlabathini, kodwa ngemva kwesikhashana ibonakala phezulu ukuze igwinye umoya omusha. Njengomthetho, umphimbo onjalo uhambisana nomsindo ophawulekayo odlula amashumi noma ngisho namakhulu amamitha, uma kungenjalo amakhilomitha.

Ngokuvamile lesi silwane esizingelayo sigcinwa ekuthunjweni, kuyilapho izinhlanzi zikhula ezimweni ezinjalo kuze kufike kumitha eyodwa nesigamu, kungasekho. Ngokwemvelo, i-arapaima ayikwazi ukubhekwa njengento yokuhlobisa, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu, inhlanzi ye-aquarium, nakuba kukhona abathandi ababhekana nezinkinga eziningi.

I-Arapaima ivame ukubonakala kuma-zoo noma emanzini, nakuba ukuyigcina ezimweni ezinjalo akulula kangako, ngoba kuthatha indawo enkulu, futhi kuyadingeka ukugcina izinga lokushisa lisezingeni elikhululekile lezinhlanzi. Le nhlanzi i-thermophilic impela futhi ayizwani kahle ngisho nalapho izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu kakhulu, ngamadigri ambalwa. Nokho, abanye abafunda emanzini abayimfundamakhwela bagcina lesi silwane esizingelayo esiyingqayizivele, sifana nengwenya, kodwa singenamilenze.

Uphila isikhathi esingakanani i-arapaima

Kuze kube manje, alukho ulwazi oluthembekile mayelana nokuthi i-arapaima ihlala isikhathi esingakanani endaweni yemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyaziwa ukuthi lezi zidalwa eziyingqayizivele zingaphila isikhathi esingakanani endaweni yokwenziwa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, izinhlanzi zikwazi ukuphila iminyaka engama-20. Ngokusekelwe kudatha enjalo, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ezimweni zemvelo bangaphila isikhathi eside, futhi mhlawumbe isikhathi eside. Njengomthetho, ezimweni zokwenziwa, izakhamuzi zemvelo zihlala kancane.

izindawo zemvelo

Lesi silwane esiphilayo esiyingqayizivele sihlala endaweni yase-Amazon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-arapaima yathuthelwa ngokungemthetho emanzini aseThailand naseMalaysia.

Ngokuphila kwabo, le nhlanzi ikhetha amanzi angemuva emfuleni, kanye namachibi, lapho kukhula khona uhlaza oluningi lwasemanzini. Ingatholakala nasezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi, amazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-+28 degrees, noma ngisho nangaphezulu.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Ngezikhathi zezimvula zonyaka, i-arapaima ivela emahlathini agcwele izikhukhula. Njengoba amanzi ephela, abuyela emifuleni nasemachibini.

Ukudla

I-Arapaima iyisilwane esizingelayo esinamandla, isisekelo sokudla okuyinhlanzi yobukhulu obufanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umhlaseli ngeke uphuthelwe ithuba ukuze ungahlaseli izinyoni ezivulekile noma izilwane ezincane ezihlala emagatsheni ezihlahla noma ezinye izimila.

Ngokuqondene nabantu abasha be-arapaima, ababi kakhulu futhi abafundeki nhlobo ekudleni. Bahlasela noma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo esisendaweni yabo yombono, ngisho nezinyoka ezincane.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! I-arapaima inesidlo esiyintandokazi, ngendlela yesihlobo sayo esikude i-aravana, esiphinde simele iqembu lama-arabi.

Ezimweni lapho lesi silwane esizingelayo sigcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenziwa, sinikezwa ukudla okuhluke kakhulu kwemvelaphi yezilwane. I-Arapaima, njengomthetho, izingela ekuhambeni, ngakho-ke izinhlanzi ezincane zihlale zethulwa ku-aquarium. Kubantu abadala, ukudla okukodwa ngosuku kwanele, futhi izingane kufanele zidle okungenani izikhathi ezi-3 ngosuku. Uma lesi silwane esizingelayo singaphakelwa ngesikhathi esifanele, siyakwazi ukuhlasela izihlobo zayo.

Ukuzala kanye nenzalo

Ngemva kokufika eminyakeni emihlanu nobude obungaba imitha elilodwa nesigamu, ezinsikazi zikulungele ukuzala. Ukuzalanisa kwenzeka ngoFebhuwari noma ngoNdasa. Insikazi izalela amaqanda endaweni yokucindezeleka eyenziwe ngaphansi kwechibi kusenesikhathi, kanti phansi kufanele kube nesihlabathi. Ngaphambi kwenqubo yokuzala, ubuyela endaweni elungiselelwe, okuwukucindezeleka okusukela ku-50 kuya ku-80 cm, kanye neduna. Eyensikazi izalela amaqanda amakhulu, bese kuthi eyeduna iwavundise. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ukuthosa kuvela emaqandeni. Sonke lesi sikhathi, kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzala, abazali bagada isidleke. Eyeduna ihlezi iseduze futhi idla ukudla okuthosiwe. Insikazi nayo iseduze, ayibhukudi ngaphezu kwamashumi ambalwa amamitha.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Ngemva kokuzalwa, ukuthosa kuhlala eduze kweduna. Eduze kwamehlo owesilisa kunezindlala ezikhethekile ezikhiqiza into emhlophe ekhethekile edliwa yi-fry. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nto ikhipha iphunga elimnandi eligcina ukuthosa eduze kweduna.

I-Fry ngokushesha ithola isisindo futhi ikhule, yengeza njalo ngenyanga kuze kufike ku-5 cm ubude futhi ifike ku-100 amagremu ngesisindo. Ngemuva kwesonto, ungabona ukuthi ama-fry ayizilwane ezidliwayo, njengoba eqala ukuzitholela ukudla ngokuzimela. Esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula kwabo, ukudla kwabo kuqukethe i-zooplankton nama-invertebrates amancane. Njengoba zikhula, abantu abasha baqala ukuxosha izinhlanzi ezincane nokunye ukudla okuvela ezilwaneni.

Naphezu kwamaqiniso anjalo, abazali baqhubeka bebheka izingane zabo izinyanga ezingu-3. Ngokusho kososayensi, leli qiniso libangelwa ukuthi abantu abasha phakathi nalesi sikhathi abanaso isikhathi sokuqonda ukuthi bayakwazi ukuphefumula umoya wasemkhathini, futhi umsebenzi wabazali uwukubafundisa lokhu okungenzeka.

Izitha zemvelo ze-arapaima

Ngenxa yezici zesakhiwo somzimba, i-arapaima cishe ayinazo izitha zemvelo. Njengoba abantu, ngisho nabancane, benezikali ezinkulu futhi ezinokwethenjelwa, ngisho nama-piranha awakwazi ukuluma kuwo. Kunobufakazi bokuthi izingwenya ziyakwazi ukuhlasela lesi silwane esizingelayo. Kodwa uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-arapaima ihlukaniswa ngamandla ayo kanye nesivinini sokunyakaza, khona-ke ama-alligator, cishe, angabamba kuphela abagulayo nabangasebenzi, kanye nabantu abanganaki.

Nokho lo mzingeli unesitha esibi - lona ngumuntu ongacabangi kangako ngekusasa, kodwa ophila usuku olulodwa kuphela.

Inani lokudoba

AmaNdiya ahlala e-Amazon asephile amakhulu amaningi eminyaka ephila ngenyama ye-arapaima. Abantu bendawo baseNingizimu Melika babiza le nhlanzi ngokuthi “inhlanzi ebomvu” ngoba inyama yayo inombala obomvu-wolintshi, kanye nezimpawu ezifanayo emzimbeni wenhlanzi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Abantu bendawo base-Amazon sekungamakhulu eminyaka bebamba le nhlanzi besebenzisa indlela ethile. Okokuqala, balandelela inyamazane yabo ngokububula okuyisici lapho izinhlanzi zikhuphukela phezu kwamanzi ukuze ziphefumule umoya ohlanzekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indawo lapho izinhlanzi zikhuphukela phezulu zibonakala kude kakhulu. Ngemva kwalokho, babengasibulala lesi silwane ngehabhu noma basibambe ngamanetha.

Inyama ye-Arapaima ibonakala njengemnandi futhi inomsoco, kuyilapho ngisho namathambo ayo esetshenziswa namuhla ngochwepheshe bemithi yendabuko yamaNdiya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathambo asetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto zasendlini, futhi izikali zisetshenziselwa ukwenza amafayela ezinzipho. Yonke le mikhiqizo idingeka kakhulu phakathi kwezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe. Inyama yenhlanzi ibaluleke kakhulu, ngakho-ke inezindleko eziphakeme ezimakethe zaseNingizimu Melika. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona ukuvinjelwa okusemthethweni kokubamba lesi silwane esizingelayo esiyingqayizivele, okwenza singabi yindondo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi efiselekayo, ikakhulukazi kubadobi bendawo.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane

Eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule, inani le-arapaima lehle ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yokudoba okungalawuleki nokuhlelekile, ikakhulukazi ngamanethi. Njengomthetho, ukuzingela okuyinhloko kwenziwa kubantu abakhulu, ngoba ubukhulu babubaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu kuziphatha komuntu ngendlela engafanele emachibini ase-Amazon, kunzima ukubona abantu bekhula beba ngamamitha angu-2 ubude, noma ngisho nangaphezulu. Kwezinye izindawo zamanzi, ukubamba i-arapaima akuvunyelwe nhlobo, nakuba le mithetho evimbelayo ishaywa indiva izakhamuzi zendawo kanye nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni, nakuba amaNdiya enganqatshelwe ukubamba le nhlanzi ukuze azidlise wona. Futhi konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lesi silwane esizingelayo sinenyama eyigugu kakhulu. Uma i-arapaima ibanjwe amaNdiya, njengokhokho bawo amakhulu eminyaka, bekungeke kube nezinkinga, kodwa izenzo zabazingeli zibangela umonakalo omkhulu enanini lale nhlanzi eyingqayizivele.

Nokho, ikusasa lale nhlanzi eyingqayizivele yaba nesithakazelo kwabanye abalimi baseBrazil ababefisa ukulondoloza inani le-arapaima. Bakha indlela yokwenza futhi bathola imvume kuhulumeni yokuzalela lolu hlobo lwezilwane endaweni yokwenziwa. Ngemva kwalokho, bakwazi ukubamba abantu abambalwa endaweni yemvelo, futhi babayisa ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezidalwe ngokwenziwa. Ngenxa yalokho, umgomo wawubekwe ukugcwalisa imakethe ngenyama yalolu hlobo, ekhule ekuthunjweni, okufanele kuholele ekunciphiseni kwevolumu yokubamba i-arapaima ezimweni zemvelo.

Ulwazi olubalulekile! Kuze kube manje, ayikho idatha enembile ngobuningi balolu hlobo lwezilwane, futhi ayikho idatha yokuthi ingabe iyehla nhlobo, okwenza inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo ibe nzima. Leli qiniso libangelwa ukuthi le nhlanzi ihlala ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo e-Amazon. Mayelana nalokhu, lolu hlobo lwanikezwa isimo "Ulwazi olunganele".

I-Arapaima, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyinqaba, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, isidalwa esimangalisayo, esimele inkathi yama-dinosaurs. Okungenani yilokho ososayensi abakucabangayo. Uma sibheka amaqiniso, lesi silo sasezindaweni ezishisayo esihlala esifundeni sase-Amazon cishe asinazo izitha zemvelo. Kungabonakala sengathi inani lalesi silwane esizingelayo esiyingqayizivele kufanele lihambe ngokwesilinganiso futhi umuntu kufanele athathe izinyathelo zokwandisa leli nani ezingeni elithile ngokwenza ukubamba okuhleliwe. Isithombe sihluke kakhulu futhi umuntu kufanele athathe izinyathelo zokulondoloza inani lale nhlanzi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuzalanisa lesi silwane esizingelayo ekuthunjweni. Ukuthi le mizamo izophumelela kangakanani, yisikhathi kuphela esizosho.

Ekuphetheni

I-Amazon iyindawo emangalisayo emhlabeni wethu futhi ayikahlolisiswa ngokugcwele kuze kube manje. Futhi konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zindawo okungelula ukuzifinyelela, nakuba zingabavimbi nganoma iyiphi indlela abazingela ngokungemthetho. Lesi sici sishiya isithombe esibalulekile ocwaningweni lwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, kuhlanganise ne-arapaima. Ukuhlangana nemidondoshiya yemvelo kule ngxenye yendawo yonke kuyinto evamile. Ngokusho kwabadobi bendawo, kwakukhona abantu abangafika kumamitha angu-5 ubude, nakuba esikhathini sethu lokhu kuyivelakancane. Ngo-1978, kwabanjwa isifanekiso eRio Negro, esicishe sibe ngamamitha angu-2,5 ubude futhi sinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-150.

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, inyama ye-arapaima ibiwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla. Kusukela ngawo-1960, kwaqala ukucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobo zezilwane: abantu abadala babulawa ngama-harpoon, kanti amancane abanjwe amanetha. Naphezu kokuvinjelwa okusemthethweni, lesi silwane esizingelayo sisaqhubeka sibanjwa abadobi bendawo kanye nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, njengoba i-1 kg yenyama ye-arapaima emakethe yomhlaba ibiza ngaphezu komholo wanyanga zonke wabadobi bendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunambitheka kwenyama ye-arapaima kungaqhudelana kuphela nokunambitheka kwe-salmon. Lezi zici zisebenza njengembangela eyenza abantu baphule umthetho.