Utshwala obungena-hangover I-Alcarelle esekelwe kutshwala bokwenziwa

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka isintu sifuna iresiphi yotshwala engabangeli i-hangover. Ababhali bamanoveli ezinganekwane zesayensi baye bachaza iziphuzo eziyisimangaliso ezinikeza injabulo, kodwa ngakusasa ekuseni azibangeli izimpawu ezingemnandi ezaziwayo. Kubonakala sengathi amaphupho azokwenzeka maduze nje - umsebenzi wokuphuza utshwala obungenabungozi usungene esigabeni sokugcina. Intsha isivele ibizwa ngokuthi utshwala bokwenziwa, kodwa leli gama akufanele lithathwe ngokungananazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, utshwala bokwenziwa bukhona isikhathi eside futhi bunqatshelwe ukubusebenzisa ekukhiqizeni iziphuzo ezidakayo.

Buyini utshwala bokwenziwa

Utshwala bokwenziwa abuyona into entsha kwezesayensi. Umbhali we-theory yesakhiwo se-organic chemistry, u-Alexander Butlerov, waqala ukuhlukanisa i-ethanol ngo-1872. Usosayensi wazama igesi ye-ethylene ne-sulfuric acid, lapho, lapho eshisa, wakwazi ukuhlukanisa utshwala bokuqala bezinga eliphezulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi usosayensi waqala ucwaningo lwakhe kakade eqiniseka ngokuqinile ngomphumela - ngosizo lwezibalo, wakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwe-molecule oluzovela ekuphenduleni okuthile kwamakhemikhali.

Ngemva kokuhlolwa okuphumelelayo, u-Butlerov wathola amafomula amaningana kamuva asiza ekusunguleni ukukhiqizwa kotshwala bokwenziwa. Kamuva emsebenzini wakhe, wasebenzisa i-acetyl chloride ne-zinc methyl - lezi zinhlanganisela ezinobuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola i-trimethylcarbinol, okwamanje esetshenziselwa ukukhipha i-ethyl alcohol. Imisebenzi yosokhemisi ovelele yaziswa kuphela ngemva kuka-1950, lapho osozimboni befunda indlela yokuthola igesi yemvelo emsulwa.

Ukukhiqizwa kotshwala bokwenziwa ngegesi ishibhile kakhulu kunezinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo, kodwa nangaleyo minyaka uhulumeni waseSoviet wenqaba ukusebenzisa i-ethanol yokwenziwa embonini yokudla. Okokuqala ngamisa iphunga - uphethiloli wawulandelwa ngokucacile ngephunga lotshwala. Khona-ke ososayensi bafakazela ingozi ye-ethanol yokwenziwa empilweni yomuntu. Iziphuzo ezidakayo ezisekelwe kulo zabangela ukulutheka ngokushesha futhi zaba nomphumela onzima kakhulu ezithweni zangaphakathi. Naphezu kwalokhu, i-vodka yamafutha omgunyathi ngezinye izikhathi ithengiswa eRussia, ethunyelwa ikakhulukazi eKazakhstan.

Kusetshenziswa kuphi utshwala bokwenziwa?

Utshwala bokwenziwa benziwa ngegesi yemvelo, uwoyela, ngisho namalahle. Ubuchwepheshe bukwenza kube nokwenzeka ukonga izinto ezingavuthiwe zokudla futhi kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo efunwayo esekelwe ku-ethanol.

Utshwala buyongezwa ekubunjweni kwayo:

  • izincibilikisi;
  • uphethiloli wezimoto nemishini ekhethekile;
  • izinto zokupenda;
  • uketshezi lwe-antifreeze;
  • imikhiqizo yamakha.

Ama-biofuel anotshwala avame ukusetshenziswa njengesengezo kuphethiloli. I-Ethanol iyi-solvent enhle, ngakho yenza isisekelo sezithasiselo ezivikela izakhi zenjini yangaphakathi evuthayo.

Utshwala obuningi buthengwa yizimboni zepulasitiki nezenjoloba, lapho budingeka khona ekukhiqizeni. Abangenisa kakhulu utshwala bokwenziwa emazweni aseNingizimu Melika naseNingizimu Afrika.

I-Alcarelle yokwenziwa utshwala

Enye yezinto ezisunguliwe zakamuva emkhakheni wotshwala bokwenziwa yi-Alcarelle (Alkarel), engahlangene notshwala obuvela kugesi namalahle. Umsunguli wale nto nguProfesa David Nutt, owanikela ukuphila kwakhe ekutadisheni ubuchopho bomuntu. Usosayensi oyiNgisi ngokobuzwe, wasebenza iminyaka eminingana njengenhloko yomnyango wesayensi yomtholampilo e-US National Institute of Alcohol Abuse.

Ngo-1988, umcwaningi wabuyela ezweni lakubo futhi waqondisa yonke imizamo yakhe ekulweni nezidakamizwa nezidakamizwa. UNutt wabe esefundela i-neuropsychopharmacology e-Imperial College London, lapho axoshwa khona ngoba ethi i-ethanol iyingozi kakhulu kubantu kune-heroin ne-cocaine. Ngemva kwalokho, usosayensi wazinikela ekuthuthukiseni i-Alcarelle, ekwazi ukuguqula imboni yotshwala.

I-Work on Alcarelle ilele emkhakheni we-neuroscience, osanda kuthuthuka kakhulu. Utshwala budala umphumela odakayo ngoba buthinta isidluliseli esithile ebuchosheni. UDavid Nutt uthembise ukulingisa le nqubo. Wakha into eletha umuntu esimweni esifana nokudakwa kotshwala, kodwa iziphuzo ezisekelwe kulo azibangeli ukulutheka kanye ne-hangover.

UNutt uyaqiniseka ukuthi isintu ngeke sibuyeke utshwala, ngoba utshwala sebuphuzwe amakhulu eminyaka ukuze kunciphise ukungezwani nokucindezeleka. Umsebenzi wososayensi kwakuwukwenza into eyayizonikeza ubuchopho injabulo encane, kodwa ingacimi ukwazi. Kulokhu, isici akufanele sithinte kabi ubuchopho, isibindi kanye nomgudu wamathumbu. Umgomo wawuwukuthola enye indawo ye-ethanol, imikhiqizo ewohlokayo ebangela ama-hangover futhi ibhubhise izitho zangaphakathi.

NgokukaDavid Natta, i-alcarelle alcohol analogue yakhelwe ukuthi ingathathi hlangothi emzimbeni. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wososayensi kulokhu ubangela ukukhathazeka komphakathi wesayensi. Abamelene nabo abakholelwa ukuthi umthelela ebuchosheni ungaba uphephile futhi ubhekisele ekuntulekeni kolwazi lwenkinga. Izimpikiswano eziyinhloko zabaphikisi ukuthi i-Alcarelle ingakwazi ukuvusa ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi, njengoba isusa imigoqo ebekwe ubuchopho.

I-Alcarelle njengamanje ihlolwa ukuphepha kwezigaba eziningi. Lo mkhiqizo uzosakazwa kuphela ngemva kokugunyazwa yiminyango neminyango efanele. Ukuqala kokuthengisa kuhlelelwe u-2023. Nokho, amazwi okuvikela umuthi aya ngokuya eba phezulu. Abaningi kakhulu baphupha bejabulela zonke izinjabulo zokudakwa ngaphandle kokuphindisela okunonya ekuseni.

shiya impendulo