Okuqukethwe
I-Scotch whisky ngokuvamile ihlotshaniswa ne-barley malt. Ama-malts awodwa (ama-whiskeys e-malt awodwa) angaphezulu kwengxenye yeprimiyamu, njengoba iziphuzo kulesi sigaba zinokunambitha okushiwoyo kanye nezinhlamvu. Iningi le-whisky lengxenye yentengo ephakathi liyizingxube (izingxube), ngokungezwa kwe-distillate kusuka kuzinhlamvu ezingahlungiwe - ibhali, ukolweni noma ummbila. Kwesinye isikhathi izitshalo ezisezingeni eliphansi zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, ezixutshwa nenani elincane le-malt ukusheshisa ukuvutshelwa. Yilezi ziphuzo eziyingxenye ye-whisky yokusanhlamvu.
Iyini i-whisky yokusanhlamvu
I-whisky ye-malt eyodwa yenziwa ngebhali elibolile. Iningi lama-distilleries likuyekile ukucutshungulwa okuzimele kwezitshalo zokusanhlamvu futhi lithenge i-malt kubahlinzeki abakhulu. Ezindlini zokunyibilika, okusanhlamvu kuqala kuhluzwa ukuze kukhishwe izinto zangaphandle, bese kucwiliswa futhi kubekwe phansi kukakhonkolo ukuze kuhlume. Phakathi nenqubo ye-malting, okusanhlamvu okumile kunqwabelana i-diastase, esheshisa ukuguqulwa kwesitashi sibe ushukela. Ukucwiliswa kwe-distillation kwenzeka ezitsheni zebhodwe zethusi ezifana no-anyanisi. Izimboni zaseScotland ziyaziqhenya ngemishini yazo futhi zishicilela izithombe zezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi kwabezindaba, njengoba ithimba lezakhiwo zasendulo lisebenza kahle ukuze kwandiswe ukuthengiswa.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-whisky okusanhlamvu kuhluke kakhulu. Ukubonakala kwezimboni akukhangiswa, ngoba isithombe sibhubhisa imibono yabakhileyo mayelana nenqubo yokwenza i-whisky. I-distillation iyinqubo eqhubekayo futhi yenzeka kumakholomu okukhishwa kwe-Patent Still noma i-Coffey Still. Imishini, njengomthetho, ikhishwa ebhizinisini. Umhwamuko wamanzi, i-wort kanye no-alcohol owenziwe ngomumo ujikeleza ku-apparatus ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngakho-ke umklamo ubukeka mkhulu futhi ungathandeki.
Amabhizinisi ase-Scottish ngokuvamile asebenzisa ibhali elingavuthiwe, kancane kancane okunye okusanhlamvu. Okusanhlamvu kuphathwa nge-steam amahora angu-3-4 ukubhubhisa igobolondo futhi kusebenze ukukhululwa kwesitashi. Khona-ke i-wort ingena ku-mash tun nenani elincane le-malt egcwele i-diastase, esheshisa ukuvutshelwa. Ngenqubo ye-distillation, utshwala obunamandla aphezulu butholakala, obufinyelela ku-92%. Izindleko zokukhiqiza i-distillate yokusanhlamvu zishibhile, njengoba zenzeka esigabeni esisodwa.
I-whisky yokusanhlamvu ihlanjululwe ngamanzi entwasahlobo, ithululelwa emiphongolweni futhi ishiywe ukuze iguge. Ubuncane besikhathi yiminyaka emi-3. Ngalesi sikhathi, amanothi aqinile ayanyamalala etshwaleni, futhi kuba efanelekile ukuxuba.
Ngokuvamile, i-Grain Whisky iqhathaniswa ne-vodka, kodwa lokhu akulungile ngokuphelele. I-Barley distillate ayinakho ukunambitheka okucebile kanye nephunga elimnandi njengemimoya eyodwa ye-malt ye-whisky yangempela, kodwa ine-bouquet yesici, nakuba iphinyiselwe kancane, engatholakali ku-vodka yakudala.
Ubunzima ngamatemu
Imishini eqhubekayo yokucwiliswa kwe-distillation yasungulwa umenzi wewayini u-Aeneas Coffey emuva ngo-1831 futhi wayisebenzisa ngentshiseko embonini yakhe ye-Aeneas Coffey Whisky. Abakhiqizi basheshe bamukela imishini emisha, njengoba yehlisa izindleko zokugaywa kwezinti izikhathi eziningana. Indawo yebhizinisi ayizange inqume, ngakho izitshalo ezintsha zazitholakala eduze kwamachweba kanye nezindawo zokuthutha ezinkulu, okunciphisa izindleko zokuthutha.
Ngo-1905, i-Islington London Borough Council yaphasisa isinqumo esivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “whiskey” eziphuzweni ezenziwe ngebhali elingaxutshiwe. Ngenxa yokuxhumana nohulumeni, inkampani enkulu yotshwala i-DCL (manje eyi-Diageo) yakwazi ukunxenxa ukuba kususwe imingcele. I-Royal Commission inqume ukuthi igama elithi "whisky" lingasetshenziswa maqondana nanoma yisiphi isiphuzo esenziwa kuma-distilleries wezwe. Izinto ezingavuthiwe, indlela yokugaya kanye nesikhathi sokuguga akuzange kucatshangelwe.
I-Scotch ne-Irish whiskey imenyezelwe ngamagama okuhweba ngabashayi bomthetho, angasetshenziswa ngokubona kwabakhiqizi. Mayelana ne-single malt distillates, abashayamthetho batusa ukusebenzisa igama elithi single malt whisky. Lo mbhalo wagunyazwa ngo-1909, futhi eminyakeni eyikhulu eyalandela akekho owaphoqa abakhiqizi baseScotland ukuthi badalule ukwakheka kweziphuzo zabo.
I-distillate yokusanhlamvu ekhulile yaba yisisekelo sezingxube, okuthiwa i-whisky ehlanganisiwe. Utshwala obushibhile obusanhlamvu buhlanganiswe ne-whisky eyodwa ye-malt, enikeze umlingiswa wesiphuzo, ukunambitheka kanye nesakhiwo.
Izinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe zikwazile ukuthola indawo yazo emakethe ngezizathu eziningi, okuhlanganisa:
- intengo ethengekayo;
- iresiphi ekhethwe kahle;
- ukunambitheka okufanayo okungaguquki kuye ngenqwaba.
Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngawo-1960, ukuthandwa kwama-malts angawodwa kwaqala ukwanda kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isidingo sakhula kakhulu kangangokuthi ama-distilleries aqala ukushiya ukukhiqizwa kwawo kwe-malt, njengoba ayengakwazi ukubhekana nomthamo.
Ukulungiswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwathathwa yizindlu zezimboni ze-malt, ezathatha indawo eyodwa yebhali ehlumayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwaba nokwehla kwesidingo sokuhlanganisa.
Kuze kube manje, kunezitsha ezisanhlamvu eziyisikhombisa kuphela ze-Grain Whisky ezisele eScotland, kuyilapho amabhizinisi angaphezu kwekhulu ezweni akhiqiza i-malt eyodwa.
Izici zokumaka e-USA
E-United States, inkinga yamagama yaxazululwa kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Enyakatho yezwekazi, i-whisky yayihlanjululwe ku-rye, futhi eningizimu - kusuka kummbila. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezingavuthiwe ziholele ekudidekeni nokulebula kotshwala.
UMongameli uWilliam Howard Taft waqala ukuthuthukiswa kweSinqumo seWhisky ngo-1909. Lo mbhalo wawuthi i-whisky yokusanhlamvu (i-bourbon) yenziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe, lapho u-51% engummbila. Ngokomthetho ofanayo, i-rye distillate ihlanjululwa kusuka okusanhlamvu, lapho ingxenye ye-rye okungenani i-51%.
Ukumaka kwesimanje
Ngo-2009, i-Scotch Whisky Association yamukela umthethonqubo omusha owaqeda ukudideka ngamagama eziphuzo.
Lo mbhalo ubophezele abakhiqizi ukuthi bafake ilebula emikhiqizweni ngokuya ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziswayo futhi bahlukanise i-whisky ngezigaba ezinhlanu:
- okusanhlamvu okuphelele (okusanhlamvu okukodwa);
- okusanhlamvu okuhlanganisiwe (okusanhlamvu okuhlanganisiwe);
- i-malt eyodwa (i-malt eyodwa);
- i-malt ehlanganisiwe (i-malt ehlanganisiwe);
- i-whisky ehlanganisiwe (i-Scotch ehlanganisiwe).
Abakhiqizi bezinguquko ekuhlukaniseni babanjwe ngokungaqondakali. Amabhizinisi amaningana ayesebenzisa ukuxuba ama-molts awodwa manje ayesephoqeleka ukuthi abize i-whisky yawo ehlanganisiwe, futhi imimoya yokusanhlamvu yathola ilungelo lokubizwa ngokuthi uhlamvu olulodwa.
Omunye wabagxeki abakhulu kakhulu balo mthetho omusha, umnikazi weCompass Box uJohn Glaser waphawula ukuthi inhlangano, ngesifiso sayo sokuletha abathengi ulwazi mayelana nokwakhiwa kotshwala, izuze imiphumela ephambene ncamashi. Ngokusho kukamenzi wewayini, emiqondweni yabathengi igama elithi single lihlotshaniswa nekhwalithi ephezulu, kanti inhlanganisela ihlotshaniswa notshwala obushibhile. Isiprofetho sika-Glaser mayelana nokukhuphuka kwesithakazelo ku-whisky yokusanhlamvu siye saba yiqiniso ngokwengxenye. Maqondana noshintsho emthethweni, imiqulu yokukhiqiza ye-Single Grain Whisky iye yanda, futhi imikhiqizo enesikhathi eside sokuguga ivele ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkampani ezivelele.
Izinhlobo ezidumile ze-whisky yokusanhlamvu
Imikhiqizo edume kakhulu:
- Cameron Brig;
- I-Loch Lomond Okusanhlamvu Okukodwa;
- Teeling Irish Whisky Okusanhlamvu Okukodwa;
- Imingcele Single Grain Scotch Whisky.
Ukukhiqizwa kwewiski okusanhlamvu kuye kwaba yingcweti ebhizinisini lase-St. Petersburg “Ladoga”, elikhiqiza iWhisky ye-Fowler esekelwe kwingxube kakolweni, ibhali, ummbila nerye. Isiphuzo esineminyaka emihlanu ubudala siwine indondo yesiliva ku-The World Whisky Masters 2020. Ama-Whisky okusanhlamvu ahlukaniswa abe yisigaba esihlukile emiqhudelwaneni yomhlaba.
Indlela yokuphuza i-whisky yokusanhlamvu
Ezintweni zokukhangisa, abakhiqizi bagcizelela isimo esithambile nesilula se-whisky yokusanhlamvu, ikakhulukazi egugile isikhathi eside kuma-ex-bourbon, ichweba, i-sherry kanye ne-Cabernet Sauvignon casks. Kodwa-ke, iningi lemikhiqizo lisasetshenziswa kuphela njengesisekelo sezingxube, futhi ukunambitha imimoya enjalo ngeke kulethe injabulo encane. Ama-whiskeys asebekhulile e-monograin ahlala eyivelakancane, nakuba imikhiqizo eyaziwayo isanda kwethula imikhiqizo eminingi efanele kulesi sigaba emakethe.
Abalandeli bayaqaphela ukuthi i-whisky yokusanhlamvu ye-premium ayimbi ngendlela yayo ehlanzekile, nakuba kusanconywa ukuyiphuza neqhwa noma ukuyixuba ne-soda noma i-ginger lemonade.
Ngokuvamile i-whisky yokusanhlamvu isetshenziswa kuma-cocktails ngokungezwa kwe-cola, i-lemon noma ijusi ye-grapefruit. Okungukuthi, lapho amanothi ayingqayizivele ephunga nokunambitha kungadingeki.
Awekho amathunzi ashunqayo agqamile noma anopelepele ku-whisky yezinhlamvu ze-organoleptic. Njengomthetho, ngesikhathi sokuchayeka, bathola izithelo, ama-alimondi, uju namathoni angama-woody.
