Chitin

Uma kukhulunywa nge-chitin, izifundo zebhayoloji yesikole zifika ngokushesha engqondweni. Ama-arthropods, ama-crustaceans nayo yonke into exhunywe nabo…

Kepha, ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-chitin ibilusizo kakhulu nakubantu.

Izici ezijwayelekile ze-chitin

I-Chitin yatholwa okokuqala ngo-1821 ngumqondisi wensimu yezitshalo, uHenry Bracon. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali, wembula into ephikisana nokuqedwa kwe-acid ye-sulfuric acid. Futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-chitin yakhishwa kumagobolondo e-tarantula. Ngasikhathi sinye, igama elithi "chitin" laphakanyiswa ngusosayensi waseFrance u-Audier, owafunda into esebenzisa amagobolondo angaphandle (amathambo angaphandle) ezinambuzane.

I-Chitin iyi-polysaccharide eseqenjini lama-carbohydrate anzima ukugaya. Ngokuya ngezakhiwo zayo ze-physicochemical, kanye nendima yayo yebhayoloji, kuseduze nefayibha yezitshalo.

I-Chitin iyingxenye yodonga lweseli lwesikhunta, kanye namanye amabhaktheriya.

Eyakhelwe izinsalela ze-amino ushukela we-acetylglucosamine, i-chitin ingenye yama-polysaccharides amaningi kakhulu emvelweni.

Kuyinto etholakala ku-fungi, bacteria, arthropods. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-chitin zikhonjisiwe, zihlukile ngokwakhiwa kwazo kwamakhemikhali nezakhiwo.

* Ikhonjiswe inani elilinganiselwe (g) ku-100 g womkhiqizo.

Chitin (I-chitine yesiFulentshi, kusukela ku-chiton yesiGreki - izingubo, isikhumba, igobolondo), inhlanganisela yemvelo evela eqenjini umagazine; ingxenye eyinhloko yamathambo angaphandle (i-cuticle) yama-arthropods kanye nenani lamanye ama-invertebrates; iphinde ibe yingxenye yodonga lweseli lwesikhunta namagciwane. Yenza imisebenzi yokuvikela nesekelayo, inikeze ukuqina kweseli. Igama elithi "X". okuhlongozwa usosayensi ongumFulentshi u-A. Odier, (1823) owacwaninga ngesembozo sangaphandle esiqinile sezinambuzane. I-H. iqukethe izinsalela ze-N-acetylglucosamine ezixhunywe ngamabhondi e-b- (1 ® 4) -glycosidic.

Isisindo samangqamuzana singafinyelela ku-260,000. Ayincibiliki emanzini, ihlanza ama-asidi, ama-alkali, utshwala, nezinye izincibilikisi eziphilayo, incibilika ezixazululweni zikasawoti ezigxilile (i-lithium, i-calcium thiocyanate), futhi ibhujiswe ezixazululweni ezigxilile zama-mineral acids (uma kushisa). I-chlorine ihlale ihlotshaniswa namaprotheni emithonjeni yemvelo. I-Chlorine iyafana ngesakhiwo, izakhiwo ze-physicochemical, kanye nendima yebhayoloji okufanele itshalwe iselula.

I-chlorine biosynthesis emzimbeni yenzeka ngokubamba iqhaza komnikeli, izinsalela ze-N-acetylglucosamine-uridine diphosphate-M-acetyl-glucosamine, nama-adceptors, i-chitodextrins, ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-enzymatic glycosyltransferase system ehambisana ne-intracellular membranes. I-chlorine ihlukaniswa ngokwezinto eziphilayo ukuze ikhulule i-N-acetylglucosamine nge-enzyme chitinase, etholakala kubhaktheriya amaningana, phakathi kwama-enzyme okugaya ama-amoebas enhlabathi, iminenke ethile, izikelemu zomhlaba, kanye nama-crustaceans ngesikhathi sokuncibilika. Lapho izinto eziphilayo zifa, i-chlorine nemikhiqizo yayo yokuwohloka iguqulwa ibe yinhlabathi nodaka olwandle ibe izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-humic futhi inomthelela ekuqongeleleni i-nitrogen enhlabathini.

Isidingo sansuku zonke se-chitin

Ukusetshenziswa okungaphezulu kwe-3000mg ngosuku kungaholela ezinkingeni ngokusebenza kwendlela yamathumbu. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthi ubheke okushiwo yigolide ekusetshenzisweni kwanoma yiziphi izingxenye zamandla.

Isidingo se-chitin siyanda:

• ngokukhuluphala ngokweqile;
• ukwephulwa komzimba kwamafutha emzimbeni;
• i-cholesterol ephezulu yegazi;
• isibindi steatosis;
• ngamafutha amaningi ekudleni;
• ukuqunjelwa njalo;
• isifo sikashukela;
• ukungezwani komzimba nokudakwa komzimba.

Isidingo se-chitin siyancipha:

• ngokwakhiwa kwegesi ngokweqile;
• i-dysbacteriosis;
• i-gastritis, i-pancreatitis nezinye izifo ezivuthayo zomgudu wamathumbu.

Ukugayeka kwe-chitin

I-Chitin yinto ebonakalayo esobala engagayeki emzimbeni womuntu. Njenge-cellulose, i-chitin ithuthukisa ukushukumiseka kwamathumbu futhi inezinye izinto ezizuzisayo zomzimba.

Izici ezithinta okuqukethwe kwe-chitin emzimbeni

Umzimba womuntu awuzikhiqizi ngokwawo i-chitin, ngakho-ke okuqukethwe emzimbeni kuncike ngokuphelele ebukhoneni bokudla. Ngokuya ngalokhu, kulandela ukuthi uma ufuna ukuba nempilo enhle, udinga ukusebenzisa njalo i-chitin ngendlela ye-monomer yayo - i-chitosan.

I-Chitin yobuhle nempilo

Muva nje, izazi ze-cosmetologists ziya ngokuya zibhala ngomphumela omuhle otholwe ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo yezokwelapha nezimonyo nge-chitin. Yengezwa kuma-shampoos ukukhulisa ivolumu yezinwele nokunwebeka, esetshenziswa ku-lotions, yengezwe kuma-creams, ama-gel okugeza, nemikhiqizo yokuhlanzeka komuntu siqu (i-gel toothpastes) ikhiqizwa. Itholakala ezinhlobonhlobo ze-styling sprays nama-varnish.

I-Chitin isetshenziswa njengezithako zokudla ekudleni ukwenza ngcono ukuqina kwesikhumba, njenge-anti-inflammatory and moisturizer. Kwakha ifilimu evikelayo esikhunjeni nasezinweleni, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula inqubo yokulwa, kuvimbela isikhumba ekulahlekelweni umswakama nezinzipho ezi brittle.

Ososayensi base-Argentina bakhombe okuhlukile kwe-chitin njengomsizi wokuvuselela ukwelashwa okusheshayo kwesikhumba uma kwenzeka umonakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chitin iguqulwa ngokushisa ibe yinto entsha encibilikiswa ngamanzi. i-chitosan, okuyingxenye yezimonyo ezilwa nokuguga. Ngenxa yezimonyo ezilwa nokuguga, isikhumba sishelelezi ngokushesha, imibimbi ingabonakali kangako. Isikhumba sithola ukubukeka okusha nokusha, sibonga impahla ye-chitin ukukhulula ukuqhuma kwama-capillaries amancane kakhulu esikhumba.

Ngokuqondene nezinzuzo ze-chitin ngobuncane besibalo sakho, kusobala. I-Chitosan ibizwa nangokuthi i-fiber yezilwane, ebopha emzimbeni futhi isuse amafutha amaningi, isiza ngokudla ngokweqile, inyusa inani le-bifidobacteria emathunjini futhi ithuthukise ukunciphisa umzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inesibopho sokukhishwa kwe-adsorption okungcolisayo, ngemuva kokukhishwa kwayo, umzimba wethu uzizwa ulula futhi ukhululekile.

I-Chitin Emvelweni

Emvelweni, i-chitin yenza imisebenzi yokuvikela nesekelayo, inikeze amandla ama-crustaceans, isikhunta namagciwane. Kulokhu kufana ne-cellulose, okuyizinto ezisekela udonga lwamaseli esitshalo. Kodwa i-chitin iyasebenza kakhulu, ngokusho kwe-Russian Chitin Society. Uma ishiswa futhi iphathwa nge-alkali egxilile, iphenduka i-chitosan. Le polymer ingancibilika ezixazululweni ze-asidi ehlanjululwe, futhi ibophe futhi isabele namanye amakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi osokhemisi babhekisela ku-chitosan ngokuthi "umakhi" ongasetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-polymer ahlukahlukene. Ukuze uthole i-chitin ehlanzekile, amaprotheni, i-calcium namanye amaminerali akhishwa ezintweni eziphilayo eziqukethe, aziguqule zibe ifomu elincibilikayo. Umphumela uba imvuthuluka ye-chitinous.

"Ama-crustaceans, isikhunta kanye nezinambuzane zisetshenziselwa ukuthola i-chitin. Ngendlela, le nto yatholwa okokuqala kuma-champignon. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-chitin kanye ne-chitosan ephuma kuyo kuyanda kuphela. I-polysaccharide isetshenziselwa izithasiselo zokudla, imithi, izidakamizwa zokuqeda ukushisa, ama-sutures okuhlinzwa ancibilikayo, isetshenziselwa izinjongo zokulwa nemisebe, nakwezinye eziningi. I-Chitosan iyinto ewusizo edinga ukutadisha okwengeziwe"

Chitin kwezokwelapha

Ngenxa yokuthi i-chitosan isabela kahle namanye amakhemikhali, izidakamizwa nama-receptors, isibonelo, "ingalengiswa" kuchungechunge lwe-polymer. Ngakho-ke, into esebenzayo izokhishwa kuphela lapho idingeka khona, ngaphandle kokudalula umzimba wonke ku-toxicosis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chitosan ngokwayo ayinabo ubuthi ngokuphelele ezidalwa eziphilayo.

I-Chitosan nayo isetshenziswa njengesengezo sokudla. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye yayo ephansi yesisindo samangqamuzana ingena ngokuqondile egazini futhi isebenza ezingeni lesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba. Ingxenye yamangqamuzana ephakathi iyingxenye ye-antibacterial evimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-microflora ye-pathogenic emathunjini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwefilimu ku-mucosa yamathumbu, okubavikela ekuvuvukeni. Kulesi simo, ifilimu iyancibilika ngokushesha, okubalulekile ukuthi isetshenziswe emithini. Ingxenye ephezulu yesisindo samangqamuzana e-chitosan isebenza njenge-sorbent yobuthi obukhona emgudwini wamathumbu.

"Sazi ama-sorbents amaningi anezakhiwo eziyingozi kubantu - adonswa futhi afakwe emisipha nasemathanjeni. I-Chitosan ayinayo yonke le miphumela emibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingakwazi ukumunca ama-herbal extracts, okuthi, ngokuhambisana nayo, angalahlekelwa yimpahla yawo ezuzisayo isikhathi eside, futhi isetshenziswe njengesengezo sokudla. I-Chitosan nayo isetshenziswa efomini lejeli ekwelapheni izifo zomlomo noma ukusha. "

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chitosan inomphumela we-antitumor, ngakho-ke ingasetshenziswa ukuvimbela umdlavuza. Le nto yehlisa amazinga e-cholesterol, njengoba ibopha i-lipids yokudla futhi ivimbele ukumuncwa kwamafutha emathunjini. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka nangokusetshenziswa kwe-chitosan njengezigxivizo zezokwelapha.

Ukwelashwa kwe-Chitin nofuzo

Ukwelashwa ngofuzo manje kuyathuthuka ngenkuthalo. Ngosizo lwendlela yesayensi, kungenzeka ukuqeda umsebenzi wesinye noma esinye isakhi sofuzo “esiyingozi” noma ufake esinye endaweni yaso. Kodwa ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukuthi ngandlela-thile ulethe ulwazi lofuzo "oludingekayo" esitokisini. Ngaphambilini, amagciwane ayesetshenziselwa lokhu, kodwa lolu hlelo lunezithiyo eziningi: i-carcinogenicity kanye nezindleko eziphakeme ngokuyinhloko.. Kodwa ngosizo lwe-chitosan, kungenzeka ukuletha ulwazi oludingekayo lofuzo esitokisini ngaphandle kwemiphumela eyingozi futhi eshibhile.

" Amavektha okulethwa kwe-RNA okungewona amagciwane angacushwa ngokoqobo ngokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali. I-Chitosan iyivektha esebenza kahle kakhulu kunama-liposomes noma ama-polymers e-cationic ngoba ibophezela ku-DNA kangcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo ezinjalo azinabuthi futhi zingatholakala ekamelweni lokushisa ,” kusho usosayensi.

Chitin embonini yokudla

I-absorbency ye-chitosan isetshenziselwa ukwenza utshwala ukuze kukhishwe inhlabathi. Okubizwa ngokuthi i-turbidity esiphuzweni kwakhiwa ngenxa yezingxenye zempahla eluhlaza kanye nezinto ezisizayo ngendlela yamaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, amaseli aphilayo nama-oxalates. Ukususa amaseli aphilayo, i-chitosan isetshenziswa esigabeni sokucaciswa komkhiqizo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilimu ye-chitosan inciphisa izinga lokusabalala kwamagciwane enyameni eluhlaza, ivimbela ukubukeka kwe-Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

"Ngokuvamile, inyama entsha igcinwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili. Njengomphumela wokuhlolwa kwe-chitosan, sikwazile ukwandisa isikhathi sokugcina ngokukodwa nohhafu ukuya ezikhathini ezimbili. Kwezinye izimo, isikhathi sifinyelela emavikini amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono wezakhiwo zabathengi, ifilimu ye-chitosan iyiphakheji efanelekile, ngoba ayibonakali."

I-Chitosan iphinde isetshenziswe embonini yokudla ukuze kuhlanganiswe amaprotheni e-whey embonini yobisi, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokudla ene-iodized esekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-iodine-chitosan complexes, nezinye izinjongo.