Nsuku zonke asikunaki ukuhlakanipha kwefilosofi nokwengqondo okwamenyezelwa uSocrates: “Kudingeka udle ukuze uphile, ungaphili ukuze udle.” Yini eyenza umuntu adebeselele izimpawu zemvelo, ezinikezwe ngokwemvelo (“Sengisuthi, angisafuni ukudla”) ezisekela ukudla ngokweqile ngenxa yokuzijabulisa okuyingozi emzimbeni?
Lapho abantu abakhuluphele bebona ukudla okunama-kilojoule amaningi, izindawo ezinkulu ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuzijabulisa, ukunaka, imizwelo, inkumbulo kanye namakhono okunyakaza kucushiwe ebuchosheni babo, kubonisiwe izifundo zisebenzisa imaging yokusebenza kazibuthe resonance. Akukacaci ukuthi kungani abantu bekhuluphala: ngoba umzimba wabo awukwazi ukuzilawula isisindo, noma ngenxa yokuthi umzimba ulahlekelwa leli khono lapho uzuza isisindo esiningi.
Inqubo yokugaya, njengoba wazi, iqala ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ukudla kungene esiswini ngisho nasemlonyeni. Ukubona ukudla, iphunga lako, noma ngisho negama elikubiza ngokuthi, kushukumisa izindawo zobuchopho ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthola injabulo, kuvuselela izikhungo zenkumbulo nezindlala zamathe. Umuntu udla noma engazizwa elambile, ngoba kuyajabulisa. Yini eyenza umuntu adebeselele izimpawu zemvelo, ezinikezwe ngokwemvelo (“Sengisuthi, angisafuni ukudla”) ezisekela ukudla ngokweqile ngenxa yokuzijabulisa okuyingozi emzimbeni?
Ososayensi base-Columbia University (e-New York) bethule iphepha ngezimbangela ezingokomzimba zokudla ngokweqile engqungqutheleni yokukhuluphala e-Stockholm.
Imephu enemininingwane yomsebenzi wobuchopho ibonise ukuthi ithemba lokujabulela ukudla okumnandi lilehlula kanjani ikhono lemvelo lomzimba lokulawula isisindo kanye nokuvikela ngokumelene nokudla ngokweqile.
Ososayensi babiza lezi zinhlobo zokudla okunomsoco ngokuthi “hedonic” kanye “ne-homeostatic” ngokulandelana (i-homeostasis ikhono lomzimba lokuzilawula, nokugcina ibhalansi eshukumisayo). Kwavela, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi ubuchopho babantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile busabela "nge-hedonistically" ekudleni okumnandi nokunamafutha kunobuchopho babantu abanesisindo esivamile. Ubuchopho babantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile busabela ngobudlova ngisho nasezithombeni zokudla okulingayo.
Odokotela bafunde indlela ubuchopho obusabela ngayo ezithombeni “ezithokozisayo” zisebenzisa i-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Ucwaningo lwaluhilela abesifazane abangu-20 - abangu-10 abakhuluphele futhi abangu-10 abavamile. Baboniswa izithombe zokudla okuhehayo: amakhekhe, ophaya, ama-french athosiwe, nokunye ukudla okunekhalori ephezulu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-MRI kubonise ukuthi kwabesifazane abakhuluphele ngokweqile, izithombe zazinobuchopho obusebenzayo kakhulu endaweni ye-ventral tegmental (VTA), iphuzu elincane ku-midbrain lapho i-dopamine, "i-neurohormone yesifiso," ikhishwa khona.
“Lapho abantu abakhuluphele bebona ukudla okunama-kilojoule amaningi, izindawo ezinkulu ebuchosheni babo ziyavulwa ezibangela imizwa yokuvuza, ukunaka, imizwelo, inkumbulo kanye namakhono okunyakaza komzimba. Zonke lezi zindawo ziyasebenzisana, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuthi izindlela zemvelo zokuzilawula zimelane nazo,” kuchaza uSusan Carnell, udokotela wezifo zengqondo e-Columbia University.
Eqenjini lokulawula - abesifazane abancane - ukusabela okunjalo akuzange kubonwe.
Ukwanda kwesifiso sokudla kubantu abakhuluphele akubangelwa nje kuphela izithombe zokudla. Imisindo, njengamagama athi "ikhukhi likashokoledi" noma amagama okunye ukuphatha okunekhalori ephezulu, iveze izimpendulo ezifanayo zobuchopho. Imisindo yamagama okudla okunempilo, okunekhalori ephansi, njengokuthi "iklabishi" noma "i-zucchini," ayizange yenze le mpendulo. Ingqondo yabesifazane abazacile yasabela ngobuthaka “emisindweni emnandi”.
Ucwaningo olufanayo lwethulwa engqungqutheleni yezokudla ePittsburgh. Odokotela bezinzwa baseYunivesithi yaseYale benze ucwaningo lwe-fMRI ngobuchopho babantu abangu-13 abakhuluphele ngokweqile nabangu-13 abazacile. Ngokusebenzisa isithwebuli, izimpendulo zobuchopho ephunga noma ukunambitheka kwe-chocolate noma i-strawberry milkshake zabhalwa. Ukusabela kobuchopho babantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile ekudleni kwabonwa esifundeni se-amygdala ye-cerebellum - isikhungo semizwelo. “Babezwa” ukudla okumnandi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi babelambile noma cha. I-cerebellum yabantu abanesisindo esijwayelekile yasabela ku-milkshake kuphela lapho umuntu ezwa umuzwa wokulamba.
"Uma isisindo sakho singeqi okujwayelekile, izindlela ze-homeostasis zisebenza ngempumelelo futhi zilawula ngempumelelo le ndawo yobuchopho. Kodwa-ke, uma ukhuluphele, kunohlobo oluthile lokungasebenzi kahle kwe-homeostatic signal, ngakho-ke abantu abakhuluphele banqotshwa izilingo zokudla, ngisho nalapho sebesuthi ngokuphelele,” kusho umholi wocwaningo uDana Small.
"Ukudla" kokudla okunoshukela nokunamafutha kungafiphaza ngokuphelele izindlela ezakhelwe ngaphakathi zokulawula isisindo emzimbeni womuntu. Ngenxa yalokho, umgudu wokugaya ukudla uyeka ukukhiqiza “imiyalezo” yamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi iphrotheni i-cholecystokinin, “ebika” ukusutha. Le nto kufanele iye emqondweni bese iye ku-hypothalamus, futhi ubuchopho kufanele bunikeze umyalo wokuyeka ukudla. Kubantu abakhuluphele, lolu chungechunge luyaphazamiseka, ngakho-ke, bangakwazi ukulawula ubude nobuningi bokudla kuphela ngaphandle, "ngesinqumo sokuzikhethela".
Into eyodwa ebalulekile ayicacile ezifundweni ezenziwe, ngomoya wokuthi “yikuphi okufike kuqala, inkukhu noma iqanda.” Ingabe abantu bayakhuluphala ngenxa yokuthi imizimba yabo ekuqaleni ayikwazi ukuzilawula isisindo, noma ingabe umzimba ulahlekelwa leli khono lapho ukhuluphala ngokweqile?
UDkt. Small ukholelwa ukuthi zombili izinqubo zihlobene. Okokuqala, ukwephulwa kokudla kubangela ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinqubo ze-homeostatic emzimbeni, bese ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic kubangela ukukhula okukhulu kokugcwala. “Kuyindilinga enonya. Uma umuntu edla kakhulu, kuba sengozini yokuthola ukudla ngokweqile, ”kusho yena. Ngokuphenya okushiwo ukukhuluphala ekuboniseni ubuchopho, ososayensi banethemba lokuqonda ngokugcwele "izikhungo zokugcwala" ebuchosheni futhi bafunde ukuzilawula ngaphandle, ngamakhemikhali. “Amaphilisi okunciphisa umzimba” acatshangelwayo kuleli cala ngeke aholele ngokuqondile ekwehleni kwesisindo, kodwa azobuyisela amakhono emvelo omzimba ukuze abone isimo sokusutha.
Kodwa-ke, indlela engcono kakhulu yokungaphazamisi lezi zindlela ukuthi ungaqali ukukhuluphala, odokotela bayakhumbuza. Kungcono ukulalela ngokushesha izimpawu zomzimba "ngokwanele!", Futhi unganqotshwa isilingo sokuphuza itiye ngamakhukhi kanye nekhekhe, futhi ngempela ukucabangela kabusha ukudla kwakho ngokuthanda ukudla okunamafutha aphansi nokugayeka kalula.