Okuqukethwe
Njalo ekwindla, abathandi "bokuzingela ngokuthula" baya ehlathini ukuze bahlanganise "okuwusizo nokujabulisayo". Kanye nokuhamba emoyeni omusha nokuncoma imibala ekhanyayo yasekwindla, kuhlale kungenzeka ukuqoqa isivuno esihle semizimba yezithelo. Kusekuqaleni kokuwa kwamaqabunga lapho amakhowe asekwindla avela khona, aziswa kakhulu ngokunambitheka kwawo okukhangayo nokuguquguquka ekuphekeni. Omama abaningi bezindlu bahlala begcina ngokulondolozwa okumnandi kwalawa makhowe ebusika, futhi balungise izitsha ezihlukahlukene zokudla kwasekuseni, kwasemini nakusihlwa.
Amakhowe amakhowe asekwindla awaziwa kakhulu awawona awodwa, kodwa inhlanganisela yezinhlobo, okukhona kuzo ezingaphezu kuka-40 emhlabeni. Izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-10 zalezi zindikimba ze-fruiting zingaqashelwa endaweni ye-Federation, kodwa ulwazi olunjalo luyoba nesithakazelo kososayensi kuphela, okungenakushiwo ngabakhi bamakhowe. Laba bakamuva bakhathazeke kuphela ngokuthi bangahlukanisa kanjani i-agaric yoju oludliwayo kolwamanga. Futhi abaqoki bamakhowe abathuthuke kakhulu kuphela abangaqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo ezidliwayo zamakhowe asekwindla zinokuhluka phakathi kwazo. Kwesinye isikhathi lo mehluko awusho lutho kangangokuthi ochwepheshe kufanele bahlole izinhlamvu zezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene ukuze zizalelane ...
I-athikili yethu iveza izithombe nezincazelo zamakhowe asekwindla adliwayo. Ngemva kokubukeza ulwazi olungenhla, uzokwazi ukuba nombono mayelana nokubukeka kwalezi zidumbu ze-fruiting, izindawo zazo zokukhula, kanye nenkathi yokuthela. Sikhethe izinhlobo zamakhowe asekwindla ajwayeleke kakhulu Ezweni Lethu, aziwa kakhulu kubaqoki bamakhowe.
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I-autumn honey agaric (yangempela noma i-hemp)
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I-autumn noma i-agaric yezinyosi zangempela idume kakhulu phakathi kwabo bonke abameleli bohlobo lwayo. Leli yikhowe elimnandi kakhulu elidliwayo eliziboleka kahle ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zokucubungula: pickling, salting, okokuqandisa, ukomisa, ukuthosa, njll.
Igama lesi Latin: I-Armillaria mellea.
Umndeni: Физалакриевые (Physalacriaceae).
omqondofana: uju lwangempela lwe-agaric, ekwindla.
umugqa: ifinyelela ububanzi obuyi-4-12 cm (ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela ku-15 ngisho no-17 cm), iqale ibe yi-convex, bese ivula futhi ibe isicaba, yenza imiphetho yamagagasi. Ngezinye izikhathi i-tubercle, ama-specks noma izikali ezincane ezinsundu zingabonwa phakathi nendawo ye-cap. Umbala wesikhumba uhluka kusuka ku-beige kuya ku-honey brown and grey-brown. Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa amakhowe e-autumn mushroom:
Qaphela ukuthi esemncane, ingaphezulu le-cap ye-fruiting body limbozwe izikali ezimhlophe ezigqamile, ezinyamalala ngokukhula.
Umlenze: izacile, i-fibrous, ifinyelela ku-10 cm ukuphakama no-1-2 cm ubukhulu, inwetshwe kancane esisekelweni. Ingaphezulu linombala okhanyayo noma ophuzi-nsundu, futhi umthunzi omnyama ubonakala engxenyeni engezansi. Njengesigqoko, umlenze umbozwe izikali ezincane zokukhanya. Ngokuvamile, amakhowe asekwindla akhula ndawonye nemilenze yawo phansi.
I-Pulp: kuma-specimens amancane aminyene, amhlophe, amnandi ukunambitheka kanye nephunga. Ngokukhula, iba mncane, ithole ukuthungwa okumaholo.
Amarekhodi: kancane, ukunamathela esiqwini noma ukwehla kancane. Amakhowe amancane anamapuleti anombala omhlophe noma ukhilimu, amnyama ngokukhula futhi ambozwe amabala ansundu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapuleti ambozwe ifilimu, okuyinto emizimbeni endala ye-fruiting iphuma ku-cap, ilenga esiqwini njengendandatho.
Isicelo: esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphekeni nasemithini. Amakhowe ahlanjululwa ngokuphelele, anosawoti, omisiwe futhi eqandisiwe. Yenza izifundo ezimnandi zokuqala nezesibili, ezingekho ngaphansi kokunambitha ngisho namakhowe we-porcini namakhowe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izinhlobonhlobo zamakhowe asekwindla ziye zamemezela izakhiwo zokwelapha.
Ukudla: isigaba samakhowe adliwayo 3.
Ukufana nokuhluka: ikwindla ingadideka ne-fleecy scaly. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kokugcina kuhluke ku-agaric yoju lwangempela ngenani elikhulayo lezikali ebusweni bomzimba othela izithelo, kanye nephunga elimnandi elikhumbuza isithombo. Futhi nakuba i-flake nayo ingeyamakhowe adliwayo (kuphela ngemva kokwelashwa okushisa), ayikabi mnandi njengekwindla.
Spread: ukusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo ukuya eNyakatho, akukhuli kuphela endaweni ye-permafrost. Zitholakala emahlathini aswakame amanzi: eziqwini, ezihlahleni eziwile nasemagatsheni. Imvamisa kuba yi-parasite, ethinta izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zezihlahla nezihlahlana, kancane kancane zisebenza njengama-saprophyte, zizinza okhunini oselufile. Ungadluli ukugawulwa kwamahlathi e-coniferous.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amakhowe asekwindla abizwa nangokuthi i-hemp. Lokhu kunengqondo, ngoba ngokuyisisekelo bakhetha ukukhula eziqwini. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umbala womzimba we-fruiting uzoxhomeka ohlotsheni lwezinkuni oluzinzile. Ngakho-ke, i-poplar, i-acacia noma i-mulberry inikeza i-honey-yellow tint ku-honey agaric, i-oki - i-brown tint, i-elderberry - i-gray emnyama, nezihlahla ze-coniferous - i-brown-red tint.
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Indlela amakhowe asekwindla asenyakatho abukeka ngayo: izithombe nezincazelo zemilenze nezigqoko
Isithombe nencazelo elandelayo ingeyamakhowe asekwindla asenyakatho - amakhowe adumile adliwayo ohlobo lwe-Honey agaric.
Igama lesi Latin: I-Armillaria borealis.
Umndeni: I-Physalacrye.
umugqa: i-convex, i-5-10 cm ububanzi, i-yellow-brown noma i-orange-brown, i-tint yomnqumo ingabonwa. Isikhungo sesigqoko silula kunemiphetho. Ubuso bumbozwe ngezikali ezincane, ezingamathoni angu-1-2 amnyama kunombala oyinhloko. Ukuqoqwa okukhulu kwezikali kubonakala phakathi nendawo yekepisi. Emaphethelweni anezimbambo kancane futhi anolaka, angcolile aphuzi ngokumnyama.
Umlenze: i-cylindrical, izacile, ngezinye izikhathi ikhula phansi, ifike ku-10 cm ubude futhi ifike ku-1,5 cm ubukhulu. Ingaphezulu lomile, linombala onsundu ngokuphuzi nokumhlophe. Kukhona isiketi esiyindandatho, isici sazo zonke izinhlobo ezidliwayo, esiba yi-membranous ngokukhula, futhi izikali ezizwakalayo zibonwa emaphethelweni.
Isithombe sibonisa ukuthi amakhowe asekwindla adliwayo alolu hlobo abukeka kanjani:
I-Pulp: okuminyene, okumhlophe noma oku-beige, okukhumbuza kancane uvolo wekotini ocindezelweyo. Inokunambitheka okumnandi kwe "mushroom" kanye nephunga.
Amarekhodi: mhlophe kuma-specimens amancane, abe yi-ocher-cream ngokukhula.
Ukudla: amakhowe adliwayo.
Isicelo: ilungele zonke izinhlobo zokupheka - ukubilisa, ukuthosa, isitshulu, uku-marinating, ukufaka usawoti, ukomisa nokufriza. Umlenze we-autumn mushroom unzima, ngakho awusetshenziselwa ukupheka. Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha ukubuyisela umfutho wegazi ophakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mushroom inomphumela wokuzola emzimbeni, isiza ngemisebe kanye nokwelashwa komdlavuza.
Spread: ikhula kulo lonke Izwe Lethu, ngaphandle kwaseNyakatho Ekude. Ihlala phezu kokhuni olufile, kanye neziphunzi zezinhlobo ze-coniferous kanye nama-deciduous. Izithelo ziningi, ngoba amakhowe akhula emindenini emikhulu. Ngokuvamile ingatholakala ku-birch, i-alder ne-oki, ngezinye izikhathi ithinta izihlahla. Isikhathi sokuvuna siqala ngo-August futhi siphele ngoSepthemba-Okthoba, kuye ngesimo sezulu.
Sikunikeza ukuthi ubone ezinye izithombe ezimbalwa zamakhowe asekwindla adliwayo:
Amakhowe anemilenze ewugqinsi edliwayo
Phakathi kwamakhowe ekwindla adliwayo, amakhowe anemilenze emincane ajwayelekile - enye yamakhowe athandwa kakhulu, avunwa ngempumelelo hhayi kuphela ehlathini, kodwa futhi akhule ngezinga lezimboni.
Uju lwe-agaric oluminyene-imilenze
Igama lesi Latin: I-Armillary lute
Umndeni: I-Physalacrye.
omqondofana: I-Armillaria Bulbosa, i-Inflata.
umugqa: ububanzi kusuka ku-2,5 kuya ku-10 cm. Esebancane, ukhunta unekepisi elibanzi elinemiphetho eshubile, bese liyajiya bese imiphetho iyehla, bese kuvela i-tubercle phakathi nendawo. Iba nsundu ngokumnyama ekuqaleni, iphenduka ibephuzi ngenxa yobudala. Phezulu kunezikali eziningi ezinoboya eziphuzi ngokuphuzi noma ezimpunga eziqhubekayo ngisho nakubantu abadala.
Umlenze: i-cylindrical enokuqina okumise okwekilabhu ibheke esisekelweni, embozwe ngezikali ezimpunga-ophuzi. Ingaphezulu lesiqu ngokwalo linombala onsundu phansi futhi ophuzi (ngezinye izikhathi omhlophe) phezulu. “Isiketi” sinemembranous, simhlophe, bese sidatshulwa.
Amakhowe e-autumn adliwayo aboniswa esithombeni:
I-Pulp: minyene, emhlophe, enephunga elimnandi, kwesinye isikhathi elishizi.
Amarekhodi: njalo, yehla kancane, ibe phuzi, ibe nsundu ngokuya ngeminyaka.
Ukudla: amakhowe adliwayo.
Ukufana nokuhluka: I-autumn enemilenze emincane ye-agaric ye-honey agaric ingadideka ne-fleecy scaly, ehlukaniswa nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezikali ebusweni bekepisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinye izikhathi abaqoki bamakhowe abangenalwazi bangaphambanisa uju lwe-agaric oludliwayo noju lwe-agaric olunobuthi oluyisulfure oluphuzi, kanye nezitini ezidliwayo ezinoju oluwuju lwamanga oluyi-agaric. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlobo ezishiwo azinayo indandatho yesiketi esiqwini, okuyisici sayo yonke imizimba yezithelo ezidliwayo.
Spread: iyisaprophyte futhi ikhula otshanini obubolile, iziphunzi ezibolile kanye neziqu zezihlahla. Iphinde ithande izinkuni ezishisiwe kanye nezinkuni eziqinile. Ikhula ikhophi eyodwa, kancane - ngamaqembu amancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lwamakhowe lungakhula embhedeni wezinaliti ze-spruce.
Siphakamisa nokubuka ividiyo mayelana namakhowe asekwindla:
Amakhowe asekwindla akhula kanjani futhi kumaphi amahlathi?
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Isikhathi samakhowe ekwindla sincike ezimweni zezulu zendawo ethile, kanye nesimo sezulu esizinzile, esihlanganisa izinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nomswakama. Izimo zezulu ezivumayo ze-fruiting echichimayo yamakhowe zibhekwa njengezinga lokushisa lomoya elizinzile nsuku zonke okungenani + 10 °. Ukukhulunywa nje kohlobo lwemizimba yezithelo kuphakamisa ukuthi amakhowe asekwindla avela nini. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula kwamakhowe kuqala ekupheleni kuka-Agasti futhi kuphele maphakathi no-Okthoba. Kwezinye izifunda ngazinye, amakhowe asekwindla ayaqhubeka ethela izithelo kuze kube sekupheleni kukaNovemba, uma isimo sezulu esifudumele siqhubeka. Isiqongo sokuqoqwa kwemizimba ye-fruiting senzeka ikakhulukazi ngoSepthemba. Elinye igagasi eliningi lokuthela izithelo liqala ekuqaleni kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ihlobo laseNdiya”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zamakhowe ekwindla zikhula ngenkuthalo ngesikhathi semvula enkulu futhi zithanda inkungu kaSepthemba. Njengoba wazi, amakhowe asekwindla akhula ngokushesha kakhulu, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje ngemva kwemvula eshisayo efudumele kwanele, futhi ungaya ekuvuneni okulandelayo kwamakhowe.
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zamakhowe ekwindla zikhula ngamaqembu amakhulu ezigxotsheni, ezihlahleni eziwile, ukuchithwa kwehlathi, njll. Kulokhu, kulula kakhulu ukuqoqa ehlathini. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, amakhowe asekwindla ayizimuncagazi, azinza ezihlahleni eziphilayo futhi azicekele phansi. Kodwa-ke, kukhona nama-saprophyte akhethe izinkuni ezibolile ezifile. Ngezinye izikhathi zingatholakala ngaphansi kwamagxolo esitshalo esithintekile.
Imaphi amahlathi amakhowe asekwindla amila kuwo Ezweni Lethu? Abaningi abavuna amakhowe abanokuhlangenwe nakho bayaqaphela ukuthi lezi zitshalo ezithela izithelo zithanda amahlathi aswakeme aluhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthela kwawo okuningi kubonakala ezindaweni ezigawuliwe emahlathini. Imvamisa, amakhowe asekwindla akhula emahlathini axubile aluhlaza, ekhetha i-birch, i-alder, i-oki, i-aspen ne-poplar. Njengoba insimu yeZwe Lethu inendawo enkulu enamahlathi, ungahlangana namakhowe kunoma iyiphi yawo.
Kuphi lapho akhula khona amakhowe asekwindla?
Futhi kuphi lapho amakhowe asekwindla akhula khona, kuziphi izihlahla? Ngokuvamile lezi zidumbu ezithela izithelo zingatholakala kuma-conifers. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umbala we-caps ngisho nokunambitheka kwamakhowe kungase kuhluke kuye ngokhuni. Ngakho-ke, lapho ikhula kuphayini noma ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi, i-agaric ye-honey ithola umbala omnyama futhi iba kunambitheka kancane.
Iqiniso elihehayo: ebusuku, ungabona ukukhanya okufiphele kwesiphunzi okumila kuso amakhowe. Ngokuvamile lesi sici singabonwa ngaphambi kokuduma kwezulu. Akuyona imizimba yezithelo ngokwayo ekhipha ukukhanya, kodwa i-mycelium. Labo abazithola beseduze kwaleso simo ebusuku bayavuma ukuthi lo mbono omuhle ngendlela emangalisayo!