Imboni enkulu yakhiwe ngokudla. Iningi lemikhiqizo yalo iklanyelwe ukusiza abantu ukuba banciphise isisindo, bakhe imisipha, noma babe nempilo enhle.
Kodwa njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni liqhubeka likhula, ososayensi bajaha ukusungula indlela yokudla engadla abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10 ngo-2050.
Ngokombiko omusha oshicilelwe ephephabhukwini lezokwelapha laseBrithani i-Lancet, abantu banxuswa ukuba badle kakhulu ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni futhi banciphise ukudla inyama, ubisi noshukela ngangokunokwenzeka. Lo mbiko ubhalwe iqeqebana lososayensi abangu-30 abavela emhlabeni wonke abenza izifundo zokudla okunomsoco kanye nenqubomgomo yokudla. Sekuyiminyaka emithathu becwaninga futhi baxoxisane ngalesi sihloko ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa izincomo ezingathathwa ohulumeni ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokuphila kwabantu abakhulayo emhlabeni.
“Ngisho nokwenyuka okuncane kwenyama ebomvu noma ukusetshenziswa kobisi kungenza lo mgomo ube nzima noma ungenzeki,” kusho isifinyezo sombiko.
Ababhali balo mbiko bafinyelele eziphethweni zabo ngokulinganisa imiphumela emibi ehlukahlukene yokukhiqizwa kokudla, okuhlanganisa amagesi abamba ukushisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi nezitshalo, i-nitrogen noma i-phosphorus evela kumanyolo, kanye nosongo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokwanda kwezolimo. Ababhali balo mbiko baphikisa ngokuthi uma zonke lezi zici zilawulwa, khona-ke inani lamagesi abangela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu lingancishiswa, futhi kube nomhlaba owanele osele ukuze kondle inani labantu emhlabeni elandayo.
Ngokombiko, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama noshukela emhlabeni wonke kumele kwehle ngo-50%. NgokukaJessica Fanso, umbhali wombiko kanye noprofesa wenqubomgomo yokudla nezimiso zokuziphatha e-Johns Hopkins University, ukudliwa kwenyama kuzokwehla ngamanani ahlukene ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba nasezigabeni ezahlukene zabantu. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama e-US kufanele kuncishiswe ngokuphawulekayo futhi kuthathelwe indawo izithelo nemifino. Kodwa kwamanye amazwe abhekene nezinkinga zokudla, inyama kakade yenza cishe amaphesenti amathathu kuphela okudla kwabantu.
“Sizoba sesimeni esibi uma kungekho zinyathelo ezithathwayo,” kusho uFanso.
Izincomo zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama azisezintsha. Kodwa ngokusho kukaFanso, umbiko omusha unikeza amasu ahlukene oguquko.
Ababhali babize le ngxenye yomsebenzi wabo ngokuthi “Uguquko Olukhulu Lokudla” futhi bachaza amasu ahlukahlukene kuwo, kusukela kokuncane okusebenzayo kuya kokunolaka kakhulu, ngaphandle kokukhethwa kwabathengi.
“Ngicabanga ukuthi kunzima ukuthi abantu baqale uguquko kulesi simo esikhona ngoba izikhuthazi nezinhlaka zepolitiki azihambisani nakho,” kusho uFanso. Umbiko uphawula ukuthi uma uhulumeni eshintsha umthetho wakhe wokuthi yimaphi amapulazi okumele axhase, lokhu kungaba elinye iqhinga lokulungisa kabusha uhlelo lokudla. Lokhu kuzoshintsha amanani entengo okudla futhi ngaleyo ndlela kukhuthaze abathengi.
“Kodwa ukuthi umhlaba wonke uzoleseka yini lolu hlelo kungomunye umbuzo. Ohulumeni bamanje mancane amathuba okuthi bafune ukuthatha izinyathelo kulokhu,” kusho uFanso.
Impikiswano yokukhishwa
Akubona bonke ochwepheshe abavumayo ukuthi ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kuyisihluthulelo sokulondeka kokudla. UFrank Mitlener, usosayensi eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, uveze ukuthi inyama ayixhumene ngokulinganayo nesisi esidala ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
“Kuyiqiniso ukuthi imfuyo inomthelela, kodwa umbiko uzwakala sengathi iyona enomthelela omkhulu ekuphazamisekeni kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa umthombo oyinhloko wokukhishwa kwekhabhohayidrethi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokubasa,” kusho uMitlener.
Ngokusho kwe-Environmental Protection Agency yase-US, ukushiswa kwamafutha ezinsalela ezimbonini, ugesi kanye nezokuthutha kubangela inqwaba yesisi esingcolisa umoya. Ezolimo zibalelwa ku-9% wezinto ezikhishwayo, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo cishe ku-4%.
U-Mitlener futhi akavumelani nendlela yoMkhandlu yokunquma inani lamagesi abamba ukushisa akhiqizwa imfuyo, futhi uthi ingxenye enkulu ye-mass fraction yabelwa i-methane ezibalweni. Uma iqhathaniswa nekhabhoni, i-methane ihlala emkhathini isikhathi esifushane, kodwa idlala indima enkulu ekufudumeni kwezilwandle.
Ukunciphisa ukumosha ukudla
Yize kugxekwe izincomo zokudla okuhlongozwayo kulo mbiko, umkhankaso wokunciphisa ukuchithwa kokudla uya ngokuya usabalele. E-US kuphela, cishe amaphesenti angama-30 akho konke ukudla kuyamoshwa.
Amasu okunciphisa imfucuza achazwe embikweni wabo bobabili abathengi kanye nabakhiqizi. Ukugcinwa okungcono nobuchwepheshe bokuthola ukungcola kungasiza amabhizinisi ehlise ukumoshwa kokudla, kodwa ukufundisa abathengi nakho kuyisu elisebenzayo.
Kwabaningi, ukushintsha imikhuba yokudla nokunciphisa ukumosha ukudla kuyithemba elidabukisayo. Kodwa uKatherine Kellogg, umbhali wencwadi ethi 101 Ways to Eliminate Waste, uthi kubiza kuphela u-$250 ngenyanga.
“Ziningi izindlela zokusebenzisa ukudla kwethu ngaphandle kokuthi kube yimfucuza, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi iningi labantu alazi ngazo. Ngiyazi ukupheka yonke ingxenye yemifino, futhi ngiyabona ukuthi lokhu kungenye yemikhuba yami ephumelela kakhulu,” kusho uKellogg.
U-Kellogg, nokho, uhlala e-California, eduze nezindawo ezinezimakethe zabalimi ezithengekayo. Kweminye imiphakathi ehlala kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi izingwadule zokudla—izifunda lapho izitolo zokudla noma izimakethe zingekho khona—ukuthola izithelo nemifino emisha kungase kube nzima.
“Zonke izenzo esizincomayo seziyatholakala manje. Lokhu akubona ubuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo. Ukuthi abakafiki ezingeni elikhulu,” kuphetha uFanso.