Izingane ezinokubambezeleka kolimi zisemathubeni acishe aphindwe kabili okuba nokucasuka, kusho ososayensi. Lokhu kufakazelwe ucwaningo lwakamuva. Kusho ukuthini lokhu ekusebenzeni futhi sinini isikhathi sokukhalisa i-alamu?
Ososayensi sekuyisikhathi eside beqagela ukuthi ukubambezeleka kwenkulumo nokuvungama kwezingane kungase kuxhunywe, kodwa alukho ucwaningo olukhulu oseluke lwasekela lo mbono ngedatha. Kuze kube manje.
Ucwaningo Oluyingqayizivele
Uhlelo olusha oluvela eNyuvesi yaseNorthwestern, lapho abantu abangu-2000 baba yingxenye yalo, lubonise ukuthi izingane ezisacathula zamagama amancane zazinokucasuka kakhulu kunoontanga bazo abanamakhono olimi ahambisana neminyaka. Lolu ucwaningo lokuqala lwalolu hlobo lokuxhumanisa ukubambezeleka kwenkulumo ezinganeni ezisacathula nokudinwa kokuziphatha. Isampula liphinde lahlanganisa izingane ezingaphansi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubudala obudala bubhekwa "njengenhlekelele" kulokhu.
“Siyazi ukuthi izingane ezisacathula ziyathukuthela lapho zikhathele noma zikhungathekile, futhi abazali abaningi bacindezelekile ngalezo zikhathi,” kusho omunye umbhali ongumpetha wocwaningo u-Elizabeth Norton, umsizi kaprofesa wesayensi yezokuxhumana. Kodwa bambalwa abazali abaqaphelayo ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zokucasuka okuvamile noma ezinzima zingabonisa ingozi yezinkinga zempilo yengqondo kamuva njengokukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukuphazamiseka kokunaka, nezinkinga zokuziphatha.”
Njengokucasuka, ukubambezeleka kwenkulumo kuyizici eziyingozi zokukhubazeka kokufunda kanye nokukhuluma, u-Norton uphawula. Ngokusho kwakhe, cishe u-40% walezi zingane zizoba nezinkinga zokukhuluma ezingapheli esikhathini esizayo, ezingaphazamisa ukusebenza kwazo ezifundweni. Yingakho ukuhlola kokubili ulimi nempilo yengqondo ngokuhambisana kungasheshisa ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokungenelela ezinkingeni zezingane ezisencane. Phela, izingane ezinale “nkinga ekabili” cishe zisengozini enkulu.
Izinkomba eziyinhloko zokukhathazeka kungaba ukuphindaphinda njalo kwentukuthelo, ukubambezeleka okukhulu ekukhulumeni
“Kusukela kwezinye izifundo eziningi zezingane esezikhulile, sasazi ukuthi izinkinga zokukhuluma nempilo yengqondo zenzeka kaningi kunalokho obungakulindela. Kodwa ngaphambi kwale phrojekthi, sasingazi ukuthi zizoqala kanjani kusenesikhathi,” kunezela u-Elizabeth Norton, ophinde asebenze njengomqondisi welabhorethri yasenyuvesi ecwaninga ngokuthuthukiswa kolimi, ukufunda nokufunda kumongo wesayensi yezinzwa.
Ucwaningo luxoxisane neqembu elimele abazali abangaphezu kuka-2000 abanezingane ezineminyaka eyi-12 kuya kwezinyanga ezingama-38. Abazali baphendule imibuzo mayelana nenani lamagama ashiwo yizingane, kanye "nokuqhuma" ekuziphatheni kwabo - isibonelo, kukangaki ingane inomsindo ngezikhathi zokukhathala noma, ngokuphambene, ukuzijabulisa.
Ingane encane ithathwa “njengesikhulumi sekwephuzile” uma inamagama angaphansi kwama-50 noma ingawaphakamisi amagama amasha lapho ineminyaka emi-2 ubudala. Abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi izingane ezikhuluma sekwephuzile cishe zinamathuba aphindwe kabili okuba nobudlova kanye/noma ukuqhuma kwentukuthelo okuvamisile kunontanga yabo abanamakhono olimi avamile. Ososayensi bahlukanisa ukucasuka ngokuthi “kubi” uma ingane ibamba umoya njalo, ishaya ngezibhakela noma ikhahlela phakathi nentukuthelo. Izingane ezisacathula ezinalokhu kuhlaselwa nsuku zonke noma kaningi zingadinga usizo lokuthuthukisa amakhono okuzithiba.
Ungajahi ukwethuka
"Konke lokhu kuziphatha kufanele kubhekwe esimweni sokuthuthuka, hhayi kubo ngokwabo," kusho umbhali wephrojekthi u-Lauren Wakschlag, uprofesa kanye nosihlalo ohlangene woMnyango Wezempilo Nesayensi Yezenhlalakahle eNyuvesi yaseNorthwestern kanye nomqondisi we-DevSci. Isikhungo Sokusungula Nentuthuko Yesayensi. Abazali akufanele bafinyelele eziphethweni futhi basabele ngokweqile ngenxa nje yokuthi ingane yakwamakhelwane inamagama amaningi noma ngenxa yokuthi ingane yabo ayizange ibe nosuku olungcono kakhulu. Izinkomba eziyinhloko zokukhathazeka kuzo zombili lezi zindawo zingaba ukuphindaphinda okuvamile kokuqhuma kwentukuthelo, ukubambezeleka okukhulu ekukhulumeni. Lapho lezi zibonakaliso ezimbili zihambisana, zikhulisana futhi zandise izingozi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi izinkinga ezinjalo ziphazamisa ukuxhumana okunempilo nabanye.
Ucwaningo olunzulu lwenkinga
Lolu cwaningo luyisinyathelo sokuqala socwaningo olukhudlwana eNyuvesi yaseNorthwestern oluqhubekayo ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi, Kufanele Ukhathazeke Nini? futhi ixhaswe yiNational Institute of Mental Health. Isinyathelo esilandelayo sibandakanya ucwaningo lwezingane ezingaba ngu-500 e-Chicago.
Eqenjini lokulawula, kukhona labo ukuthuthukiswa kwabo okwenzeka ngokwazo zonke izinkambiso zeminyaka, nalabo ababonisa ukuziphatha okucasulayo kanye / noma ukubambezeleka kwenkulumo. Ososayensi bazofunda ukuthuthukiswa kobuchopho nokuziphatha kwezingane ukukhomba izinkomba ezizosiza ukuhlukanisa ukubambezeleka kwesikhashana ekubukeni kwezinkinga ezinkulu.
Abazali kanye nezingane zabo bazohlangana nabahleli balo msebenzi minyaka yonke kuze kube yilapho izingane ziba neminyaka engu-4,5 ubudala. Ukugxila okunjalo okude, okuyinkimbinkimbi “kungane iyonke” akusona isici sokucwaninga kwesayensi emkhakheni wezifo zokukhuluma nempilo yengqondo, kuchaza uDkt. Wakschlag.
Ososayensi nodokotela banolwazi olubalulekile emindenini eminingi oluzosiza ekuboneni nasekuxazululeni izinkinga ezichaziwe.
“Isikhungo sethu se-Innovation and Emerging Sciences i-DevSci iklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukusiza ososayensi ukuba bashiye amakilasi avamile, badlulele ngale kwamaphethini avamile futhi bakwazi ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo, besebenzisa wonke amathuluzi atholakalayo namuhla ukuxazulula imisebenzi,” uyachaza.
“Sifuna ukuthatha sihlanganise lonke ulwazi lwentuthuko esinalo ukuze odokotela bezingane nabazali babe nesethi yamathuluzi ezobasiza ukuthi babone ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuhlaba umkhosi bafune usizo lochwepheshe. Futhi ukukhombisa ukuthi ukungenelela kokugcina kuzosebenza ngasiphi isikhathi, ”kusho u-Elizabeth Norton.
Umfundi wakhe u-Brittany Manning ungomunye wababhali bephepha mayelana nephrojekthi entsha, umsebenzi wakhe wezifo zokukhuluma wawuyingxenye yomfutho wocwaningo ngokwalo. “Ngibe nezingxoxo eziningi nabazali kanye nodokotela mayelana nokucasuka kwezingane ezikhulume sekwephuzile, kodwa abukho ubufakazi besayensi ngalesi sihloko engangingasebenzisa kubo,” kusho uManning. Manje ososayensi nodokotela banolwazi olubalulekile kokubili kwesayensi nasemindenini eminingi, okuzosiza ukukhomba nokuxazulula izinkinga ezichazwe ngesikhathi.