Inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi kanye nenkululeko

Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 edlule BC, endaweni encane kakhulu lapho isintu sasihlala khona, okungukuthi eSigodini saseJordani, uguquko lweNeolithic lwenzeka ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu - umuntu wathambisa ukolweni nezilwane. Asazi ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka khona kanye ngaleso sikhathi - mhlawumbe ngenxa yamakhaza ashubile okwenzeka e-Early Dryas. I-Early Dryas yabulala isiko lamaClavist emazweni aseMelika, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi yaphoqelela isiko lamaNatufian esigodini saseJordani kwezolimo. Kwakuyinguquko eyashintsha ngokuphelele imvelo yesintu, futhi kwavela umqondo omusha wendawo, umqondo omusha wempahla (ukolweni engangiwukhule ungowangasese, kodwa amakhowe ehlathini abelwe).

Umuntu wangena ekuxhumaneni nezitshalo nezilwane, futhi wonke umlando olandelayo wesintu, ngokujwayelekile, umlando we-symbiosis nezitshalo nezilwane, ngenxa yokuthi umuntu angaphila endaweni enjalo yemvelo futhi asebenzise. izinsiza ezinjalo ayengenakukwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngokuqondile. Lapha, umuntu akadli utshani, kodwa imvu, indawo yokucubungula utshani bube yinyama, imenzela lo msebenzi. Ekhulwini elidlule, i-symbiosis yomuntu enemishini iye yanezelwa kulokhu.

Kodwa, lapha, okubaluleke kakhulu endabeni yami ukuthi inzalo yamaNatufiya yanqoba wonke umhlaba. AmaNatufi ayengewona amaJuda, engewona ama-Arabhu, engewona amaSumer, engewona amaShayina, ayengokhokho bazo zonke lezi zizwe. Cishe zonke izilimi ezikhulunywa emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwezilimi zase-Afrika, iPapua New Guinea kanye nohlobo lwesiQuechua, ziyizilimi zenzalo yalabo abathi, ngokusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe obusha be-symbiosis nesitshalo noma isilwane, yahlala yonkana i-Eurasia yeminyaka eyinkulungwane ngemva kwenkulungwane yeminyaka. Umndeni wamaSino-Caucasian, okungukuthi, womabili amaChechens namaShayina, umndeni we-poly-Asiatic, okungukuthi, womabili amaHuns namaKets, umndeni we-barial, okungukuthi, ama-Indo-Europeans, kanye nabantu baseFinno-Ugric, kanye amaSemite-Khamites - bonke laba bayinzalo yalabo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi BC esigodini saseJordani bafunda ukutshala ukolweni.

Ngakho-ke, ngicabanga, abaningi bezwile ukuthi iYurophu e-Upper Paleolithic yayihlalwa yiCro-Magnons nokuthi le Cro-Magnon lapha, eyathatha indawo yeNeanderthal, eyadweba izithombe emhumeni, ngakho-ke udinga ukuqonda ukuthi kwakungekho lutho. kwesokunxele kulawa maCro-Magnon ahlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngaphansi kwamaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika - anyamalala ngokuphelele, owapenda imidwebo emihumeni. Ulimi lwabo, isiko, amasiko athathelwe indawo ngokuphelele yinzalo yalawo magagasi ngemva kwamagagasi athambisa ukolweni, izinkunzi, izimbongolo namahhashi. Ngisho namaCelt, ama-Etruscans namaPelasgian, abantu asebevele banyamalala, nabo bayinzalo yamaNatufians. Lesi yisifundo sokuqala engifuna ukusisho, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kuzonikeza inzuzo engakaze ibonwe ekukhiqizeni.

Futhi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 edlule BC, inguquko ye-Neolithic yenzeka. Ngemva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, amadolobha okuqala asevele engabonakali esigodini saseJordani kuphela, kodwa nxazonke. Omunye wemizi yokuqala yesintu - iJeriko, iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingu-8 BC. Kunzima ukumba. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Chatal-Guyuk yambiwa e-Asia Minor kamuva nje. Futhi ukuvela kwamadolobha kuwumphumela wokwanda kwabantu, indlela entsha yokubheka indawo. Futhi manje ngifuna ukuthi ucabange kabusha ibinzana engalisho: "Kuvele amadolobha." Ngoba leli gama liyi-banal, futhi kulo, empeleni, i-paradox esabekayo iyamangalisa.

Iqiniso liwukuthi izwe lanamuhla ligcwele izifunda ezinwetshiwe, imiphumela yokunqoba. Azikho izifunda-dolobha emhlabeni wanamuhla, kahle, ngaphandle mhlawumbe Singapore. Ngakho-ke ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wesintu, umbuso awuzange uvele ngenxa yokunqotshwa kwebutho elithile elinenkosi eyinhloko, umbuso wabonakala njengomuzi - udonga, amathempeli, amazwe aseduze. Futhi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezi-5 kusukela ku-8 kuya ku-3rd millennium BC, umbuso wawukhona njengedolobha kuphela. Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezi-3 kuphela ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaJesu, kusukela esikhathini sikaSarigoni wase-Akkad, imibuso eyandisiwe iqala ngenxa yokunqotshwa kwala madolobha.

Futhi ekuhlelweni kwaleli dolobha, amaphuzu angu-2 abaluleke kakhulu, elinye lawo, ukubheka phambili, ngithola likhuthaza kakhulu isintu, kanti elinye, ngokuphambene nalokho, licindezela. Kuyakhuthaza ukuthi abengekho amakhosi kulemizi. Kubaluleke kakhulu. Lapha, ngivame ukubuzwa umbuzo othi "Ngokujwayelekile, amakhosi, abesilisa be-alpha - ingabe umuntu angaba ngaphandle kwabo?" Nakhu impela elingakwenza. Uthisha nomphathi wami, uVyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov, ngokuvamile unamathela embonweni oqinile, ukholelwa ukuthi kubantu, njengakwezinye izinkawu eziphakeme, umsebenzi womholi uyancipha uma uqhathaniswa nezinkawu eziphansi. Futhi umuntu ekuqaleni wayenamakhosi angcwele kuphela. Ngithambekele ekubukeni okungathathi hlangothi, okusho ukuthi umuntu, ngenxa yokuthi akanawo amaphethini okuziphatha anqunyelwe izakhi zofuzo, ushintsha kalula amasu, okuyinto, ngendlela, futhi eyisici sezinkawu eziphakeme, ngoba kuhle. kwaziwa ukuthi amaqembu ezimfene angahluka ngokuziphatha komunye nomunye njenge-samurai evela kumLungu. Futhi kunezimo ezibhaliwe lapho emhlambini wama-orangutan iduna elikhulile, uma kwenzeka ingozi, ligijima liye phambili futhi lishaya, kanti abanye, lapho komunye umhlambi iduna eliyinhloko libaleka kuqala.

Lapha, kubonakala sengathi umuntu angaphila njengomndeni onomfazi oyedwa endaweni, owesilisa nowesifazane, angakha amaphakethe e-hierarchical nendoda ebusayo kanye ne-harem, eyokuqala uma kwenzeka kuba nokuthula nokuchichima, okwesibili uma kwenzeka impi. nokushoda. Okwesibili, ngendlela, icala, abesilisa abenze kahle bahlale behlelwa into efana ne-proto-army. Ngokuvamile, ngaphandle kwalokho, ubuhlobo bobulili obufanayo phakathi kwabafana abasebasha bubonakala buyindlela enhle yokuziphatha okwandisa ukusizana phakathi kwebutho elinjalo. Futhi manje lo mqondo wemvelo uphansi kancane futhi izitabane zithathwa njengabesifazane ezweni lakithi. Futhi, ngokujwayelekile, emlandweni wesintu, izitabane zaziyiqembu elinamandla kakhulu. Kokubili i-Epaminondas kanye ne-Pelopidas, ngokuvamile, yonke ithimba elingcwele laseTheban lalingama-gay. AmaSamurai ayeyizitabane. Imiphakathi yezempi yalolu hlobo yayivame kakhulu phakathi kwamaJalimane asendulo. Ngokuvamile, lezi yizibonelo ze-banal. Lapha, hhayi banal kakhulu - hwarang. KwakuseKorea Yasendulo lapho kwakukhona izikhulu zezempi, futhi kuyisici ukuthi, ngaphezu kolaka empini, amaHwarang ayengabantu besifazane ngokwedlulele, ependa ubuso bawo, futhi egqoke ngendlela.

Hhayi-ke, emuva emadolobheni asendulo. Ayengenamakhosi. Asikho isigodlo sasebukhosini e-Chatal-Guyuk noma e-Mohenjo-Daro. Kwakukhona onkulunkulu, kamuva kwaba nomhlangano odumile, wawunezinhlobo ezahlukene. Kune-epic ngoGilgamesh, umbusi wedolobha lase-Uruk, owabusa ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. I-Uruk yayibuswa iphalamende le-bicameral, elokuqala (iphalamende) labadala, elesibili labo bonke abakwazi ukuphatha izikhali.

Kuthiwa enkondlweni yephalamende, yingakho nje. I-Uruk kuleli phuzu ingaphansi kwelinye idolobha, iKish. UKish ufuna abasebenzi base-Uruk benze umsebenzi wokunisela. UGilgamesh uyabuza ukuthi amthobele yini uKish. UMkhandlu Wabadala uthi "Thumela," uMkhandlu Wamasosha uthi "Yilwa." UGilgamesh unqoba impi, empeleni, lokhu kuqinisa amandla akhe.

Lapha, ngithe ungumbusi wedolobha lase-Uruk, ngokulandelana, embhalweni othi "lugal". Leli gama livame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi «inkosi», okuyinto ngokuyisisekelo okungalungile. U-Lugal ungumholi wezempi okhethelwe isikhathi esinqunyiwe, imvamisa kufika eminyakeni eyi-7. Futhi nje endabeni kaGilgamesh, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi phakathi nempi ephumelelayo, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivikela noma ihlasela, umbusi onjalo angaphenduka kalula abe umbusi oyedwa. Kodwa-ke, i-lugal ayiyona inkosi, kodwa kunalokho umongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusobala ukuthi kwamanye amadolobha igama elithi "lugal" liseduze negama elithi "umongameli" egameni elithi "President Obama", kwamanye liseduze nencazelo yegama elithi "president" egameni elithi "President Putin". ».

Isibonelo, kukhona idolobha lase-Ebla - leli idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke lokuhweba laseSumer, leli yidolobha elikhulu elinabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-250, elalingenakulingana eMpumalanga yangaleso sikhathi. Ngakho, kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, wayengenabutho elivamile.

Isimo sesibili esicindezelayo engifuna ukusibala ngesokuthi kwakukhona inkululeko yezombusazwe kuwo wonke la madolobha. Futhi ngisho ne-Ebla yayikhululekile kwezombusazwe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 BC kunale ndawo manje. Futhi, lapha, yayingekho inkululeko yezomnotho kubo ekuqaleni. Ngokuvamile, kula madolobha okuqala, ukuphila kwakulawulwa kakhulu. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, i-Ebla yabulawa iqiniso lokuthi yanqotshwa uSarigoni wase-Akkad ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. Lona izwe lokuqala Hitler, Attila futhi Genghis Khan ebhodleleni elilodwa, okuyinto onqoba cishe yonke imizi yaseMesophothamiya. Uhlu lukaSarigoni lokuqomisana lubukeka kanje: unyaka uSarigoni abhubhisa ngawo i-Uruk, unyaka uSarigoni abhubhisa ngawo i-Elamu.

USarigoni wamisa inhloko-dolobha yakhe i-Akkad endaweni eyayingaxhumene nemizi yasendulo yokuhweba engcwele. Iminyaka yokugcina kaSarigoni lapho yayigcwele indlala nobumpofu. Ngemva kokufa kukaSarigoni, umbuso wakhe wahlubuka ngokushesha, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi lo muntu phakathi neminyaka eyi-2 2 ezayo ... Ngisho neminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Eqinisweni, waphefumulela bonke abanqobi bomhlaba, ngoba ama-Asiriya, amaHeti, amaBhabhiloni, amaMede, amaPheresiya alandela uSarigoni. Futhi ngokucabangela iqiniso lokuthi uKoresi walingisa uSarigoni, u-Alexander Omkhulu walingisa uKoresi, uNapoleon walingisa u-Alexander Omkhulu, uHitler walingisa uNapoleon ngezinga elithile, khona-ke singasho ukuthi lesi siko, esasungulwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-2,5 BC, safinyelela ezinsukwini zethu. futhi wadala zonke izifundazwe ezikhona.

Kungani ngikhuluma ngalokhu? Ngekhulu lesi-3 BC, uHerodotus ubhala incwadi ethi «Umlando» mayelana nendlela iGrisi ekhululekile eyalwa ngayo ne-Asia ehlukunyezwayo, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi besiphila kulo mbono. I-Middle East iyizwe lokucindezela, iYurophu izwe lenkululeko. Inkinga yukuthi i-despotism yakudala, ngendlela uHerodotus ethuswa ngayo, ivela eMpumalanga ngenkulungwane yesi-5 BC, eminyakeni emi-5 ngemuva kokuvela kwamadolobha okuqala. Kuthathe iMpumalanga enyantisayo iminyaka eyi-XNUMX kuphela ukusuka ekuzibuseni kuya ebugqilini. Nokho, ngicabanga ukuthi imibuso eminingi yesimanje yentando yeningi inethuba lokuphatha ngokushesha.

Eqinisweni, lawo maqili uHerodotus abhala ngawo awumphumela wokunqotshwa kwamadolobha aseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ukufakwa kwawo emibusweni eyengeziwe. Futhi izifunda zamadolobha zamaGreki, eziphethe umqondo wenkululeko, zahlanganiswa ngendlela efanayo embusweni owandisiwe - okokuqala iRoma, kwase kuba yiByzantium. Yona kanye le-Byzantium iwuphawu lobugqila nobugqila baseMpumalanga. Futhi-ke, ukuqala umlando waseMpumalanga Yasendulo lapho noSarigoni kufana nokuqala umlando waseYurophu ngoHitler noStalin.

Okungukuthi, inkinga ukuthi emlandweni wesintu, inkululeko ayibonakali nhlobo ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX lapho kusayinwa iSimemezelo Sokuzimela, noma se-XNUMX ngokusayinwa kwe-Liberty Charter, noma, lapho, nenkululeko. e-Athene esuka ePeisistratus. Kwavela njalo ekuqaleni, njengomthetho, ngendlela yamadolobha akhululekile. Khona-ke yashabalala futhi yaphenduka yahlanganiswa nemibuso enwetshiwe, futhi amadolobha ayekhona kuwo njenge-mitochondria esitokisini. Futhi nomaphi lapho kwakungekho khona umbuso owandisiwe noma owaba buthaka, amadolobha aphinde avela, ngoba amadolobha aseMpumalanga Ephakathi anqotshwa kuqala uSarigoni, kwase kuba abaseBabiloni nama-Asiriya, amadolobha amaGreki anqotshwa amaRoma ... yokunqoba yona ngokwayo yaphenduka i-despotism. Amadolobha aseNtaliyane, amaFulentshi, iSpanishi enkathi ephakathi alahlekelwa inkululeko yawo njengoba amandla obukhosi ekhula, amaHansa alahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwawo, amaViking abizwa ngokuthi iRussia «Gardarika», izwe lamadolobha. Ngakho-ke, ngawo wonke la madolobha, kwenzeka okufanayo nangezinqubomgomo zasendulo, ama-commodes ase-Italy noma amadolobha aseSumeri. Ama-lugals abo, abizelwe ukuzivikela, athatha wonke amandla noma abanqobi beze, lapho, inkosi yaseFrance noma amaMongol.

Lesi yisikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu nesidabukisayo. Sivame ukutshelwa ngenqubekela phambili. Mangisho ukuthi emlandweni wesintu kunohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwenqubekelaphambili engenamibandela — lena inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe. Kuyicala elingavamile ukuthi lokhu noma lobo buchwepheshe bezinguquko, lapho butholakala, bukhohliwe. Okuhlukile okuningana kungashiwo. INkathi Ephakathi yakhohlwa usimende owawusetshenziswa amaRoma. Nokho, lapha ngizobekisa ukuthi iRoma yasebenzisa usimende wentaba-mlilo, kodwa ukusabela kuyafana. IGibhithe, ngemva kokuhlasela kwabantu basolwandle, yakhohlwa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza insimbi. Kodwa lokhu kuhlukile ngokuphelele kulo mthetho. Uma isintu sifunda, ngokwesibonelo, ukuncibilikisa ithusi, khona-ke maduze nje i-Bronze Age izoqala kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Uma isintu sisungula inqola, ngokushesha wonke umuntu uyobe egibele izinqola. Kodwa, lapha, inqubekelaphambili yezenhlalo nezombusazwe ayibonakali emlandweni wesintu - umlando wenhlalo uhamba embuthanweni, sonke isintu sihamba ngokuzungeza, ngenxa yenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe. Futhi into engathandeki kakhulu ukuthi yizinto ezisungulwe zobuchwepheshe ezibeka isikhali esibi kakhulu ezandleni zezitha zempucuko. Nokho, njengoba nje uBin Laden engazange asungule amabhilidi namabhanoyi, kodwa wawasebenzisa kahle.

Ngisanda kusho ukuthi ngekhulu lesi-5 uSarigoni wanqoba iMesopotamiya, wacekela phansi amadolobha azibusayo, wawenza izitini zombuso wakhe wobushiqela. Abantu abangazange babhujiswe baba yizigqila kwenye indawo. Inhloko-dolobha yasungulwa kude namadolobha asendulo akhululekile. USarigoni ungumnqobi wokuqala, kodwa hhayi umbhubhisi wokuqala. Ngenkulungwane ye-1972, okhokho bethu base-Indo-European babhubhisa impucuko yaseVarna. Lena impucuko emangalisayo, izinsalela zayo zatholakala ngempela ngengozi ngesikhathi kumbiwa e 5. Ingxenye yesithathu Varna necropolis ayikambiwa. Kodwa sesiyaqonda manje ukuthi ngenkulungwane yesi-2 BC, okungukuthi, lapho kwakusele iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-XNUMX ngaphambi kokubunjwa kweGibhithe, kuleyo ngxenye yeBalkan eyayibheke oLwandle iMedithera, kwakukhona isiko laseVinca elithuthuke kakhulu, ngokusobala ekhuluma eduze kwaseSumeri. Yayine-proto-writing, izinto zayo zegolide ezivela e-Varna necropolis zidlula ngokuhlukahluka kwamathuna oFaro. Isiko labo alizange nje libhujiswe - kwakuwukuqothulwa kohlanga ngokuphelele. Nokho, mhlawumbe abanye babasindile babalekela lapho bedabula amazwe aseBalkan futhi bakha ama-Indo-European asendulo eGreece, amaPelasgian.

Enye impucuko ama-Indo-Europeans ayibhubhisa ngokuphelele. Impucuko yasemadolobheni yangaphambi kwe-Indo-European yase-India i-Harappa Mohenjo-Daro. Okusho ukuthi, kunezimo eziningi emlandweni lapho impucuko ethuthuke kakhulu ibhujiswa amaqaba ahahayo angenalutho ngaphandle kwama-steppes awo - lawa amaHuns, nama-Avars, namaTurks, namaMongol.

AmaMongol, ngokwesibonelo, awazange abhubhise impucuko kuphela, kodwa futhi nemvelo yase-Afghanistan lapho ebhubhisa amadolobha ayo kanye nohlelo lokunisela ngemithombo engaphansi komhlaba. Baphendulela i-Afghanistan ezweni lamadolobha okuhweba namasimu avundile, elanqotshwa yiwo wonke umuntu, kusukela ku-Alexander Omkhulu kuya kumaHephthalites, ezweni lezingwadule nezintaba, okungekho muntu ngemva kwamaMongol owayenganqoba. Lapha, abaningi cishe bayayikhumbula indaba yokuthi amaTaliban aqhumisa kanjani izithombe ezinkulu zamaBuddha eduze kwaseBamiyan. Ukuqhumisa izifanekiso, vele, akukuhle, kodwa khumbula ukuthi uBamiyan ngokwakhe wayenjani. Idolobha elikhulu lokuhweba, amaMongol alibhubhisa lonke. Bahlaba 3 days, babuya, bahlaba abaphuma ngaphansi kwezidumbu.

AmaMongol abhubhisa amadolobha hhayi ngenxa yobubi besimilo esithile. Babengaqondi ukuthi kungani indoda idinga umuzi kanye nensimu. Ngokombono we-nomad, idolobha kanye nensimu yindawo lapho ihhashi lingakwazi ukudla khona. AbakwaHuns baziphathe ngendlela efanayo nangezizathu ezifanayo.

Ngakho-ke, amaMongol namaHuns ayesabeka, kodwa kuyasiza njalo ukukhumbula ukuthi okhokho bethu base-Indo-European babenonya kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwabanqobi. Lapha, izimpucuko eziningi ezisafufusa njengoba zacekela phansi, akukho noyedwa uGenghis Khan owabhubhisa. Ngomqondo othile, babebabi kakhulu kunoSarigoni, ngoba uSarigoni wadala umbuso wobushiqela kubantu ababhujiswa, futhi ama-Indo-Europeans awazange adale lutho oluvela eVarna naseMohenjo-Daro, bamane bawunqamule.

Kodwa umbuzo obuhlungu kakhulu ukuthi yini. Yini ngempela eyavumela ama-Indo-Europeans noma uSargon noma amaHuns ukuthi ahlanganyele ekubhujisweni okukhulu kangaka? Yini eyavimbela abanqobi bomhlaba ukuthi bavele lapho ngenkulungwane yesi-7 BC? Impendulo ilula kakhulu: kwakungekho lutho lokunqoba. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokufa kwamadolobha aseSumer kwakuwumcebo wawo, okwenza impi emelene nawo ibe nokwenzeka ngokwezomnotho. Njengoba nje isizathu esikhulu sokuhlasela kwamaqaba embusweni wamaRoma noma wamaShayina kwakuwukuchuma kwawo.

Ngakho-ke, kuphela ngemva kokuvela kwezifunda zamadolobha, impucuko ekhethekile ibonakala iphazamisa kuzo. Futhi, eqinisweni, zonke izifundazwe zanamuhla ziwumphumela walokhu kunqoba kwasendulo nokuphindaphindiwe.

Futhi okwesibili, yini eyenza lokhu kunqoba kwenzeke? Lezi yizimpumelelo zobuchwepheshe, ezibuye, ezingasungulwanga ngabanqobi ngokwabo. U-Bin Laden akazange asungule kanjani izindiza. Ama-Indo-Europeans abhubhisa i-Varna ngehhashi, kodwa abazange bawalawule, cishe. Babhubhisa i-Mohenjo-Daro ngezinqola, kodwa izinqola ziqinisekile, cishe, hhayi ukusungulwa kwe-Indo-European. USargon wase-Akkad wanqoba iSumer ngoba kwakuyiNkathi Yethusi futhi amaqhawe akhe ayenezikhali zethusi. “Amaqhawe angu-5400 adla isinkwa sawo phambi kwamehlo ami nsuku zonke,” kuqhosha uSarigoni. Eminyakeni eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kwalokho, inani elinjalo lamaqhawe lalingenanjongo. Inani lamadolobha ayezokhokhela ukuba khona komshini onjalo wokucekela phansi lalingekho. Sasingekho isikhali esikhethekile esasinikeza iqhawe ithuba lokudlula isisulu salo.

Ngakho ake sifinyeze. Lapha, kusukela ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ye-Bronze, inkulungwane yesi-4 BC, kwavela amadolobha okuhweba eMpumalanga Yasendulo (ngaphambi kwalokho ayengcwele kakhulu), ayebuswa umhlangano odumile kanye ne-lugal ekhethiwe isikhathi esithile. Amanye ala madolobha alwa nezimbangi ezifana ne-Uruk, amanye cishe awanawo amasosha afana ne-Ebla. Kokunye, umholi wesikhashana uba unomphela, kokunye akwenzeki. Kusukela ku-3rd millennium BC, abanqobi bathutheleka kule mizi njengezimpukane ezinyosi, kanye nokuchuma kwabo futhi kubangela ukufa kwabo njengoba ukuchuma kweYurophu yanamuhla kuyisizathu sokufuduka kwenani elikhulu lama-Arabhu nokuthi ukuchuma koMbuso WaseRoma kwakunjani. isizathu sokufuduka kwenani elikhulu lamaJalimane lapho .

Ngama-2270s, uSarigoni wase-Akkad unqoba konke. Bese kuba i-Ur-Nammu, eyakha esinye sezifundazwe ezimaphakathi nesobushiqela emhlabeni esinesikhungo edolobheni lase-Uri. Kwalandela uHammurabi, kwase kuba abase-Asiriya. I-Northern Anatolia inqotshwa ama-Indo-Europeans, izihlobo zawo ezibhubhisa i-Varna, i-Mohenjo-Daro ne-Mycenae ngaphambili kakhulu. Kusukela ekhulwini le-XIII, ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu basolwandle eMpumalanga Ephakathi, inkathi yobumnyama iqala ngokuphelele, wonke umuntu udla wonke umuntu. Inkululeko izalwa kabusha eGreece futhi iyafa lapho, ngemva kochungechunge lokunqoba, iGrisi iphenduka iByzantium. Inkululeko ivuselelwa emadolobheni enkathi ephakathi yase-Italy, kodwa iphinde ithathwe omashiqela nemibuso eyandisiwe.

Futhi zonke lezi zindlela zokufa kwenkululeko, impucuko kanye ne-noosphere ziningi, kodwa zinemikhawulo. Angahlukaniswa ngokuthi u-Propp ahlukanise i-motif yezinganekwane. Idolobha elihwebayo libulawa izimuncagazi zangaphakathi noma ezingaphandle. Kuphakathi kokuthi unqotshiwe njengamaSumer noma amaGreki, noma yena ngokwakhe, ekuzivikeleni, uthuthukisa ibutho eliphumelelayo kangangokuthi uphenduka umbuso onjengeRoma. Umbuso wokunisela uphenduka ungasebenzi futhi uyanqotshwa. Noma ngokuvamile kakhulu kubangela salinization inhlabathi, uyafa uqobo.

E-Ebla, umbusi unomphela wathatha isikhundla sombusi, owakhethwa iminyaka engu-7, kwabe sekufika uSarigoni. Emadolobheni asendulo aseNtaliyane, i-condottiere yaqala yathatha amandla phezu komkhandlu, kwabe sekufika inkosi ethile yaseFrance, umnikazi wombuso owandisiwe, yanqoba yonke into.

Ngandlela thize, inkundla yezenhlalo ayithuthuki isuka ekubeni ngaphansi kombuso iye enkululekweni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umuntu olahlekelwe yindoda ye-alpha esigabeni sokwakheka kwezinhlobo zezilwane uyayithola futhi lapho owesilisa we-alpha ethola ubuchwepheshe obusha, amabutho, kanye ne-bureaucracy. Futhi into ecasula kakhulu ukuthi, njengomthetho, uthola lobu buchwepheshe njengomphumela wokusungulwa kwabanye abantu. Futhi cishe konke ukuphumelela kwe-noosphere - ukuchuma kwamadolobha, izinqola, ukuchelela - kubangela inhlekelele yomphakathi, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lezi zinhlekelele ziholela ekuphumeleleni okusha endaweni ye-noosphere. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufa nokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma nokunqoba kobuKristu, okwakumelene kakhulu nenkululeko yasendulo nokubekezelelana, ngokungalindelekile kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngokokuqala ngqá eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, amandla angcwele aphinde ahlukaniswa namandla ezwe, ezempi. . Futhi, ngakho, kusukela ebutha nasembangweni phakathi kwalezi ziphathimandla ezimbili, ekugcineni, inkululeko entsha yaseYurophu yazalwa.

Nanka amaphuzu ambalwa ebengifuna ukuwaqaphela ukuthi kukhona inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe kanye nenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe iyinjini yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesintu. Kodwa, ngokuthuthuka komphakathi, isimo sinzima kakhulu. Futhi lapho sitshelwa ngenjabulo ukuthi “niyazi, silapha, ngokokuqala ngqa, ekugcineni, iYurophu isikhululekile futhi umhlaba usukhululekile,” khona-ke izikhathi eziningi kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, izingxenye ezithile zesintu zakhululeka. base belahlekelwa inkululeko yabo ngenxa yezinqubo zangaphakathi.

Ngangifuna ukuqaphela ukuthi umuntu akathambekele ekulaleleni amadoda e-alpha, ukubonga uNkulunkulu, kodwa uthambekele ekulaleleni isiko. Gu.e. ukukhuluma, umuntu akathambekele ekulaleleni umashiqela, kodwa kunalokho uvame ukulawula ngokomnotho, ngokokukhiqiza. Futhi okwenzeka ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, lapho eMelika efanayo kwakukhona iphupho laseMelika kanye nombono wokuba usozigidigidi, ngokuxakile, kunalokho, uphikisana nomzwelo ojulile wesintu, ngoba izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka, ubuntu, ngokuxakile, uye wahlanganyela kulokho okwabelwa ingcebo yabantu abacebile phakathi kwamalungu eqoqo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngisho naseGreece lasendulo, kwenzeka kaningi emiphakathini yasendulo, lapho umuntu enikeza abantu bakubo ingcebo ukuze andise ithonya lakhe. Lapha, abanethonya balalelwa, izikhulu zalalelwa, futhi abacebile emlandweni wesintu, ngeshwa, abazange bathandwe. Inqubekelaphambili yaseYurophu yekhulu lesi-XNUMX ihlukile. Futhi yilokhu okuhlukile okuye kwaholela entuthukweni engakaze ibonwe yesintu.