Okuqukethwe
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Umbono omusha ubusa umhlaba, futhi igama lalo mbono liwubufandamentali obukhululekile. I-Liberal fundamentalism iphika umbuso ilungelo lokulwa nokubopha abantu, kodwa ikholelwa ukuthi umbuso kufanele unikeze wonke umuntu imali, izindlu kanye nemfundo. Ubufandamentali obukhululekile bubiza noma imuphi umbuso waseNtshonalanga ngokuthi ubushiqela, nanoma yiliphi iphekula njengesisulu sombuso waseNtshonalanga.
I-Liberal fundamentalism iphika ilungelo lodlame kwa-Israyeli futhi iyakuqaphela kumaPalestine. I-liberal fundamentalist igxeka kakhulu i-US ebulala izakhamuzi e-Iraq, kodwa uma umkhumbuza ukuthi e-Iraq izakhamuzi zibulawa ikakhulukazi ngamaphekula, uzokubheka njengokungathi wenze into engcolile noma ehlanjululwe.
I-liberal fundamentalist ayikholelwa nelilodwa igama lombuso futhi ikholelwa noma yiliphi igama lephekula.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi ukubusa "kwezimiso zaseNtshonalanga" kwabiwe yilabo abazonda umphakathi ovulekile futhi bahlasele amaphekula? Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi "amagugu aseYurophu" asho into ebingabonakala iwubuwula nehlazo eYurophu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX? Futhi lokhu kuzophela kanjani ngomphakathi ovulekile?
Lori Berenson
Ngo-1998 i-Amnesty International yamukela u-Lori Berenson oyedwa njengesiboshwa sezombusazwe.
U-Laurie Berenson wayeyisishoshovu saseMelika esingakwesokunxele esafika ePeru ngo-1995 futhi waqala ukuya ephalamende futhi waxoxisana namasekela lapho. Lezi zingxoxo, ngengozi eyinqaba, azizange zivele ndawo. U-Laurie Berenson waya ephalamende nomthwebuli wezithombe uNancy Gilvonio, okwathi futhi ngengozi eyinqaba, wayengunkosikazi kaNestor Carpa, umholi wesibili omdala weqembu lamaphekula iTupac Amaru Movement.
Ekanye noNancy, waboshwa. Indlu yowesifazane waseMelika kuvele ukuthi ikomkhulu lamaphekula abelungiselela ukuthatha iphalamende. Bathola izinhlelo zePhalamende, umfaniswano wamaphoyisa kanye nenqwaba yezikhali, kuhlanganise nemigoqo emi-3 ye-dynamite. Ngesikhathi sokuhlasela, kwabulawa amaphekula amathathu, kwathi ayishumi nane abanjwa ephila. Lapho u-Berenson ethulwa emphakathini, waklabalasa kakhulu, equkula izibhakela: “uTupac Amaru” ababona abashokobezi—bangamavukela-mbuso.
U-Lori Berenson wahlulelwa ijaji elinezigqoko, ngenxa yokuthi i-Tupac Amaru Movement yayinomkhuba ngesikhathi sokudubula amajaji ayewalahla. Ecaleni, uLaurie Berenson wathi akazi lutho. Yini, umthwebuli wezithombe wakhe unkosikazi kaKarpa? Yebo, wayengazi! Yini, indlu yakhe iyikomkhulu lamaphekula? Ukhuluma ngani, akazi! Iphi imibiko yakhe? Ngakho wawapheka, wawapheka, kodwa umbuso wasePeruvia onegazi weba wonke amanothi akhe.
Iziqinisekiso zika-Lori Berenson azizange zibonakale zikholisa inkantolo yasePeruvia noma i-American Congress, engazange immele umuntu wakubo. Kodwa-ke, babonakala bekholisa i-Amnesty International. Abalweli bamalungelo abantu abazange bamiswe ngisho nawukuthi kwathi ngoZibandlela ka-1996 “Ukuya kubo. UTupac Amaru» wabanjwa yinxusa laseJapan, kwathi ohlwini lwamalungu enhlangano ukukhululwa kwawo amaphekula ayefuna, igama likaLaurie Berenson lalisendaweni yesithathu.
Moazzam Begg
UMoazzam Begg, iNgisi elidabuka ePakistani, ilungu le-Al-Qaeda, wathuthela e-Afghanistan ngo-2001. Njengoba u-Begg ngokwakhe abhala, "Ngangifuna ukuhlala ezweni lamaSulumane, elingenayo inkohlakalo kanye nokucindezela." I-Afghanistan ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaTaliban yabonakala sengathi i-Begg kanjalo, indawo ekhululekile futhi enhle ngempela.
Ngaphambi kokuthuthela e-Afghanistan, u-Begg, ngokuvuma kwakhe, wayeqeqeshwe okungenani emakamu amathathu amaphekula. Waphinde waya eBosnia futhi waphatha isitolo sezincwadi eLondon edayisa izincwadi ze-jihad. Incwadi edume kakhulu esitolo bekuyi-Defense of the Islamic Land, ebhalwe umsunguli we-al-Qaeda u-Abdullah Azzam.
Ngemva kokungena kwamaMelika e-Afghanistan, u-Begg wabaleka no-bin Laden waya eToro Boro wabe esethuthela ePakistan. Waboshwa ngenxa yokuthi ibhange elibhalwe igama likaMoazzam Begg latholakala enkanjini yokuqeqesha i-al-Qaeda eDerunt.
U-Begg uchithe iminyaka eminingana e-Guantanamo futhi wakhululwa ngo-2005. Ngemva kwalokho, waba omunye wezihlabani ze-Amnesty International. Ngemali ka-Amnesty, wahamba ezungeza iYurophu nezinkulumo mayelana nendlela ahlukunyezwa ngayo ababulali baseMelika abanegazi.
I-Amnesty International ayizange ihlazeke ngokuthi, ngesikhathi esifanayo nemisebenzi yamalungelo abantu, u-Begg waqhubeka nokubandakanya inkulumo-ze eqondile yobuphekula. Njengomongameli we-Islamic Society (bonke omongameli babo bangaphambili babeboshelwe ubuphekula), wahlela izinkulumo zika-Anwar al-Awlaki e-UK (ngokusakazwa kwevidiyo, vele, ngoba uma kwenzeka ukubonakala ngokomzimba endaweni yase-UK. E-United Kingdom, u-al-Awlaki ngabe uboshiwe).
I-Amnesty International ayizange ihlazeke ngokuthi izindaba zika-Begg mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa okungabekezeleleki e-Guantanamo zifana ncamashi neziyalezo zalokho okuthiwa. I-Manchester Manual ye-al-Qaeda futhi ihambisana nomkhuba we "takqiyya", okungukuthi, amanga ngamabomu kwabangakholwayo, okuyinto i-Islamic fundamentalist engakwazi, kodwa okumele iphendukele kuyo.
Ushwele awuzange ube namahloni ngokuthi lezi zindaba ziphambene nomqondo ophusile. Uma indoda ene-biography ka-Begg yahlukunyezwa ngempela, ngabe igwetshwe odilikajele abathathu.
Kodwa ngesikhathi isisebenzi se-Amnesty International u-Gita Sangal ekhumbuza esidlangalaleni ukuthi u-Begg empeleni wayeyilungu le-al-Qaeda, waxoshwa. Umphakathi wamalungelo abantu umemezele ukuthi i-Geeta Sangal persona non grata, futhi ngokungafani no-Moazzam Begg, akakwazanga ukuthola ukwesekwa kunoma yimuphi ummeli wamalungelo abantu.
Colombia
U-Alvaro Uribe wakhethwa njengoMongameli waseColombia ngo-2002.
Ngalesi sikhathi, iColombia yayisiyizwe elihlulekile (“isimo esingasebenzi kahle.”— Approx. ed.). Okungenani u-10% wezwe wawulawulwa amavukelambuso angakwesokunxele, ngemuva kwawo okwakumi amashumi eminyaka odlame olwenziwa ezikhungweni. UPablo Escobar, umsunguli wesikhathi esizayo we-Medellin Cartel, wacishe waba isisulu sabavukeli ababulala umuzi wakubo waseTitiribi eneminyaka eyisikhombisa.
Kwakungamavukela-mbuso angakwesokunxele, amaChusmeros, aqala umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi «thayi yaseColombia» - yilapho intamo yomuntu isikwa futhi ulimi lukhishwa emphinjeni. I-Corte de Florero, noma i-Flower Vase, nayo yayidumile - yilapho ama-ot.eeelegs omuntu enamathele esiswini sakhe esivulekile esisikiwe. Ngama-50s, amaChusmeros abulala abantu abangu-300.
Impendulo yokwesaba kwesokunxele, uma kubhekwa ukungabi namandla kukahulumeni, kwaba ukwesabeka kwelungelo; ezifundazweni ezahlukene, abantu babumbene ngamayunithi okuzivikela azimele. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-Autodefencas Unidas de Colombia yayinamasosha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-19. Kwesokunxele bekuxhaswe ngemali yokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa. Abalungile nabo. Ngesikhathi uPablo Escobar edinga ukucekela phansi amafayela akhe asenkantolo agcinwe eNkantolo Ephakeme, wavele wakhokha abavukeli bakwa-M-1985, kwathi ngo-300 bathatha base beshisa inkantolo nabathunjwa abangu-XNUMX.
Bekukhona nezinkampani ezidayisa izidakamizwa. Bekukhona nabathumbi abeba izicebi, kuhlanganisa. ikakhulukazi abadayisi bezidakamizwa.
U-Uribe owayengumuntu okhuthele futhi okhuthele, wenza okwakungenakwenzeka: wavusa isimo esibi. Eminyakeni emibili, kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku-2004, inani lokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula nokuthunjwa eColombia lehle ngesigamu, inani lokubulala - ngama-27%.
Ekuqaleni kobumongameli buka-Uribe, izinhlangano ezisiza abantu nezingenzi nzuzo eziyi-1300 zazisebenza eColombia. Abaningi babo banikeza usizo kubahlubuki abangakwesobunxele; ngo-2003, uMongameli u-Uribe okokuqala ngqa wazivumela ukuba abize ikati ngekati futhi wacela "abavikeli bobuphekula" ukuthi "bayeke ukufihla imibono yabo ngamadlangala."
Yini eqale lapha! I-Amnesty International kanye ne-Human Rights Watch ihlasele i-United States ne-Europe ngezicelo zokuthi idube iColombia kanye “nezinqubomgomo zayo ezijulisa inkinga yamalungelo abantu ezweni” (i-Amnesty International) futhi “igweme ukusekela umthetho ongavumela amasosha ukuba ukubopha nokusesha ngokungekho emthethweni” (HRW).
NgoMeyi 2004, uMongameli Uribe wasola ngokukhethekile izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu zakwamanye amazwe ezivela ku-Peace Brigades International kanye neFellowship Of Reconciliation, ababesekela i-"Peace Commune" eSan Jose de Apartado, ngokusiza amaphekula ezidakamizwa e-FARC.
Umsindo wezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu ngalokhu wephule wonke amarekhodi; lapho, ngemva kwenyanga, iFARC efanayo yabulala abalimi abangu-34 eLa Gabarra, i-Amnesty International yahlala ithule ngesizotha.
Sekudlule iminyaka eyisithupha; Umshokobezi wesibili we-FARC, uDaniel Sierra Martinez ogama lakhe linguSameer, wahlubuka kuhulumeni watshela uMary O'Grady weWall Street Journal ngenkonzo ebaluleke kakhulu i-Peace Commune eSan Jose de Apartado, kanye ne-Peace Brigades International kanye ne-Fellowship, ababeyenza. kumaphekula ezidakamizwa. Yokubuyisana.
Ngokusho kukaMartinez, inkulumo-ze ye-Peace Commune yaphathwa kanye ne-Hamas: ngaphansi kwezaba elithi «ukuthula», i-commune yenqaba ukuvumela amasosha kahulumeni ukuthi angene endaweni yawo, kodwa njalo ihlinzeka ngokukhoseliswa kwe-FARC, uma kubulawe amaphekula, yena. njalo yayivezwa njengezakhamuzi.
Mungiki
Ngo-2009, umsunguli we-Wikileaks, inhlakanipho yamakhompiyutha yase-Australia uJulian Assange, wathola indondo ye-Amnesty International ngeqhaza lakhe ekuphenyeni ukubulawa kwabantu ngokungemthetho eKenya, lapho ngo-2008 amaqembu okufa abulala abantu ababalelwa ku-500 lapho.
Ethola umklomelo, u-Assange wabiza umbiko mayelana nalezi zibhicongo "uphawu lwamandla nokukhula komphakathi waseKenya." "Ukuvezwa kwalokhu kubulala," kusho u-Assange, "kwenziwa umsebenzi omkhulu wezinhlangano ezifana ne-Oscar Foundation."
Ngeshwa, uMnu. Assange ukhohlwe ukusho umniningwane owodwa obalulekile. Ababulewe bekungamalungu eMungiki. Leli ihlelo likaSathane okungaba amalungu esizwe samaKikuyu kuphela.
Ihlelo liyabuphika ubuKristu futhi lifuna ukubuyiselwa ezimisweni zendabuko zase-Afrika. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi yini ngempela amalungu aleli qembu akholelwa kukho, ngoba isijeziso sokudalula imfihlo ukufa. Kunoma yikuphi, baziwa ngokuphuza igazi labantu futhi bahlabe izingane ezineminyaka emibili ubudala. UMungiki wayebandakanyeka ezenzweni zobugebengu obungenalusizo kanye nobushokobezi - ngoJuni 2007 kuphela, njengengxenye yomkhankaso wabo wobushokobezi, leli qembu labulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-100.
U-Julian Assange uchithe iminyaka eminingana e-Kenya futhi akakwazanga ukuzibamba kodwa wazi ukuthi iziphathimandla zaseKenya zasola ngqo i-Oscar Foundation ngokuba iphambili likaMungiki.
Kusho ukuthini konke lokhu?
Indlela yokuqonda konke lokhu? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi abalandeli bakaMungiki abacashile bahlezi ngempela e-Amnesty International badela izingane ezineminyaka emibili ebusuku?
Akunakwenzeka. Okokuqala, amaKikuyu kuphela angaba amalungu e-Mungiki. Okwesibili, amalungu ehlelo likaSathane awakwazi ukuba amalungu e-al-Qaeda ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Mhlawumbe i-Amnesty International nezinye izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu ziyizinjabulo nje ezingakwazi ukubekezelela ngisho nobudlova obuncane? Akunakwenzeka. Ngoba nakuba izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu zibagxeka kakhulu labo abaqothula amazimuzimu namaphekula, abajahi ukuza enkanjini yokuqeqesha i-al-Qaeda ukuze bashumayele ukungahlukumezi lapho.
Buvelaphi lobu bugwala bobuhlakani, lobu bunzima obumangalisayo bezibalo zokuziphatha?
HRW
UFrancis wase-Assisi wenza isifungo sobumpofu baphakade futhi washumayeza izinyoni. Kodwa kakade ngaphansi komlandeli wakhe, i-oda likaFrancisca yaba enye yezikhungo ezicebe kakhulu futhi ezingenandaba nhlobo eYurophu. Ngenhlangano yamalungelo abantu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kwenzeka into efanayo nangomyalelo kaFrancisca.
Inhlangano endala kunazo zonke nedume kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo abantu, iHuman Rights Watches, yasungulwa nguRobert Bernstein ngo-1978 ukuze iqaphe ukuthi i-USSR yayisebenzisa kanjani i-Helsinki Accords. Kodwa ngo-1992, i-USSR yawa, futhi i-HRW yaqhubeka iphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakhula kuphela; isabelomali salo singamashumi ezigidi zamaRandi, amahhovisi atholakala emazweni angama-90.
Futhi ngo-Okthoba 19, 2009, kwaba nehlazo elikhulu: umsunguli we-octogenarian we-HRW wavela ku-New York Times nendatshana lapho ahlambalaza khona i-HRW ngokukhaphela izimiso nokusekelwa okungaguquki kwe-Hamas ne-Hezbollah, kuyilapho ehlala echema futhi ephathwa ngendlela engafanele. yakwa-Israyeli.
Amaqhinga amabili i-HRW ewasebenzisayo ukuhlale egxeka u-Israyeli alula kakhulu. Esokuqala ukwenqaba ukucwaninga ngezimbangela zodweshu. “Asicwaningi ngezimbangela zokungqubuzana,” kusho i-HRW, “sicwaninga ngendlela abathintekayo ezingxabanweni abawahlonipha ngayo amalungelo abantu.”
Kuhle! Ake uzicabange ungowesifazane ohlaselwe uhlanya ehlathini, wakwazi ukumdubula. Ngokombono wezishoshovu zamalungelo abantu ezivela kwa-HRW, uzoba necala.
Isikhundla esithi «asiphenyi imbangela» sibeka umhlukumezi wamaphekula ngamabomu, onezinsiza ezimbalwa, endaweni enenzuzo uma kuqhathaniswa nezwe elisabela ekuhlaselweni.
Indlela yesibili ilula nakakhulu - ukuhlanekezela, ukuthula namanga. Isibonelo, embikweni ka-2007, i-HRW yathi i-Hezbollah yayingenawo umkhuba "wokusebenzisa inani labantu njengezihlangu zabantu" futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo yathi inobufakazi bokuthi ibutho lakwa-Israel "laliqondise izakhamuzi ngamabomu." Ngenkathi ubhubhane lwebhomu lokuzibulala ePalestine ludlondlobala ngo-2002, i-HRW yashicilela imibiko yabezindaba mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu kwa-Israel. Kuthathe i-HRW ezinye izinyanga ze-5 ukukhulula umbiko mayelana nokuqhuma kwamabhomu okuzibulala, kanye neminyaka engu-5 ukukhulula umbiko ngokuhlaselwa kuka-Israyeli okuvela eGaza.
Ngo-2009, i-HRW yavakashela e-Saudi Arabia, lapho yaqoqa khona imali yemibiko emelene no-Israyeli. Isimo samalungelo abantu eSaudi Arabia sithi sibi kakhulu kunakwa-Israel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSaudi Arabia ingumxhasi omkhulu wobuphekula. Kodwa i-HRW ayizange inake.
Isimo esifanayo sithathwe yi-HRW eSri Lanka, lapho amasosha kahulumeni elwa neLiberation Tigers yaseTamil Eelam, inhlangano yamaphekula enonya ebulale amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu futhi isebenzisa amaTamil njengezihlangu zabantu. Noma yimuphi umzamo wamasosha kahulumeni wokuhlasela, i-HRW imemezela ngokushesha ukuthi amasosha kahulumeni aqondise kubantu.
Amnesty International
Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yesibili endala nedume kakhulu yi-Amnesty International. Yasungulwa ngo-1961 ngummeli uPeter Benenson; isizathu sokusungulwa kwalesi sihloko kwakuyisihloko esasikhuluma ngabafundi ababili abangamaPutukezi abagqunywa ejele iminyaka eyisikhombisa ngenxa yokuthi "baphuze i-toast yokukhulula." I-Amnesty yaqinisekisa ukuthi iziboshwa zikanembeza eYurophu ziyakhululwa nokuthi iziboshwa zezombangazwe zithola ukuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele.
Kodwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90s, iziboshwa zikanembeza eYurophu zase zinyamalele, futhi okwamanje ubukhulu be-Amnesty (kanye ne-oda likaFrancisca) landa kuphela: amalungu ayizigidi ezingu-2,2 emazweni angu-150. Kwaphakama umbuzo: singazitholaphi iziboshwa zikanembeza okufanele amalungelo azo avikelwe? Vele, u-Amnesty ukhankasele kokubili amalungelo abesifazane kanye nokuphikisana nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kodwa nokho, uyabona, lokhu akufani: isidingo esiyinhloko sabantu abanonembeza siyohlale singeseziboshwa zikanembeza, futhi mhlawumbe eYurophu noma eMelika: eCongo. kufana nokuthi ikude futhi ayithakazelisi.
Futhi i-Amnesty ithole iziboshwa zayo zikanembeza: eGuantanamo Bay. Kusukela ngo-1986 kuya ku-2000, izwe elinesibalo esikhulu semibiko ka-Amnesty yiMelika, enemibiko engu-136, ilandelwa yi-Israel. Izifundazwe ezinhle njenge-Uganda noma iCongo bezingekho phakathi kwabahlukumezi abaphezulu abangama-XNUMX bamalungelo abantu.
Futhi ngemva kokuba i-United States imemezele “impi yobushokobezi”, i-Amnesty iphinde yamemezela umkhankaso wayo: Ukulwa nokwesaba ngobulungiswa (“Ukulwa nobuphekula ngomthetho.” — Approx. ed.). Futhi njengoba uqonda, i-villain eyinhloko kulo mkhankaso kwakungewona amaphekula. Nalabo abalwa nobuphekula. Olwa kakhulu yisikhohlakali esikhulu.
Ezindabeni ezingamashumi amabili ezikulesi sigaba (kusukela ngomhla zingama-20 kuZibandlela wezi-2010), enye ithinta iTurkey, enye ithinta iLibya, enye ithinta iYemen (I-Amnesty idinga ukuthi iYemen iyeke ukudela amalungelo abantu njengoba ibhekene ne-Al-Qa'ida), enye ithinta iPakistan U-Amnesty ucasulwe ukuthi iziphathimandla zasePakistan aziwavikeli amalungelo abantu ezindaweni eziphethwe amaTaliban, nakuba kunzima kakhulu ukubona ukuthi zingakwenza kanjani lokhu, ngoba uma amasosha asePakistan eqala ukuhlasela amaTaliban, kuzodingeka ayeke ukunikela. amalungelo abantu njengoba bebhekene ne-Al-Qa 'ida). Ezinye ezimbili zinikezelwe eGreat Britain, kanti ezinye eziyi-14 ezisele zinikezelwe eGuantanamo Bay, CIA nase-United States.
Kunzima ukulwa nokwesaba. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukukhasa ngesisu sakho ezintabeni, gxuma nge-parachute, ubeke impilo yakho engozini. Kuhle futhi kulula ukulwela ubulungisa kubashokobezi: ngenxa yalokhu kwanele ukuthumela imibiko kwabezindaba ukuthi “ukungabi nabulungisa kwansuku zonke” (“ukungabi namthetho kwansuku zonke”) okwenzeka eGuantanamo nokuthi “ukuphatha kukamongameli Obama kwehlulekile ukufanisa amazwi ako. ngesenzo esiphathekayo uma kuziwa ekuphenduleni nasekulungiseni ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okwenziwe egameni elithi «ukulwa nobuphekula» «).
I-Amnesty ichaza inqubomgomo yayo ngale ndlela: sibhala ngamazwe athuthukile kaningi, ngoba isimo sezinto kuwo siwumhlahlandlela waso sonke isintu. Ngesaba ukuthi incazelo yangempela ihlukile. Ukugxeka i-US kuphephe kakhulu kunokugxeka amazimuzimu angempela. Futhi abaxhasi ngokugxeka i-United States kulula kakhulu ukubathola.
Kukhona i-logic yomuntu elula: i-wolfhound ilungile, i-cannibal ayilungile. Kukhona umqondo wezishoshovu zamalungelo abantu: i-wolfhound ayilungile ngoba yephule amalungelo e-cannibal. Futhi ngeke sibuze amazimuzimu.
I-ideology of international bureaucracy
Isimo sengqondo esinjalo sokugxeka impucuko yomuntu siqu asizange sibe khona ngaso sonke isikhathi emlandweni waseNtshonalanga. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, iYurophu yanqoba umhlaba futhi ayizange ikhathazeke nakancane ngamalungelo abantu abephulwa yiyo. Lapho uCortes ebona imihlatshelo enegazi yama-Aztec, akazange awele ekuthandeni «imikhuba yendawo eyingqayizivele» okufanele igcinwe. Ngesikhathi amaNgisi eqeda isiko lokushiswa kwabafelokazi eNdiya, akuzange kucabange ukuthi ahlukumeza amalungelo alaba bafelokazi ababefisa ukulandela abayeni babo.
Isikhathi lapho lesi simo sengqondo sivela khona futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, saba cishe inkulumo evamile yabahlakaniphileyo baseNtshonalanga, singabizwa ngokunembile kakhulu: lena yi-30s, isikhathi lapho uStalin exhasa ngezimali iComintern futhi wenza izinhlelo zokunqoba umhlaba wonke. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho “iziphukuphuku eziwusizo” (ngamazwi kaLenin) zavela ngobuningi bazo emazweni aseNtshonalanga, ezazinekhwalithi eyodwa exakile: zigxeka ngenkuthalo “umbuso wonxiwankulu onegazi”, ngesizathu esithile abazange bayibone iGulaAG endaweni engenalutho. .
Lokhu kuhlanya kobuhlakani obuyinqaba kwaqhubeka, ngokwesibonelo, phakathi neMpi YeVietnam. I-leftist elite yaphuma endleleni yayo ukugxeka "unya lwebutho laseMelika." Iqiniso elincane lokuthi impi ayiqalwanga amaMelika, kodwa amaKhomanisi, nokuthi eViet Cong, ukwesaba okukhulu kwakuyisu nje, kwesokunxele ngandlela-thile alizange libone.
Isibonelo sakudala salokhu isithombe esidumile esithathwe umthwebuli wezithombe u-Eddie Adams. Ibonisa uJenene wase-Vietnamese u-Nguyen Ngoc Lon edubula inhlamvu e-Viet Cong Nguyen Van Lem eboshwe. Isithombe sazungeza umhlaba wonke njengophawu lonya lwama-imperialists. Yiqiniso, u-Eddie Adams kamuva wathi i-Viet Cong yabulawa, yakhishwa endlini, lapho ayebulale khona wonke umndeni emizuzwini embalwa ngaphambili, kodwa lokhu kwakungasenamsebenzi kwesokunxele.
Inhlangano yesimanje yamalungelo abantu eNtshonalanga ikhule ngokomqondo isuka kwesobunxele.
Futhi uma ngokomlando abakude kwesokunxele bekuyizidlakela ezandleni zombuso wobushiqela, manje ubufandamentali obukhululekile sebuphenduke insakavukela ezandleni zamaphekula namazimuzimu.
Imibono ye-FARC, i-al-Qaeda noma amazimuzimu ase-Afrika ahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Abanye bafuna ukwakha ubukhomanisi, abanye bafuna umbuso ka-Allah, abanye bafuna ukubuyela ezimisweni zendabuko ngendlela yobuthakathi nobuzimu. Banento eyodwa kuphela abafana ngayo: ukuzonda izwe elivamile laseNtshonalanga. Le nzondo ihlanganyelwa ingxenye ebalulekile yama-fundamentalist enkululeko namaphekula.
“Pho, ngempela, kungani ukhathazeke? - uyabuza. “Uma “abalweli bokuthula” kanye “neziwula eziwusizo” bengakwazi ukunqoba iNtshonalanga lapho izinkonzo zomshoshaphansi ezinamandla zamashiqela zima emva kwabo, zingakwenza manje?”
Inkinga iwukuthi ngisho naseminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, «abalweli bokuthula» babengabahlengikazi, ababesetshenziswa njengoba kudingwa imibuso yobushiqela. Manje "umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu" usuphenduke ifilosofi yekilasi lonke - isigaba se-bureaucracy yamazwe ngamazwe.
"Amafutha okudla"
Lapha, jwayelana, umlweli ohlonishwayo wamalungelo abantu uDenis Holiday, inhloko ye-UN Humanitarian Mission e-Iraq, wabe eseyilungu le-"Freedom Flotilla", owazama ukuphula ukuvinjelwa kwe-Israel eGaza Strip. Ngemva kokuba i-UN ikhansele uhlelo lokusebenzisa uwoyela wokudla, uMnu. Holiday wasula, wamemezela obala ukuthi i-UN kanye noGeorge W. Bush babehileleke ekubulaweni kwabantu "abangenacala base-Iraq."
Ngemva kwalokho, uMnu Holiday wenza ifilimu ekhuluma ngezingane zase-Iraq ezingama-500 ezashona ngenxa yeBush yamaNazi. Ngenkathi intatheli uDavid Edwards ibuza isishoshovu samalungelo abantu uDenis Holiday ukuthi ngabe izikhulu zase-Iraq beziyeba yini imithi, uHolide wacasuka wathi: "akunasisekelo salokho kugomela."
Lapho intatheli uDavid Edwards ibuza ukuthi kungani, ngesikhathi izingane zase-Iraq zifa ngaphandle kwemithi, amashumi ezinkulungwane zamathani emithi engasatshalaliswanga ayenqwabelene ezindlini zokugcina izimpahla ze-UN ezigadwe yiHoliday, iHoliday yaphendula ngaphandle kokushaya ijwabu leso ukuthi le mithi kufanele inikezwe endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi. : "Izindawo zokugcina izimpahla zinezitolo ezingeke zisetshenziswe ngoba zilinde ezinye izingxenye ezivinjwe yiSanctions Committee."
Amaholide kwakungeyena kuphela isikhulu se-UN esingajabule ngokuqedwa kohlelo lokuthenga uwoyela ngokudla. Umlandeli wakhe, uHans von Sproneck, naye wesula esikhundleni, ebabaza esidlangalaleni, "Kuyoze kube nini izakhamizi zase-Iraq zijeziselwa into engayenzanga?" Ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemuva kokusula kuka-von Sproneck, inhloko ye-World Food Programme e-Iran yenza okufanayo.
Indaba eyinqaba. Ngokombono womqondo ophusile, umthwalo wemfanelo wobudlova nobumpofu ukulabo ababangela ubudlova nobumpofu. E-Iraq kwakunguSaddam Hussein. Kodwa izikhulu ezisiza abantu ezivela ku-UN zenza ngendlela ehlukile: zasola umhlaba wonke ngokwenzeka e-Iraq, hhayi umashiqela onegazi, kuyilapho bona, kanye nondlovukayiphikiswa wegazi, besaha imali ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-Oil for Food.
Futhi nansi inkinga encane kangaka: ukuze kuncishiswe imali, abantu kufanele bahlupheke.
Indlala e-Ethiopia
Indlala yase-Ethiopia maphakathi nawo-80s yadala umsebenzi omangalisayo wezinhlangano zosizo. Ngo-1985 kuphela, ikhonsathi yeLive Aid, eyayihlanganisa uBob Dylan, Madonna, Queen, Led Zeppelin, yaqoqa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-249 ukusiza i-Ethiopia ekhungethwe indlala. Ikhonsathi ibiphethwe nguBob Geldof, owayengumculi we-rock waphenduka usomabhizinisi odume kakhulu ogxile ekusizeni i-Afrika ekhungethwe indlala. Amakhulu ezigidi engeziwe akhuliswa yi-Christian Aid.
Izigidi azizange zisize lutho: abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi babulawa indlala. Futhi ngoMashi 2010, kwaqubuka ihlazo: owayekade eyivukela-mbuso yase-Ethiopia u-Aregavi Berhe, exabene nowayeyinhloko yabavukeli, futhi manje inhloko yase-Ethiopia, uMeles Zenawi, utshele i-BBC ukuthi u-95% wosizo lwabantu waya ekuthengeni izikhali.
Inkulumo yakhe yasusa umsindo. U-Bob Geldof wathi "ayikho nencane iota yeqiniso" emazwini kaBerhe. UMnuz Max Peberdy, okhulumela iChristian Aid, uthe ibingekho indlela yokwebiwa lolu sizo, waze wapenda ngopende ukuthi wayethenga kanjani okusanhlamvu kubadayisi ngemali.
Ephendula, omunye wamasosha athengisa okusanhlamvu ePeberdi watshela indlela azenza ngayo umthengisi wamaSulumane. Igama lale mpi kwakunguGebremedin Araya. Ngokusho kuka-Araya, kwakukhona izikhwama zesihlabathi ngaphansi kwamasaka okusanhlamvu, futhi imali u-Araya ayithola ngokusanhlamvu ngokushesha yadluliselwa ekuthengeni izikhali.
Inkinga yendlala e-Ethiopia akukhona nje ukuthi bangaphezu kwesigidi abantu ababulawa yiyo. Kodwa ukuthi bobabili uhulumeni kanye nabavukeli bathutha abantu ngamabomu ukuze bancinde imali eyengeziwe kuma-NGO ngaphansi kokuzenzisa kokuhlupheka kwabo. Ukuthola imali ezinhlanganweni ezizimele kwakungewona umphumela, kodwa inhloso yale ndlala eyenziwe ngamabomu.
Kwenzeka okufanayo naseGaza Strip. I-Hamas (futhi ngaphambi kwayo i-PLO - i-Palestine Liberation Organization) igcina abantu bempofu ukuze basebenzise lobu mpofu njengendlela yokuziphatha yokukhipha imali ezinhlanganweni ezisiza abantu kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Hamas kanye ne-NGOs iba yiphampu empompa imali evela emhlabeni wonke iye eGaza Strip, futhi ubumpofu bomphakathi bayo yingcindezi yasemkhathini eyenza ipompo isebenze.
Kuyacaca ukuthi kulesi simo, i-HRW nezinye izinhlangano ezizimele zizohlale zisohlangothini lwe-Hamas.
Phela, uma uMnu Holiday and Co. benikeza usizo lobuntu kubantu bakwa-Israyeli, izinkonzo zabo ngeke zamukelwe. Ukuvikelwa kwabantu bakwa-Israyeli kunikezwa uMbuso wakwa-Israyeli, hhayi abashisekeli bamalungelo abantu. Futhi izwe lakwa-Israel alikuthakaseli ukuguqula abantu bakhona babe abantu abangenamakhaya, ngosizo lwamabhadi abo abaphezulu bezombangazwe bazophanga futhi banciphise imali.
Ingxenye yokusungulwa
Lokhu mhlawumbe kuyingozi kakhulu. Abashisekeli be-liberal, njengabaxwayisi besimo sezulu, bazibeka njengabamelene nokusungulwa. Eqinisweni, sekuyisikhathi eside beyingxenye ehlanganisiwe yokusungulwa, ingxenye yabo embi kakhulu i-bureaucracy yamazwe ngamazwe.
Sivame ukuthethisa umbuso kanye ne-bureaucracy. Kodwa umbuso, noma ngabe uyini, unentshisekelo yokuvikela izakhamizi zawo nokuxazulula izinkinga zabo. I-bureaucracy yomhlaba wonke ayinasibopho kunoma ubani.
Sitshelwa ukuthi izinhlangano ezisiza abantu ziyasiza lapho kunendlala nodlame. Kodwa empeleni, kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho: lapho izinhlangano zosizo ziya khona, indlala nobudlova kuhlala kuze kube phakade.
Ngakho-ke, ohulumeni abazama ukubhekana namaphekula, njengaseColombia, njalo bayizisulu eziyinhloko zokugxekwa abavikeli bamalungelo abantu.
Futhi, ngokuphambene nalokho, imibuso esabekayo kakhulu, njengaleyo yaseGaza Strip noma e-Ethiopia, iba yizinhlangano ezizimele ezingakwazi ukuhlela umnotho ezweni labo, kodwa ezikwazi ukuhlela udlame nendlala ukuze ukuthola imali emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukulwela amalungelo abantu sekudale uhlobo olusha lobuphekula: amaphekula, njengeHamas, awafuni kangako ukucekela phansi izingane zabanye abantu njengoba efuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isiteleka sokuziphindiselela sakwa-Israel sicekela phansi izingane eziningi zasePalestine. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu uholele ohlotsheni olusha lwesimo-mbumbulu: lezi yizigodi ezimbi ezibuswa imibuso esabekayo ebingeke iphile emhlabeni ojwayelekile futhi ebinganqotshwa noma ibhujiswe. Kodwa imali evela kuma-NGO kanye nokuvinjelwa kwempi ngokumelene nezindawo ezinjalo zivumela ukuthi bagcine abantu babo besesimweni esingenabuntu, futhi abaphezulu babo bajabulele amandla aphelele.
Isiphetho
I-thesis eyisisekelo yenhlangano yamalungelo abantu ilula kakhulu. Kufanele sivikele amalungelo abantu, noma ngabe ungubani. Kumele ngisho ukuthi le thesis inamaphutha ngokwemvelo. Iphikisana ne-axiom eyisisekelo yokuziphatha komuntu: ububi kufanele bujeziswe. Umuntu kufanele azikhethele.
Iphikisana nakho konke esikufundiswa yizinganekwane nezincwadi ngeqhawe, okuhle nokubi. Mayelana namalungelo abantu, u-Hercules akalona iqhawe, kodwa uyisigebengu sempi. Akazange ahloniphe amalungelo eLernean Hydra kanye namalungelo eNkosi uDiomedes, owapha abantu amahhashi akhe.
Ngokombono wamalungelo abantu, u-Odysseus uyisigebengu sempi; ngaphandle kwecala, wabulala uPolyphemus, ngaphezu kwalokho, ehlasela indawo yakhe, iPolyphemus. Theseus, Perseus, Siegfried, Yoshitsune — bonke bayizigebengu. UGilgamesh kufanele aquliswe icala eThe Hague, kanti uPrince Hamlet, owabulala usingayise ngaphandle kwecala, kufanele afakwe ohlwini lwabavinjelwe yi-Amnesty International.
Bonke labo isintu esibabiza ngamaqhawe, izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu kufanele bacabangele izigebengu zempi. Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kuqeda wona kanye umqondo wempi, ngoba impi yilapho abantu bebulawa ngaphandle kwecala. Yebo, kuhle ukulahla impi, kodwa kuthiwani uma umuntu omelene naye engayilahli? Uma inkumbulo yami ingisebenzela kahle, kwakungebona abafel’ ukholo baseMelika e-Arab Boeings abashayisa iKaaba, kwakungenye indlela.
Ukube i-CNN yayikhona phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ama-Allies ayengeke anqobe ngokumelene noHitler. "Ngemuva kokuqhuma kwamabhomu eDresden, uGoebbels wayengeke ashiye izikrini nezidumbu zezingane zaseDresden ezingalweni zakhe," kusho uGarry Kasparov kimi ngokubhuqa engxoxweni yangasese.
Uma noma iyiphi impi ibonakala njengokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, lokhu kuholela kumphumela omangalisayo: uhlangothi oluvikelayo luba necala. Phela, uyabona, lokhu kunengqondo: uma ungaphenduli ekuhlaselweni, ngeke kube khona impi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akubona labo abahlaselayo okumele basolwe, kodwa yilabo abathatha isinqumo sokuzivikela.
Abashisekeli be-liberal banezinhloso ezinhle. Kodwa indlela eya esihogweni igandaywe ngezinhloso ezinhle. Sahlala iminyaka engu-70 ezweni elalinezinjongo ezinhle. Leli zwe lakha ubukhomanisi futhi lathembisa wonke umuntu imfundo yamahhala nemithi yamahhala. Kodwa empeleni, imithi yamahhala yaphenduka inqolobane esikhundleni sesibhedlela. Ezinye izimiso ezimangalisayo empeleni ziphenduka zibe okuphambene nazo. Umgomo othi “kufanele sivikele amalungelo awo wonke umuntu” ungomunye wawo.
Kodwa lokhu akwanele. Ngokusobala, uma bekungekho ukuvivinywa kwalokhu noma lowo muntu, noma kubonakala ngathi amalungelo akhe awagcinwanga ngokufanele, khona-ke maqondana nalo muntu kufanele siqondiswe ngomqondo ophusile. Yayingekho. Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu empeleni kuphenduka kube ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amaphekula. Izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu aziholwa ingqondo noma iqiniso. Ngokombono wabo, konke okushiwo yiphekula kusobala ukuthi kuyiqiniso, futhi konke okushiwo umbuso kungamanga. Ngenxa yalokho, amaphekula adala ukuhlukana okuphelele ukuze aqambe amanga kubashisekeli bamalungelo abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bashintsha amaqhinga. Uma amaphekula angaphambili ayesebenzisa abesifazane bawo nabantwana njengezihlangu zabantu, manje abiza umlilo ngamabomu kubo. Manje inhloso ye-Hamas, ukubeka amarokhethi ayo ophahleni lwezikole nezakhiwo zokuhlala, iwukuba ama-Israel abulale izakhamuzi eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngokuziphindiselela lapho kudutshulwa khona.
Kungani i-NGOs yamalungelo abantu ikholelwa zonke izimangalo zamaphekula? Kungani bekholelwa ukuthi ilungu le-al-Qaeda uMoazzam Begg ekubeni kusobala ukuthi uqamba amanga? Ngoba inhlangano yamalungelo abantu isiphenduke umqondo wenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe. EGaza Strip, izingane ezineminyaka emihlanu zifunda ukumasha nezibhamu ezingontuluntulu; baboniswa opopayi mayelana nendlela yokubulala amaJuda. I-Hamas igcina inani labantu bomkhakha lincike ngokuphelele; noma yiliphi ibhizinisi likhokhiswa intela elivuna i-Hamas, ngesikhathi se-Operation Cast Lead, amalungu e-Hamas awazange akhiphe ithangi elilodwa lakwa-Israel, awazange adubule indiza enophephela emhlane eyodwa, kodwa asebenzise lesi sikhathi ukubopha nokubulala amalungu angaphezu kwekhulu e-Fatah. Bazinika isikhathi sokuhlukumeza laba bantu endlunkulu yabo, ebekwe esibhedlela eRafah, lapho baxosha khona abagulayo nabalimele.
I-Hamas ifuna ukubhujiswa koMbuso wakwa-Israel nawo wonke amaJuda futhi ithi uma i-Israel ingavumi, kusho ukuthi ayithambekele ekuxegiseni. Kungani abavikeli bamalungelo abantu bevame ukuba ngasohlangothini lweHamas hhayi ngasohlangothini lwe-Israel? Ngoba bona, kanye noHamas, baphatha imali.
Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu, njengoba sekuyinkulumo esetshenziswa kakhulu, kwaba nokungqubuzana okumangalisayo nomqondo ophusile. Izincwadi namafilimu asifundisa into eyodwa, izindaba enye. Sitshelwa ezindabeni ukuthi "uHarry Potter wabulala iNkosi uVoldemort ngaphandle kwecala" nokuthi "Izinkulungwane zabantu zafa futhi inqwaba yokuzibulala kanye nezinhlekelele zenzeka phakathi nempi kaPotter noVoldemort." Angicabangi ukuthi kudingekile ukusho ukuthi iVoldemort ibangela izinhlekelele.
Ubuphekula wuhlobo olusha lobuqaba. Iqaba lihlonipha amandla kuphela, ngakho-ke impucuko kufanele ibe namandla kunomqaba. Uma nje ecebe kakhudlwana noma ephephile, akusho lutho. Impucuko kumele iqine.
Siyatshelwa: "Kumele sivikele amalungelo anoma yimuphi umuntu, ngoba uma namuhla uhulumeni ephula amalungelo ka-Anwar al-Awlaki, kusasa uzokwephula amalungelo akho." Kodwa, Madoda, lokhu kungukukhohlisa! "Namuhla udansa i-jazz, futhi kusasa uzothengisa izwe lakubo." Uma uHarry Potter ebhubhisa iNkosi uVoldemort ngaphandle kwecala, lokhu akusho ukuthi kusasa uzoshisa uHermione Granger ngaphandle kwecala nophenyo.
Siyatshelwa: "Wonke umuntu, ngisho nomubi kakhulu, unelungelo lokuquliswa icala." Kodwa esimweni lapho ukuqulwa kwecala kungenakwenzeka, lokhu kuphenduka ukungajezisi kumaphekula. Maye ezweni, esikhundleni sokuthi amaqhawe alwe nobubi, kuzosala kuphela izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu ezilwa namaqhawe. “Ukuyekethisa ebubini kuyicala,” kusho uThomas Mann ngobufascism. Ngizonezela: ukuvikela amalungelo eNkosi Voldemort kuwumbhedo.
I-Wolfhound iqinisile. I-Cannibal - cha.