Zimbalwa izindawo emhlabeni lapho izinyoka zizizwa zikhululekile njengaseNingizimu Asia. Lapha izinyoka zihlonishwa njengezingcwele, zizungezwe inhlonipho nokunakekelwa. Amathempeli akhiwe ngokuhlonishwa kwawo, izithombe zezilwane ezihuquzelayo eziqoshwe etsheni zivame ukutholakala emigwaqweni, emachibini nasezigodini.
Inkolo yenyoka eNdiya ineminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezinhlanu. Izimpande zayo ziya ezingxenyeni ezijulile zesiko langaphambi kwe-Aryan. Isibonelo, izinganekwane zaseKashmir zisitshela ukuthi izilwane ezihuquzelayo zazibusa kanjani phezu kwesigodi ngenkathi kuseyixhaphozi elingapheli. Ngokusabalala kobuBuddha, izinganekwane zaqala ukukhomba ukusindiswa kukaBuddha ngenyoka, futhi lensindiso yenzeka osebeni loMfula iNairanjana ngaphansi kwesihlahla somkhiwane esidala. Ukuze avimbele uBuddha ekufinyeleleni ekukhanyeni, idemoni uMara lenza isiphepho esibi. Kodwa imfezi enkulu yacasula amaqhinga edemoni. Wazisonga umzimba kaBuddha izikhathi eziyisikhombisa futhi wamvikela emvuleni nasemoyeni.
INYOKA NE NAGA
Ngokwemibono yasendulo ye-cosmogonic yamaHindu, amakhanda amaningi enyoka uShesha, elele emanzini olwandle, asebenza njengomgogodla weNdawo Yonke, kanti uVishnu, umnakekeli wokuphila, uhlezi phezu kombhede wamasongo akhe. Ekupheleni kosuku ngalunye lwe-cosmic, olulingana neminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2160 zomhlaba, imilomo kaShesha ephefumula umlilo ibhubhisa umhlaba, bese umdali uBrahma ewakha kabusha.
Enye inyoka enamandla, iVasuki enamakhanda ayisikhombisa, ihlale igqokwa umbhubhisi owesabekayo uShiva njengentambo engcwele. Ngosizo lukaVasuki, onkulunkulu bathola isiphuzo sokungafi, amrita, ngokuvukuza, okungukuthi, ukugoqa ulwandle: abasezulwini basebenzisa inyoka njengentambo ukuze bajikeleze i-whorl enkulu - iNtaba iMandara.
UShesha noVasuki bangamakhosi aziwayo amaNaga. Leli yigama ezinganekwaneni zezidalwa ze-semi-divine ezinemizimba yenyoka kanye nekhanda elilodwa noma ngaphezulu komuntu. AmaNaga ahlala endaweni engaphansi komhlaba - ePatala. Inhloko-dolobha yayo - iBhogavati - izungezwe udonga lwamatshe ayigugu futhi ijabulela inkazimulo yedolobha elicebe kakhulu emazweni ayishumi nane, okuthi, ngokusho kwenganekwane, akha isisekelo somkhathi.
AmaNaga, ngokwezinganekwane, aphethe izimfihlo zomlingo nobuthakathi, ayakwazi ukuvuselela abafileyo futhi ashintshe ukubukeka kwabo. Abesifazane babo bahle ngokukhethekile futhi bavame ukushada nababusi basemhlabeni nezazi. Kusuka kumaNaga, ngokusho kwenganekwane, lapho kuvela khona amakhosi amaningi aseMaharajas. Phakathi kwabo kukhona amakhosi asePallava, ababusi baseKashmir, Manipur nezinye izikhulu. Amaqhawe awe ngobuqhawe ezinkundleni zempi nawo asekunakekeleni nagini.
Indlovukazi yaseNaga uManasa, udadewabo kaVasuki, ubhekwa njengomvikeli onokwethenjelwa ekulunyweni kwezinyoka. Ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe, imikhosi ephithizelayo iba e-Bengal.
Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, inganekwane ithi, i-naga Kaliya enamakhanda amahlanu yake yabacasula kakhulu onkulunkulu. Ubuthi balo babunamandla kangangokuba bafaka ushevu emanzini echibi elikhulu. Ngisho nezinyoni ezazindiza phezu kwaleli chibi zafa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyoka ewubuqili yeba izinkomo zabelusi bendawo futhi yazishwabadela. Khona-ke uKrishna odumile, ukuzalwa kwasemhlabeni kwesishiyagalombili kukankulunkulu ophakeme uVishnu, wasiza abantu. Wagibela esihlahleni sikadamba wagxumela emanzini. Ngokushesha uKaliya wamphuthuma futhi wamgaxa izindandatho zakhe ezinamandla. Kodwa uKrishna, esezikhulule ekugoneni kwenyoka, waphenduka waba umdondoshiya futhi waxosha i-naga embi olwandle.
INYOKA NOKUKHOLWA
Kunezinganekwane ezingenakubalwa nezindaba ezimayelana nezinyoka eNdiya, kodwa izimpawu ezingalindelekile kakhulu nazo zihlotshaniswa nazo. Kukholakala ukuthi inyoka yenza samuntu ukunyakaza okungapheli, isebenza njengomfanekiso womphefumulo wedlozi kanye nomqaphi wendlu. Yingakho uphawu lwenyoka lusetshenziswa amaHindu nhlangothi zombili zomnyango ongaphambili. Ngenjongo efanayo yokuvikela, abalimi besifunda saseNdiya saseNingizimu iKerala bagcina inyoka encane emagcekeni abo, lapho kuhlala khona izimfezi ezingcwele. Uma umndeni uthuthela endaweni entsha, ngokuqinisekile uzohamba nazo zonke izinyoka. Ngokulandelayo, bahlukanisa abanikazi bazo ngohlobo oluthile lobuhlakani futhi abalokothi babalume.
Ukubulala inyoka ngamabomu noma ngephutha kuyisono esibi kakhulu. Eningizimu yezwe, i-brahmin ikhuluma amazwi ahlabayo phezu kwenyoka ebulewe. Umzimba wakhe umbozwe ngendwangu kasilika ehlotshiswe ngephethini yesiko, ebekwe ezingodweni ze-sandalwood futhi ishiswe endaweni yomngcwabo.
Ukungakwazi kowesifazane ukuzala umntwana kuchazwa ngokuhlambalaza owesifazane akwenzele izilwane ezihuquzelayo kulokhu noma okunye kokuzalwa kwangaphambili. Ukuze bathole intethelelo yenyoka, abesifazane baseTamil bathandazela isithombe sayo setshe. Buduze ne-Chennai, edolobheni lase-Rajahmandi, kwakuke kwaba nendunduma yomuhlwa lapho kwakuhlala khona imfezi endala. Kwesinye isikhathi wayekhasa ephuma egcekeni ayothamela ilanga futhi enambitha amaqanda, izingcezu zenyama namabhola elayisi ayelethwe kuye.
Izixuku zabesifazane abahluphekayo zeza esidulini esinesizungu (kwakusekupheleni kwe-XNUMX - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX). Kwaphela amahora amaningi behlezi eduze kwesiduli somuhlwa benethemba lokucabanga ngalesi silwane esingcwele. Uma bephumelela, babuyela ekhaya bejabule, beqiniseka ukuthi umthandazo wabo uzwakele futhi onkulunkulu bazobanika umntwana. Ekanye nabesifazane abadala, amantombazane amancane kakhulu aya esidulini somuhlwa esiyigugu, ethandazela kusengaphambili ukuba ngumama ojabulisayo.
Isibikezelo esihle ukutholakala kwenyoka ekhasa ngaphandle - isikhumba esidala esichithwa yisilwane esihuquzelayo ngesikhathi sokuncibilika. Umnikazi wesikhumba esiyigugu ngokuqinisekile uyofaka ucezu lwaso esikhwameni sakhe, ekholelwa ukuthi sizomlethela ingcebo. Ngokwezimpawu, imfezi igcina amatshe ayigugu kuhood.
Kunenkolelo yokuthi ngezinye izikhathi izinyoka zithandana namantombazane amahle futhi zingena ngasese othandweni nazo. Ngemva kwalokho, inyoka iqala ukumlandela ngentshiseko othandekayo futhi imlandele ngenkathi egeza, edla nakwezinye izinto, futhi ekugcineni kokubili intombazane nenyoka baqala ukuhlupheka, ukubuna futhi ngokushesha bafe.
Kwenye yezincwadi ezingcwele zamaHindu, i-Atharva Veda, kukhulunywa ngezinyoka phakathi kwezilwane ezinezimfihlo zamakhambi okwelapha. Bayazi futhi indlela yokwelapha ukulunywa yizinyoka, kodwa baziqapha ngokucophelela lezi zimfihlo futhi baziveze kuphela kubantu abahlukunyezwa kanzima.
UMKHOSI WENYOKA
Ngosuku lwesihlanu lwenyanga entsha enyangeni kaShravan (Julayi-August), i-India igubha umkhosi wezinyoka - nagapanchami. Akekho osebenzayo ngalolu suku. Umgubho uqala ngemisebe yokuqala yelanga. Ngaphezulu komnyango omkhulu wendlu, amaHindu anamathisela izithombe zezilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi enze i-puja - indlela eyinhloko yokukhulekela kumaHindu. Abantu abaningi babuthana esigcawini esimaphakathi. Kukhale amacilongo nezigubhu. Udwendwe luya ethempelini, lapho kugezwa khona isiko. Khona-ke izinyoka ezibanjwe ngayizolo zidedelwa emgwaqweni nasemagcekeni. Babingelelwa, bashawa ngamacembe ezimbali, banikezwe imali ngokukhululekile futhi babonge ngesivuno esigcinwe kumagundane. Abantu bathandazela ama-naga ayinhloko ayisishiyagalombili futhi baphathe izinyoka eziphilayo ngobisi, i-ghee, uju, i-turmeric (ujinja ophuzi), nelayisi elithosiwe. Izimbali ze-oleander, i-jasmine ne-lotus ebomvu zifakwa emigodini yazo. Imikhosi iholwa ama-brahmins.
Kunenganekwane endala ehlotshaniswa naleli holidi. Ikhuluma nge-brahmin eya emasimini ekuseni, inganaki usuku lwamaNagapanca. Ebeka umsele, wagxoba amawundlu emfezi ngephutha. Ethola izinyoka zifile, umama wenyoka wanquma ukuziphindiselela kuBrahmin. Endleleni yegazi, enwebeka ngemuva kwegeja, wathola indawo yokuhlala yomoni. Umnikazi nomndeni wakhe balala ngokuthula. UCobra wabulala wonke umuntu owayesendlini, wabe esekhumbula ukuthi enye yamadodakazi kaBrahmin yayisanda kushada. Imfezi yangena esigodini esingumakhelwane. Lapho yabona ukuthi intombi isiwenze wonke amalungiselelo omkhosi we-napanchami futhi yabeka ubisi, amaswidi nezimbali zezinyoka. Yabe inyoka yashintsha intukuthelo yaba umusa. Ebona isikhathi esihle, lona wesifazane wancenga imfezi ukuba ivuse uyise nezinye izihlobo. Inyoka yaphenduka inagini futhi yafeza ngokuzithandela isicelo sowesifazane oziphethe kahle.
Umkhosi wezinyoka uyaqhubeka kuze kube sebusuku. Phakathi kwawo, akubona nje kuphela abakhipha imimoya, kodwa namaNdiya athatha izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezandleni zawo ngesibindi esengeziwe aze azijikijele nasezintanyeni zazo. Ngokumangalisayo, izinyoka ngosuku olunjalo ngesizathu esithile azilumi.
IZINYOKA ZOKUKHALA ZISHINTSHA UMSEBENZI
AmaNdiya amaningi athi kunezinye izinyoka ezinobuthi. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawuleki nokushintshwa kwamasimu elayisi kuye kwabangela ukwanda okukhulu kwamagundane. Izindimbane zamagundane zagcwala emadolobheni nasezigodini. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zaziwalandela amagundane. Phakathi nezimvula ezinkulu, lapho imifudlana yamanzi igcwala imigodi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zithola isiphephelo ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu. Ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka baba nolaka.
Ngemva kokuthola izilwane ezihuquzelayo ngaphansi kophahla lwendlu yakhe, umHindu oqotho akasoze amphakamisela induku, kodwa uyozama ukunxenxa umhlaba ukuba ushiye ikhaya lakhe noma uphendukele kubathakathi bezinyoka ezizulazulayo ukuze bathole usizo. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule bebetholakala kuyo yonke imigwaqo. Begqoke izigqoko namapayipi enziwe ekhaya, ne-resonator enkulu eyenziwe ngethanga elomisiwe, bahlala isikhathi eside phezu kobhasikidi be-wicker, belinde izivakashi. Ngokuhambisana nomculo ongelula, izinyoka eziqeqeshiwe zaphakamisa amakhanda azo kobhasikidi, zihayiza ngendlela esabekayo futhi zinikina amakhanda.
Ubuciko bokuthakatha kwenyoka buthathwa njengefa. Esigodini saseSaperagaon (itholakala kumakhilomitha ayishumi ukusuka edolobheni laseLucknow, inhloko-dolobha yase-Uttar Pradesh), kunabantu abangaba ngamakhulu amahlanu. Ngesi-Hindi, elithi “Saperagaon” lisho “idolobhana labathakathi bezinyoka.” Cishe bonke abantu besilisa abadala benza lo msebenzi wezandla lapha.
Izinyoka e-Saperagaon zingatholakala ngokoqobo kuzo zonke izikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umama wekhaya osemusha unisela phansi ngojeke wethusi, kanti imfezi engamamitha amabili, egoqwe yindandatho, ilele ezinyaweni zakhe. Eqhugwaneni, isalukazi silungisa ukudla kwakusihlwa futhi ngokuklabalasa sinyakazisa inyoka ephithizelayo e-sarini yakhe. Izingane zasemaphandleni, uma ziyolala, zihamba nemfezi ziyolala, zithanda izinyoka eziphilayo kune-teddy bear nobuhle baseMelika uBarbie. Igceke ngalinye line-serpentarium yalo. Iqukethe izinyoka ezine noma ezinhlanu zezinhlobo eziningana.
Kodwa-ke, uMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwezilwane Zasendle omusha, osuqalile ukusebenza, manje uyakwenqabela ukugcinwa kwezinyoka zivalelwe “ngenzuzo”. Nabathakathi bezinyoka bayaphoqeleka ukuthi bafune omunye umsebenzi. Abaningi babo bangena enkonzweni yamafemu abamba izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindaweni zokuhlala. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezibanjiwe zikhishwa ngaphandle kwemingcele yedolobha futhi zikhishwe ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala.
Eminyakeni yamuva, emazwenikazi ahlukene, okukhathaza ososayensi, njengoba kungakatholakali incazelo yalesi simo. Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo bezilokhu zikhuluma ngokunyamalala kwamakhulu ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nambili, kodwa ukwehla okunjalo okuhambisanayo kwenani lezilwane ezihlala emazwenikazi ahlukene akukakabonwa.