Bangaphezu kuka-4,5% abantu baseDutch abadla imifino. Hhayi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, isibonelo, neNdiya, lapho kukhona i-30% yabo, kodwa akwanele eYurophu, lapho kuze kube yi-70 yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kwakuyinto evamile futhi engenakunyakaziswa. Manje, cishe abantu baseDutch abangaba ngu-750 bashintsha i-cutlet enamanzi noma okuthosiwe okunephunga elimnandi nsuku zonke ngengxenye ephindwe kabili yemifino, imikhiqizo yesoya noma amaqanda aqhutshiwe ayisicefe. Abanye ngenxa yezizathu zempilo, abanye ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwemvelo, kodwa isizathu esiyinhloko ububele ezilwaneni.
I-Vegetarian Hocus Pocus
Ngo-1891, isilomo somphakathi esidumile saseDashi uFerdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (1846-1919), evakashele idolobha laseGroningen ngomsebenzi, wabheka endaweni yokucima ukoma yendawo. Usokhaya, ejatshuliswe ukuvakasha okuphezulu, unikeze isivakashi ingilazi yewayini lakhe elibomvu eliphambili. Wamangala uDomela enqaba ngesizotha echaza ukuthi wayengabuphuzi utshwala. Umgcini wendlu yezihambi onomoya wokungenisa izihambi wabe esenquma ukujabulisa isivakashi ngesidlo sakusihlwa esimnandi: “Mnumzane Othandekayo! Ngitshele ukuthi yini oyifunayo: i-steak enegazi noma eyenziwe kahle, noma mhlawumbe isifuba senkukhu noma ubambo lwengulube? “Ngiyabonga kakhulu,” kuphendula uDomela, “kodwa angiyidli inyama. Ngiphakele isinkwa esingcono se-rye noshizi.” Umphathi wendlu yezihambi, eshaqiswe ukuzinikela kwenyama okungaka ngokuzithandela, wanquma ukuthi lo mzulane wayedlala umdlalo wamahlaya, noma mhlawumbe udidekile ... Kodwa wayenephutha: isivakashi sakhe sasingumuntu wokuqala owaziwayo odla imifino eNetherlands. I-biography ka-Domela Nieuwenhuis inothile ngamajika abukhali. Ngemva kokuphothula izifundo zakhe zemfundiso yenkolo, wakhonza njengomfundisi wamaLuthela iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, kwathi ngo-1879 walishiya isonto, ethi akakholelwa kuNkulunkulu oqinile. Mhlawumbe u-Nieuwenhuys walahlekelwa ukholo lwakhe ngenxa yamagalelo anonya okudalelwa: lapho eneminyaka engu-34 kakade wayesengumfelokazi izikhathi ezintathu, bonke abashadakazi abathathu bafa ngesikhathi ebeletha. Ngenhlanhla, leli dwala elibi ladlula umshado wakhe wesine. UDomela wayengomunye wabasunguli benhlangano yezenhlalakahle ezweni, kodwa ngo-1890 wayeka kwezombusazwe, futhi kamuva wajoyina i-anarchism futhi waba umbhali. Wenqaba inyama ngenxa yokuqiniseka okuqinile kokuthi emphakathini onobulungisa umuntu akanalo ilungelo lokubulala izilwane. Akekho noyedwa wabangane bakhe owasekela u-Nieuwenhuis, umbono wakhe wawubhekwa njengento engenangqondo neze. Bezama ukumthethelela emehlweni abo, labo abamzungezile baze bafika nencazelo yabo: kusolakala ukuthi uzila ukudla ngenxa yokubambisana nabasebenzi abampofu, amatafula abo inyama ibonakala ngamaholide kuphela. Embuthanweni womndeni, imifino yokuqala nayo ayizange ithole ukuqonda: izihlobo zaqala ukugwema indlu yakhe, zicabangela amadili ngaphandle kwenyama eyisicefe futhi engakhululekile. UMfoweth’ u-Adrian wasenqaba ngokucasuka isimemo sakhe soNyaka Omusha, enqaba ukubhekana “ne-hocus pocus yabantu abadla imifino.” Futhi udokotela womndeni waze wabiza uDomela ngesigebengu: phela, wabeka impilo yomkakhe nezingane engcupheni ngokubeka ukudla kwakhe okungacabangeki kubo.
Izimanga eziyingozi
UDomela Nieuwenhuis akazange ahlale yedwa isikhathi eside, kancane kancane wathola abantu abanomqondo ofanayo, nakuba ekuqaleni babembalwa kakhulu. Ngo-September 30, 1894, ngesinyathelo sikadokotela u-Anton Vershor, i-Netherlands Vegetarian Union yasungulwa, ehlanganisa amalungu angu-33. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, inani labo lenyuka laya ku-1000, futhi eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva - kuya ku-2000. Umphakathi wahlangana nabaphikisi bokuqala benyama ngokungenabungane, kunalokho ngisho nokuzonda. Ngo-May 1899, iphephandaba lase-Amsterdam lanyathelisa isihloko sikaDkt. Peter Teske, lapho aveza khona isimo sengqondo esibi kakhulu ngokudla imifino: umlenze. Kungalindelwa noma yini kubantu abanemibono eyinkohliso enjalo: kungenzeka ukuthi maduze bazohamba nqunu emigwaqweni.” Iphephandaba laseHague elithi “People” nalo alizange likhathale ukunyundela abasekeli bokondleka kwezitshalo, kodwa ubulili obubuthaka bazuza kakhulu: “Lolu uhlobo olukhethekile lwabesifazane: omunye walabo abagunda izinwele zabo zibe mfushane baze bafake izicelo zokubamba iqhaza okhethweni. !" Ngokusobala, ukubekezelelana kwafika kumaDashi kamuva, futhi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili bacasulwa ngokucacile yilabo abavelele esixukwini. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-theosophists, ama-anthroposophists, ama-humanist, ama-anarchists, kanye nabadla imifino. Kodwa-ke, ekunikezeni lesi sakamuva umbono okhethekile womhlaba, abantu basedolobheni kanye nama-Conservatives babengalungile kangako. Amalungu okuqala e-Union of Vegetarians ayengabalandeli bomlobi omkhulu waseRussia uLeo Tolstoy, owathi, eneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ubudala, wenqaba inyama, eqondiswa izimiso zokuziphatha. Abangane bakhe abangamaDashi bazibiza ngokuthi amaTolstoyan (ama-tolstojanen) noma amaKristu angama-anarchist, futhi ukunamathela kwabo ezimfundisweni zikaTolstoy kwakungagcini nje ngombono wokudla okunomsoco. Njengomuntu wakithi omkhulu, babeqiniseka ukuthi isihluthulelo sokwakhiwa komphakathi okahle ukuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhuthaza inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, banxusa ukuba kuqedwe isigwebo sentambo namalungelo alinganayo kwabesifazane. Kodwa naphezu kwemibono enjalo eqhubekayo, umzamo wabo wokujoyina inhlangano yezenhlalakahle wagcina ubhuntshile, futhi inyama yaba imbangela yombango! Phela osonhlalakahle bathembisa abasebenzi ukulingana nokuvikeleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo, okuhlanganisa nenala yenyama etafuleni. Kwabe sekuqhamuka laba bantu abakhuluphele besabisa ngokudida yonke into! Futhi izimemezelo zabo zokuthi zingabulali izilwane ziwumbudane nje ... Ngokuvamile, abantu bokuqala abadla imifino ezombusazwe babenobunzima: ngisho nabantu bakithi ababenenqubekela phambili bawenqaba.
Kancane kancane
Amalungu e-Netherlands Association of Vegetarians awazange aphelelwe ithemba futhi abonise ukubekezela okunomona. Banikeza ukwesekwa kwabo kubasebenzi abadla imifino, ababizwa (nakuba bengaphumelelanga) ukwethula umsoco osekelwe ezitshalweni emajele nasembuthweni. Ngohlelo lwabo, ngo-1898, kwavulwa indawo yokudlela yokuqala yemifino eThe Hague, kwase kuvela ezinye eziningi, kodwa cishe zonke zashabalala ngokushesha. Enikeza izinkulumo nokushicilela amapheshana, izincwajana kanye namaqoqo okupheka, amalungu eNyunyana akukhuthaze ngenkuthalo ukudla kwawo okunobuntu nokunempilo. Kodwa izingxabano zabo zazingavamile ukubhekwa njengezibalulekile: ukuhlonipha inyama nokunganaki imifino kwakunamandla kakhulu.
Lo mbono washintsha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho kuba sobala ukuthi isifo se-beriberi sibangelwa ukuntuleka kwamavithamini. Imifino, ikakhulukazi efomini eluhlaza, kancane kancane yaqina ngokuqinile ekudleni, imifino yaqala ukuvusa isithakazelo esikhulayo futhi kancane kancane yaba imfashini. IMpi Yezwe Yesibili yaqeda lokhu: phakathi nesikhathi sokuhlala sasingekho isikhathi sokuhlolwa, futhi ngemva kokukhululwa, inyama yayibaluleke kakhulu: odokotela baseDashi bathi amaprotheni nensimbi equkethwe kuyo kwakudingeka ukubuyisela impilo namandla ngemva kokukhululwa. ubusika obulambile bango-1944-1945. Abadla imifino abambalwa emashumini eminyaka okuqala ngemva kwempi ngokuyinhloko babengabasekeli bemfundiso ye-anthroposophical, ehlanganisa umqondo wokondleka kwezitshalo. Bekukhona nabasodwa abebengayidli inyama njengophawu lokweseka abantu base-Afrika ababulawa indlala.
Mayelana nezilwane ezicatshangwa kuphela ngama-70s. Isiqalo sabekwa isazi sezinto eziphilayo uGerrit Van Putten, owazinikela ekutadisheni ukuziphatha kwemfuyo. Imiphumela yamangaza wonke umuntu: kwavela ukuthi izinkomo, izimbuzi, izimvu, izinkukhu nabanye, kuze kube yileso sikhathi babebhekwa njengezakhi zokukhiqiza kwezolimo kuphela, bangacabanga, bazizwe futhi bahlupheke. UVan Putten wahlatshwa umxhwele ngokukhethekile ukuhlakanipha kwezingulube, okwabonakala kungengaphansi kokwezinja. Ngo-1972, isazi sezinto eziphilayo sasungula ipulazi lokubonisa: uhlobo lombukiso olubonisa izimo lapho kugcinwa khona izinkomo nezinyoni ezineshwa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, abamelene ne-bioindustry bahlangana e-Tasty Beast Society, eyayimelene nezibaya namakheji aminyene, angcolile, ukudla okungenamsoco nezindlela ezibuhlungu zokubulala “intsha ehlala emapulazini.” Abaningi balezi zishoshovu nabazwelana nabo baphenduka abadla imifino. Ngokubona ukuthi ekugcineni, zonke izinkomo - kunoma yiziphi izimo ezazigcinwa - zaphelela esilaheni, azizange zifune ukuhlala zingabahlanganyeli abangenzi lutho kule nqubo yokubhujiswa. Abantu abanjalo babengabange besabhekwa njengabantu bokuqala kanye nehaba, baqala ukuphathwa ngenhlonipho. Futhi-ke bayeka ukwaba nhlobo: imifino yaba yinto evamile.
Dystrophics noma centenarians?
Ngo-1848, udokotela ongumDashi uJacob Jan Pennink wabhala: “Isidlo sakusihlwa esingenayo inyama sifana nendlu engenasisekelo.” Ngekhulu le-19, odokotela bavumelana ngazwi linye ukuthi ukudla inyama kuyisiqinisekiso sempilo, futhi, ngokufanelekile, isimo esidingekayo sokugcina isizwe esinempilo. Shono nje amaBrithani, abathandi benyama yenkomo abadumile, ngalesosikhathi babebhekwa njengabantu abanamandla kunabo bonke emhlabeni! Izishoshovu ze-Netherlands Vegetarian Union zazidinga ukukhombisa ubuhlakani obuningi ukuze zinyakazise le mfundiso esungulwe kahle. Beqaphela ukuthi ukukhuluma okuqondile kwakuyomane nje kubangele ukungathembani, basondela kuleyo ndaba ngokuqapha. Umagazini i-Vegetarian Bulletin ushicilele izindaba ezimayelana nendlela abantu abahlupheka ngayo, bagula futhi bafa ngayo ngemva kokudla inyama eyonakele, okwathi, ngendlela, eyayibukeka futhi inambitheka iyintsha ... ukugula, ukuphila isikhathi eside, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuze kube nengxenye ekwelapheni okuyisimangaliso kwabagula ngokungenathemba. Abashisekeli benyama abazonda kakhulu babethi yayingagayeki ngokuphelele, izinhlayiya zayo zishiywe ukuze zibole esiswini, zibangele ukoma, blue, ngisho nolaka. Bathi ukushintshela ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni kunganciphisa ubugebengu futhi mhlawumbe kuholele nasekuthuleni kwendawo yonke eMhlabeni! Ukuthi lezi zimpikiswano zazisekelwe kuphi namanje akwaziwa.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izinzuzo noma ukulimala kokudla kwemifino kwakuvame ukusetshenziswa odokotela baseDutch, izifundo eziningi zenziwa ngalesi sihloko. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukungabaza ngesidingo senyama ekudleni kwethu kwavezwa okokuqala emaphephandabeni esayensi. Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, futhi isayensi ayikungabazi neze izinzuzo zokuyeka inyama. Abantu abadla imifino baye babonakala besengozini yokukhuluphala ngokweqile, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Nokho, amazwi abuthakathaka asazwakala, esiqinisekisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-entrecote, umhluzi nomlenze wenkukhu, nakanjani sizobuna. Kodwa impikiswano ngezempilo iwudaba oluhlukile.
Isiphetho
I-Dutch Vegetarian Union isekhona nanamuhla, isaphikisana ne-bioindustry futhi ikhuthaza izinzuzo zokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni. Kodwa-ke, akadlali indima ebalulekile ekuphileni komphakathi wezwe, kuyilapho kukhona imifino eminingi eNetherlands: eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, inani labo liphindwe kabili. Phakathi kwabo kukhona uhlobo oluthile lwabantu abadlulele: ama-veganists akhipha noma yimiphi imikhiqizo yemvelaphi yezilwane ekudleni kwabo: amaqanda, ubisi, uju nokunye okuningi. Kukhona futhi okwedlulele kakhulu: bazama ukwaneliseka ngezithelo namantongomane, bekholelwa ukuthi izitshalo nazo azikwazi ukubulawa.
U-Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, imibono yakhe eyaphefumulela izishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane zaseDutch, ngokuphindaphindiwe waveza ithemba lokuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX bonke abantu bazoyeka inyama. Nokho, ithemba lomlobi alikakagcwaliseki ngokugcwele. Kodwa mhlawumbe kuyindaba yesikhathi, futhi inyama izonyamalala kancane kancane ematafuleni ethu? Kunzima ukukholelwa kulokhu: isiko linamandla kakhulu. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwazi bani? Ukuphila ngokuvamile akubikezeleki, futhi ukudla imifino eYurophu kuyinto encane kakhulu. Mhlawumbe usenendlela ende okufanele ayihambe!