I-Great Wall yaseChina isekelwa irayisi

Amandla aphakeme ezindonga zasendulo zaseShayina anikezwa umhluzi welayisi, abakhi ababengezela kuwo odongeni lwe-lime. Ingxube equkethe i-amylopectin ye-carbohydrate kungenzeka kube yinto yokuqala emhlabeni eyinhlanganisela ye-organic-inorganic. 

Izinto ezihlanganisiwe, noma izinhlanganisela - izinto eziqinile ezinezingxenye eziningi ezikuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise izakhiwo eziwusizo zezingxenye zazo, sezivele zibalulekile kwingqalasizinda yemiphakathi yabantu. Okungavamile kwezinhlanganisela ukuthi zihlanganisa izakhi zokuqinisa ezihlinzeka ngezici ezidingekayo zemishini yezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye ne-binder matrix eqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhlangene kwezinto eziqinisayo. Izinto ezihlanganisiwe zisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni (ukhonkolo oqinisiwe) nasezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi (ezimbozwe ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo namapiston), kwezokundiza kanye ne-astronautics, ekwenzeni izikhali nezinduku. 

Kodwa mangakanani ama-composites futhi asebenze ngokushesha kangakanani? Into yokuqala efika emqondweni izitini zakudala ezenziwe ngobumba, kodwa ezixutshwe notshani (okuyinto nje "i-matrix ebophayo"), eyayisetshenziswa eGibhithe lasendulo. 

Kodwa-ke, nakuba le miklamo yayingcono kunozakwabo besimanje abangahlanganisi, yayingaphelele kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho yayihlala isikhathi esifushane. Kodwa-ke, umndeni "wezinhlanganisela zasendulo" awukhawulelwe kulokhu. Ososayensi baseShayina bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi imfihlo yodaka lwasendulo, oluqinisekisa amandla e-Great Wall yaseChina ngokumelene nokucindezela kwamakhulu eminyaka, futhi itholakala emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto ezihlanganisiwe. 

Ubuchwepheshe basendulo babubiza kakhulu, kodwa busebenza kahle. 

Udaka lwenziwa kusetshenziswa irayisi elinoshukela, ukudla okuyisisekelo kwezitsha zanamuhla zase-Asia. Iqembu likaprofesa wamakhemikhali aphathekayo u-Bingjiang Zhang uthole ukuthi abakhi basebenzisa udaka olunamathelayo olwakhiwe ngerayisi eminyakeni engu-1,5 edlule. Ukuze wenze lokhu, umhluzi welayisi wawuxubene nezithako ezivamile zesixazululo - i-lime e-slaked (i-calcium hydroxide), etholwe nge-calcining limestone (i-calcium carbonate) ekushiseni okuphezulu, okulandelwa ukushaya i-calcium oxide ephumela (i-quicklime) ngamanzi. 

Mhlawumbe udaka lwerayisi lwaluyinto yokuqala emhlabeni eyinhlanganisela ehlanganisa izinto eziphilayo nezingaphili. 

Yayinamandla futhi imelana kakhulu nemvula kunodaka oluvamile lwe-lime futhi ngokuqinisekile yayiyimpumelelo enkulu kakhulu yezobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi sayo. Yayisetshenziswa kuphela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu: amathuna, ama-pagodas nezindonga zedolobha, ezinye zazo eziye zasinda kuze kube yilolu suku futhi zimelana nokuzamazama komhlaba okuningana okunamandla kanye nemizamo yokubhidliza ogandaganda banamuhla. 

Ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola “into esebenzayo” yesixazululo serayisi. Kwavela ukuthi i-amylopectin, i-polysaccharide ehlanganisa amaketanga anamagatsha ama-molecule e-glucose, enye yezingxenye eziyinhloko zesitashi. 

“Ucwaningo lokuhlaziya luveze ukuthi udaka lwezinsimbi zasendulo luyinhlanganisela ye-organic-inorganic composite. Ukwakheka kwanqunywa i-thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), i-X-ray diffraction, i-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy kanye ne-electron microscopy yokuskena. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi i-amylopectin yakha i-microstructure yengxube enengxenye ye-inorganic, ehlinzeka ngezakhiwo ezibalulekile zesixazululo, "kusho abacwaningi baseShayina esihlokweni. 

EYurophu, bayaphawula, kusukela esikhathini samaRoma asendulo, uthuli lwentaba-mlilo luye lwasetshenziswa ukuze lwengeze amandla odaka. Ngakho-ke, bathola ukuzinza kwesisombululo samanzi - akuzange kuncibilike kuwo, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwaqina kuphela. Lobu buchwepheshe babusakazeke kakhulu eYurophu naseNtshonalanga ye-Asia, kodwa abuzange busetshenziswe eChina, ngoba zazingekho izinto zemvelo ezidingekayo. Ngakho-ke, abakhi baseShayina baphume kulesi simo ngokwakha isithasiselo esisekelwe elayisi. 

Ngaphezu kokubaluleka komlando, ukutholakala nakho kubalulekile ngokwemibandela engokoqobo. Ukulungiswa kwenani lokuhlola lodaka kubonise ukuthi lihlala liyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokubuyisela izakhiwo zasendulo, lapho kuvame ukudingekile ukushintshwa kwezinto zokuxhuma ezitini noma ezitsheni.

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