Umhlangano noLyudmila Apollonovna Yasyukova, iNhloko yeLabhorethri yeSocial Psychology, iSt.
landa ividiyo
Kusukela ukuwa kwe-USSR, uhlelo lwezemfundo alushintshile neze. Izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinqubo zalolu hlelo. Naphezu kwanoma yiziphi izinguquko zomphakathi kanye nokuntuleka kwezimali okungapheli, uhlelo lwaqhubeka futhi luqhubeka nokusebenza. Kodwa, ngeshwa, ezindabeni eziningi zokuphumelela kohlelo lwezemfundo, asikakathuthuki amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa kunalokho sihlehla. Uhlelo lwamanje lwemfundo alunaki izinqubo ze-dynamics yeqembu futhi lungaphansi ngisho nohlelo lwamaJesuit kulokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu akuvamile kuphela ohlelweni lwemfundo yangemva kweSoviet. Ukufunda okuphumelelayo esikoleni akuqinisekisi nhlobo impumelelo empilweni kanye nomsebenzi womsebenzi; kunalokho, kukhona ngisho ukuhlobana okuphambene. Kufanele sivume obala iqiniso lokuthi ngaphezu kuka-50% wolwazi olunikezwa isikole sesimanje lubonakala lungenamsebenzi nhlobo.
Yebo, kuhle ukwazi ngekhanda yonke imiqulu ye-IV ye-“War and Peace” (ngithi ngazi ngekhanda, ngoba angizange nje ngibone ingane ekwazi ukuqonda lo msebenzi, kodwa angikwazi ngisho nokucabanga into enjalo. ); kanye nokwazi ukuthi kufanele uziphathe kanjani ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwe-athomu futhi ukwazi ukufaka imaski yegesi ngekhithi yokuvikela amakhemikhali; wazi isimiso sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic; ukwazi ukuxazulula izibalo ezibalulekile futhi ubale indawo ye-lateral surface yekhoni; wazi ukwakheka kwe-molecule kapharafini; usuku lokuvukela kukaSpartacus; njll. njll. Kodwa, okokuqala, okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezakhamuzi ezivamile (bonke bafunda esikoleni), ngaphandle kokufaka imaski yegesi (ngokunembile ngokunembile), abazi noma yikuphi kwalokhu okungenhla, futhi okwesibili, akunakwenzeka ukwazi yonke into noma kunjalo, ikakhulukazi njengoba inani lolwazi emkhakheni ngamunye likhula ngokuqhubekayo. Futhi, njengoba wazi, ohlakaniphileyo akuyena owazi konke, kodwa lowo owazi into efanele.
Isikole kufanele sithweswe iziqu abantu, okokuqala, abaphile kahle ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba, abakwazi ukufunda, abavumelana nezimo emphakathini nabakwazi ukuncintisana emakethe yezabasebenzi (abanolwazi oludingekayo ngempela ukuze bathole impumelelo yobungcweti). Futhi hhayi labo ababefundisa "Impi Nokuthula", izibalo eziphakeme, inkolelo yokuhlobana, i-DNA synthesis, futhi, ngemva kokufunda iminyaka engaba ngu-10 (!), njengoba babengazi lutho, namanje abazi, ngenxa yalokho. okuthi, ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, bakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi ngaphandle kokuthi mhlawumbe endaweni yokwakha njengomsebenzi wezandla (futhi ubani omunye?). Noma ngemva kokufunda eminye iminyaka engu-4-5, hamba uyosebenza nomunye umuntu, futhi uthole (eyaziswa emakethe yezabasebenzi) ngisho nangaphansi kunomsebenzi wezandla endaweni yokwakha.
Isisusa somsebenzi omuhle kathisha asisihle. Uhlelo lwamanje lwemfundo aluwukhuthazi nakancane umsebenzi omuhle kathisha, futhi aluhlukanisi umholo kuye ngezinga lomsebenzi. Kodwa umsebenzi omuhle, oseqophelweni eliphezulu udinga isikhathi esiningi nomzamo kathisha. Ngendlela, ukuhlola komfundi empeleni kuwukuhlola umsebenzi kathisha, okwamanje akukho ukuqonda lokhu phakathi kothisha. Ngasikhathi sinye, lapho uthisha esebenza kabi kakhulu, amamaki abafundi abe mabi kakhulu, abazali balaba bafundi bavame ukuvakashelwa, futhi, njengomthetho, "abangenalutho": bavumelana ngamamaki angcono kakhulu noma umkhokhele, uthisha, ngokumfundisa noma isikhathi esengeziwe . Uhlelo lwakhiwe kakhulu futhi lusebenza ngendlela yokuthi luzuzise ngokuqondile ukusebenza kabi. Ukudlula ohlelweni olunjalo lwemfundo ephakeme yomphakathi, ngisho nasekuqaleni enempilo, hhayi neze izingane eziyiziphukuphuku nezokudala, esikhundleni sokulungiselela, zithola ukungatheleleki okunamandla endleleni yezemfundo yokuthola ulwazi. Izifundo zesikole ezithakazelisayo futhi eziqondakala kalula, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ziye zaguqulwa zaba "izimpi zengqondo yomuntu."
Futhi akukho mayelana nokuxhaswa, kodwa mayelana nohlelo lwezemfundo ngokwalo. Ngokusobala, emnothweni wesimanje nokukhiqiza, imfundo iyona ebiza kakhulu, futhi, ngokwezwi nezwi, umkhiqizo obalulekile. Ngakho-ke, kunjalo, ukuxhaswa komphakathi kwezemfundo kufanele kwandiswe. Nokho, ukwanda okunjalo kwezimali zemfundo, ngaphansi kohlelo lwamanje, kungaholela ekwandeni okuncane kakhulu kokukhiqiza kwayo. Ngenxa yokuthi, ngiyaphinda, ukungabi bikho kogqozi kwabasebenzi bezemfundo ukuthi basebenze ngempumelelo. Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, okuwukuphela kwethemba ukukhiqizwa okunamandla, okungcolile kwemvelo kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo.
Okuqukethwe yimfundo akuhlangabezani nezidingo zesimanje zomuntu, futhi yingakho umbuso. Isisusa sokufunda ingane, uma ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokufunda umuntu osebenza ngezandla ephuma esizeni sokwakha, futhi ngemva kweminye iminyaka emi-5, lowo ofana nomsizi noma ongabalulekile kangako emakethe yezabasebenzi.
Ngakho-ke, iresiphi iyafana nalo lonke uhlelo lwe-Stalinist. Ilula, isobala, futhi sekuyisikhathi eside isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izici zokusebenza, ivikelwe umthetho, futhi ikhuthazwa ngazo zonke izindlela. Le ndlela eyodwa futhi engcono kakhulu iqukethe i-postulate: "Ukusebenza kahle kufanele kube nenzuzo, kodwa ungenzi kahle", futhi kubizwa ngokuthi isimiso sokuncintisana. Intuthuko esheshayo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemfundo jikelele, kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye umkhakha womsebenzi, kungenzeka kuphela uma ikhuthazwa - engcono kakhulu iyachuma, futhi, ngokufanele, inganakwa - okubi kakhulu kuncishwa izinsiza. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi, ngokushesha kangakanani, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa, futhi ngaphandle kokucekela phansi uhlelo olukhona lwemfundo yamabanga aphakeme, ukuhlela ukuncintisana kwezinsiza kulolu hlelo? Inhloso enkulu yalo msebenzi, empeleni, ukuqinisa ukuxazululwa kwalolu daba. Ngakho-ke, ngingathanda ukuphakamisa ukuthi akunzima kangako. Umbuso uchitha inani elithile lemali emfundweni yomfundi oyedwa (inani lemali yesabelomali esetshenziselwa izincwadi zokufunda, ukugcinwa kwesikole, izimali zothisha, njll., ihlukaniswe ngenani eliphelele labafundi). Kudingeka ukuthi lesi samba sidluliselwe esikhungweni semfundo umfundi othile asikhethayo ukuthola imfundo onyakeni olandelayo wokufunda. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi hlobo luni lobunikazi balesi sikhungo semfundo, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwemali yokufunda eyengeziwe kuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikole zikahulumeni akufanele zikhokhise imali eyengeziwe evela kubazali, okuyinto manje esetshenziswa kabanzi yibona, ngoba zakhiwe ngokunembile ukuze kuqinisekiswe imfundo yamahhala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiphakathi yendawo kufanele ibe nelungelo lokuzakhela izikole ezintsha, lapho ukuhlinzekwa kwemfundo yamahhala ephelele (ngokuqondile kubazali) kungase kungasebenzi, ngesicelo somphakathi wendawo (inqobo nje uma ukufinyelela emfundweni). ihlinzekwa ngokuhlelekile kubantwana bazo zonke izigaba zempahla yabantu). Ngakho-ke, izikhungo zemfundo zikahulumeni ziba nokuncintisana okuqondile zodwa kanye "nezikole eziphakeme" ezizimele, ngenxa yokuthi zithola isisusa sokusebenza (manje esingekho ngokuphelele) kanye nethemba lokuyeka ukuba yi-cesspools futhi, ekugcineni, babe yimfundo. izikhungo. Kwenziwa izimo zokwakhiwa kwezikole ezintsha yimiphakathi yezindawo (ubunikazi bomphakathi). Futhi umbuso unethuba lokuthonya amanani entengo «izikole eziphakeme» ngokwethula umkhawulo omkhulu wemali yokufunda, lapho umbuso uxhasa ngemfundo kulezi zikhungo zemfundo, kanye (noma) nethuba lokuqeda uhlelo lwekilasi «lwezikole eziphakeme. » ngokwethula kuzo (ngemvume yabo) ) inani elithile lezindawo zokufundisa izingane zezakhamuzi ezimpofu. «Izikole eziphakeme» zithola ithuba nesikhuthazo sokwenza izinsiza zabo zifinyeleleke kakhudlwana. Ngokulandelayo, izakhamuzi eziningi zizothola imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu ngempela. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ngokomthetho ukuqinisekisa nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwezimali zesabelomali.
Ukuze kuzuzwe okungenani izinga elamukelekayo kancane lamandla okukhiqiza esimanje, ikharikhulamu yasekhaya idinga ngokushesha izinguquko ezisheshayo, kokubili ohlelweni lwezimali kanye nesimo nokuqukethwe kwezemfundo, ekugcineni, umgomo wokuqala wokuqala ukuhlinzeka ngesesibili. neyesithathu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lolu shintsho ngeke luzuzise izikhulu eziningi, njengoba lubaphuca umsebenzi wokusabalalisa izinsiza, okwenziwa ngokuvumelana nesimiso esilula — «imali ilandela ingane.
Umfanekiso ocacile wohlelo lwamanje lwemfundo umusho owavezwa omunye uthishanhloko, uViktor Gromov: «ukuthotshiswa kolwazi ngokwalo njengesiqinisekiso sempumelelo nabathwali bolwazi, othisha nososayensi.
Kudingeka ukuqeqesha, okokuqala, amakhono namakhono okusebenza ngolwazi, isibonelo:
- Ukufunda okusheshayo, izimiso zokucutshungulwa kwe-semantic nokubamba ngekhanda umbhalo kanye nezinye izinhlobo zolwazi ngo-100% (lokhu kungenzeka, kodwa lokhu kudinga ukufundiswa); amakhono okuthatha inothi.
- Ikhono lokuzilawula nokuphatha isikhathi sakho.
- Ikhono lokusebenzisa ikhompuyutha ukwenza lula imisebenzi yangempela (hhayi ulwazi olungenamsebenzi ngayo).
- Ukucabanga Creative kanye logic.
- Ulwazi mayelana psyche yomuntu (ukunaka, intando, ukucabanga, inkumbulo, njll.).
- ukuziphatha; kanye nekhono lokuxhumana nabanye abantu (amakhono okuxhumana).
Yilokhu okudingeka kufundiswe esikoleni, nangempumelelo nangokuhlelekile.
Futhi uma umuntu edinga ukwazi ifomula yokubala indawo engemuva yesigaxa, uzofuna ukufunda "Impi Nokuthula", azi isiNgisi, afunde okwengeziwe isiJalimane, isiPolish noma isiShayina, "1C Accounting", noma C ++ ulimi lokuhlela. Khona-ke kufanele, okokuqala, abe namakhono adingekayo ukuze akwenze ngokushesha nangempumelelo, futhi asebenzise ulwazi aluzuzile ngenzuzo enkulu - ulwazi oluyisihluthulelo sempumelelo kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi.
Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka yini ezimweni zanamuhla ukwakha uhlelo lokukhiqizwa komkhiqizo wemfundo wekhwalithi? - Kungenzeka. Njengokwenza uhlelo lokukhiqiza olusebenzayo lwanoma yimuphi omunye umkhiqizo. Ukwenza lokhu, njengakunoma iyiphi enye indawo, emfundweni kuyadingeka ukudala izimo lapho okuhle kakhulu kukhuthazwa khona, futhi okubi kakhulu kunqatshelwe izinsiza - umsebenzi ophumelelayo ukhuthazwa ngokwezomnotho.
Uhlelo oluhlongozwayo lokusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza zomphakathi ezichithwa emfundweni lufana nohlelo lomshwalense wezempilo olusetshenziswa amazwe athuthukile - kunenani elithile lomshwalense elinikezwa isikhungo esikhethwa isakhamuzi. Ngokwemvelo, umbuso, njengasemkhakheni wezokwelapha, ugodla umsebenzi wokulawula nokuphatha. Ngakho-ke, izakhamuzi ngokwazo, ngokukhetha, zishukumisa izikhungo ezingcono kakhulu ezihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zazo ngenani elifanele kakhulu lekhwalithi yesilinganiso. Kulokhu, kunemali ethile esetshenziswa umbuso emfundweni yomfundi oyedwa, futhi isikhungo semfundo (esinikeza izimo zokufunda ezamukelekayo kakhulu) sikhethwa ngumfundi (abazali bakhe). Yile ndlela, okokuqala, izimo ezidaleka ngayo ezikhuthaza abaphathi (ubuholi) bezikhungo zemfundo ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wabo. Ngokulandelayo, abaphathi sebevele banakekele abasebenzi abakhuthazayo (abakhuthazayo nabakhuthazayo), ukuheha ochwepheshe beziqu namazinga afanele, ukuhlukanisa umholo kuye ngemiphumela yomsebenzi, kanye nokuqinisekisa izinga elifanele lothisha. Ukuze unikeze ulwazi oluyisihluthulelo sempumelelo, ikakhulukazi emakethe yezabasebenzi, uchwepheshe uyadingeka ophethe lolu lwazi ngokwakhe. Ngokusobala, othisha banamuhla abanalo ulwazi olunjalo, njengoba kufakazelwa izinga lokukhokhelwa komsebenzi wabo (inkomba eyinhloko yenani lochwepheshe emakethe yezabasebenzi). Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi umsebenzi wothisha namuhla ungumsebenzi ongenamakhono aphansi wabalahlekile emakethe yezabasebenzi. Ochwepheshe abanobuciko, abaphumelelayo abayi ezikoleni zemfundo evamile. Kungakho kuye kwadalwa inkohliso ezweni lethu ukuthi ulwazi alusona isiqinisekiso sempumelelo, nakuba, ngemva kokucabangela izitayela zomnotho wanamuhla, futhi, ikakhulukazi, imakethe yezemisebenzi yamazwe athuthukile, siyaqiniseka ngokuphambene nalokho. . Ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi uhlelo lwe-Stalinist-Soviet sekuyisikhathi eside lufakazela ukungasebenzi kahle kuyo yonke imikhakha yokukhiqiza ngaphandle kokukhetha. Umkhakha wezemfundo nawo awuzange ufeze imisebenzi yawo yokuhlinzeka ngolwazi oludingekayo emakethe yezemisebenzi yesimanje isikhathi eside. Esimweni esinjalo, akukho mbuzo ngokuncintisana kombuso, ezimweni "zomnotho wolwazi". Umkhakha wezemfundo, ukuze uhlinzeke ngamakhono adingekayo omsebenzi wezwe, udinga kakhulu izinguquko. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi imodeli ehlongozwayo yohlelo lwezemfundo alubhubhisi nakancane uhlelo olukhona.
Amandla engqondo yesizwe emhlabeni wanamuhla anikezwa uhlelo lwemfundo (imfundo enenjongo) kuhulumeni. Okubalulekile, wuhlelo lwezemfundo lukazwelonke, njengendlela yokuxhumana, olwakha isizwe, kanjalo, jikelele. I-Socialization (imfundo), ngomqondo obanzi, inqubo yokwakheka komsebenzi ophakeme wengqondo yomuntu. Iyini i-socialization kanye nendima yayo ingaqondwa ngokucacile ngokukhethekile ngesibonelo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Mowgli phenomenon" - amacala lapho abantu basebancane benqatshelwe ukuxhumana nabantu, bekhuliswa izilwane. Ngisho nalapho bewela, kamuva, emphakathini wesintu wanamuhla, abantu abanjalo abakwazi nje kuphela ukuba ubuntu obuphelele bobuntu, kodwa futhi nokufunda amakhono ayisisekelo okuziphatha komuntu.
Ngakho-ke, imfundo iwumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kolwazi oluhlelekile, amakhono namakhono, umphumela wakho kokubili kwengqondo (yokuziphatha nengokwengqondo) kanye nemfundo yomzimba. Izinga lemfundo lixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nezinga lokuthuthuka komphakathi. Uhlelo lwemfundo yesizwe izinga lokuthuthuka kwaso: ukuthuthukiswa komthetho, ezomnotho, ezemvelo; izinga lenhlalakahle yokuziphatha neyomzimba.