Eliphakathi kwePrickly

Wonke umuntu uyayazi le cactus eqinile enezithelo ezidliwayo. I-prickly pear inamahlumela ayisicaba, anamanzi anomumo oyindilinga noma oval, uhlobo lwezindlebe noma amakhekhe ayisicaba. Zikhula komunye nomunye ngama-engeli ahlukene, zakha ama-silhouette ayinqaba. Kuyenzeka ukuthi isihambi esiwele emahlathini anjalo akulula neze ukuphuma lapho. 

Amahlumela e-prickly pear, njengawo wonke ama-cacti, ane-halos - ama-axillary buds ashintshwe kakhulu anama-spines amade acijile kanye nezixha zemigogodla emincane - i-glochidia. Lezi zi-villi zikhohlisa kakhulu. Emaphethelweni anamanotshi, njengekhanda lomcibisholo. Lapho zithinta isikhumba, ziyaphuka futhi zinamathele kuso, okubangela ukucasuka nokuluma.  

Izimbali ezi-prickly pear zizimele zodwa, zi-sessile, zinkulu futhi ziyabukisa, zikhumbuza ama-roses. Umbala umhlophe, ophuzi, osawolintshi, obomvu emithunzini ehlukene.

Izithelo zinkulu, zinamanzi futhi zinameva ngaphandle. Waqoqe uwafake amagilavu ​​aqinile. Imbewu imnyama, iyindilinga, inegobolondo eliqinile (1). 

Ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, i-prickly pear itshalwa njengesitshalo sokudla nefolishi - lokhu kuyintandokazi yezimbongolo. Amahlumela amancane, ahlutshiwe ameva kanye ne-glochidia, asetshenziswa njengemifino - entsha, ethosiwe, ebhakiwe, efakwe emanzini. Izithelo ezinkulu ezinoshukela, naphezu kobunzima bokuzihlanza, kanye nenani elikhulu lembewu eqinile njengengxenye, kuyisidlo emazweni amaningi. Asetshenziselwa ukulungisa ama-molasses, ujamu, ujamu oluhlaza, i-marmalade, i-marshmallow, izithelo ezomisiwe, iziphuzo - isiraphu, ijusi newayini. Esiqhingini saseMalta, izinkampani ezimbalwa zikhiqiza ugologo onesiginesha obizwa ngokuthi i-Baitra (Bajtra) ngesithelo esinamapheya, izivakashi ezihamba nawo.

Hhayi elingenalo eliphakathi kwe prickly kanye izakhiwo zokwelapha. Ijusi yezinye zezinhlobo zayo inomphumela wokupholisa amanxeba. Amahlumela anenyama emithini yesintu asetshenziselwa ukucindezela kanye nokwelapha ukusha.

Ngaphakathi kwamahlumela amadala we-prickly pear akulona izinkuni ezibolayo - ziqinile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo zine-porous futhi ziphenduka. Izinti zamakhandlela, amapeni, ubucwebe obupholishiwe zenziwe ngawo.

Engadini yokuhlobisa, i-prickly pear isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezwe ezingadini nasemapaki, kanye nothango.

Njengesitshalo sendlu, i-prickly pear yaziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-2, kodwa ngaphakathi endlini iqhakaza ngokungafuni futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo kuphela, futhi, njengomthetho, ayitheli izithelo. Kodwa-ke, ezingadini zasebusika nasezindlini ezishisiwe ezifakwe odongeni zezindlu zangasese nezindlu zasemaphandleni, amathuba abo omjikelezo wokuphila ophelele wamahlumela akhula ngokuphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ngokukhanya okwengeziwe (XNUMX).

Izitshalo ezincane zivame ukuqhakaza lapho zineminyaka eyi-10 noma ngaphezulu.

Iqiniso elihehayo

Ngokwenganekwane yasendulo, ama-Aztec, ekhathele ukuzulazula isikhathi eside ezintabeni, ema ogwini lweLake Texcoco elihle futhi abona ukhozi ludwengula inyoka phezu kwepheya elikhulu elihlabayo. Kwakuwuphawu oluhle lonkulunkulu futhi isizwe sasungula idolobha laseTenochtitlan lapha - "Indawo yepheya elicwebezelayo elingcwele" - iMexico City yamanje. Manje lesi sigcawu esivela enganekwaneni siboniswa ejazini lezikhali laseMexico.

Izinhlobo zamapheya aluhlaza

Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-350 ze-prickly pear zaziwa emvelweni. Kodwa ezimbalwa zazo zisetshenziswa emasikweni.

Eliphakathi kwePrickly (Opuntia microdasys). Isitshalo se-Compact branching esingafika ku-60 cm ukuphakama se-floriculture yasendlini. Isiqu siqukethe izingxenye eziluhlaza okweqanda okumnyama kuze kufike ku-15 cm ubude nama-halos-pads amaningi anombala ogqamile we-glochidia - ophuzi, obomvu nomhlophe opharele (ifomu I-Albinospina). Izimbali ziphuzi. Izithelo zibomvu ezinkulu.

Opuntia Bergera (Opuntia bergeriana). Ikhula ibe yi-1 m. Amahlumela made, aluhlaza okotshani, anemigogodla emide ephuzi. Iqhakaza esemncane, futhi ngobuningi. Izimbali zibomvu ngokusawolintshi ne-pistil eluhlaza.

Izinwele ezimhlophe zepheya (Opuntia leucotricha). Izingcezu ze-stem zinde - kufika ku-25 cm. Isici salolu hlobo imigogodla emide emhlophe, lapho wonke amahlumela enamachashazi aminyene. Izimbali zincane, ziphuzi ngokusagolide.

I-Prickly Pear (Opuntia cylindrica). Izitshalo ezinama-cylindrical stems atypical for prickly pear, zibizwa nangokuthi i-pterocactus.

Opuntia Indian, noma umkhiwane (Opuntia ficus-indica). Isiqu sinokhuni phansi. Amahlumela aluhlaza okotshani. Ama-cream spines amaningi atholakala kuma-halos amancane. Izimbali ziyi-amber ekhanyayo, ezinombala osagolide. Emvelweni, inikeza isivuno esihle sezithelo ezihlwabusayo kakhulu neziphunga elimnandi.

I-prickly pear Gosselin (Opuntia gosseliniana). Izitshalo ziqala ukuqhakaza kusukela eminyakeni emi-5. Kumahlumela amancane amapheya abomvu anombala obomvu, kubantu abadala anombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nombala osiliva. Ingxenye engenhla kuphela yamasegimenti egcwele imigogodla ethambile emide. Izimbali ziphuzi, zinephunga elimnandi.

Nakekela i-prickly pear ekhaya

I-prickly pear kulula ukukhula futhi ivumelanisa kahle nezimo ezahlukene. Ehlobo, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuyihambisa emoyeni omusha - kuvulandi noma ngisho nasendlini yasehlobo. Esigabeni sokuhluma nokuqhakaza, izitshalo azikwazi ukuhlelwa kabusha endaweni ngezindawo, lokhu kusongela ukuwa ezimbalini (3).

Ground

Ku-pearly prickly, inhlabathi ekhethekile ye-cacti nama-succulents noma ingxube yenhlabathi yokubunjwa okulandelayo ifanelekile: inhlabathi ene-soddy, isihlabathi esimahhadla, amatshe amahle noma ubumba olunwetshiwe (2: 3: 1) ngokufaka ubumba (4).

Lighting

Izitshalo ezinkulu ezinempilo ephakathi kwe-prickly zakhiwa kuphela ngokukhanya okukhulu. Indawo ekahle iyifasitela eliseningizimu noma eduze kwalo, elivikelekile ekukhanyeni kwelanga eliqondile (4).

Temperature

Ebusika, i-prickly pear igcinwa ekushiseni kuka-5 - 15 ° C kanye nomhlabathi ophansi nomoya womoya. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, izitshalo ziyanwebeka futhi zibe buthaka. 

Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa elihle lingu-23 - 30 °C, kodwa ngokomthetho, izitshalo zibekezelela ububanzi obubanzi bokushisa obuhle (4). 

Umswakama

I-Cacti iyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso futhi ngisho nasekhaya ingaphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokunisela. Ngakho-ke, aphuziswa kakhulu, kodwa akuvamile: 

• ngesikhathi sokukhula - isikhathi esingu-1 ezinsukwini eziyi-10 - 15, kuya ngezinga lokushisa kanye nokomisa kwenhlabathi;
• ebusika - isikhathi esingu-1 ezinsukwini ezingama-20 - 25 (kuze kube yilapho ukuchelela okulandelayo, umhlaba kufanele wome, emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukuchelela kumisiwe). 

Sebenzisa amanzi athambile kuphela asenzile. Kudingekile ukuchelela emanzini okunisela emaphethelweni ebhodwe ukuze amanzi angawi ezitshalweni. 

Kodwa-ke, ngokuxakile, i-pearly prickly, nezinye i-cacti, nazo, ziyakuthanda ukufafaza, ngoba emvelweni njalo ekuseni zimbozwa amaconsi amancane amazolo. Ngakho-ke, ngezikhathi ezithile badinga ukufuthwa. Uzodinga isifutho senkungu esihle. Ikani ligcwaliswa ngamanzi afudumele (30 – 35 ° C), uma lifuthwa, liyaphola.

Igumbi okumila kulo ipheya eliluhlaza kufanele lihlale lingenisa umoya (4).

Umanyolo nokufaka umquba

Ipheya elimhlophe, njengeningi le-cacti, kusukela entwasahlobo kuya ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, kanye ngenyanga, lidliswa ngomanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi wamaminerali we-cacti nama-succulents noma umanyolo owuketshezi we-cacti. Umanyolo wemvelo awubafanele laba bahlali basogwadule. Izixazululo zilungiswa ngokulandela imiyalelo. 

Ukuvundisa kuyekwa ekwindla (2).

Ukunciphisa

Ukuthena okuvamile akudingekile. Kwenziwa kuphela lapho i-cactus idinga usizo, noma ukushintsha ukubukeka kwesitshalo, ukuyinikeza isimo esihle noma ukumane uyinciphise ngosayizi. Amahlumela avame ukuthenwa anwetshwe ngemva kobusika (2).

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-prickly pear ekhaya

Ukusika. Lena indlela eyinhloko. Amahlumela amancane anqunywa lapho avela khona, omisiwe izinsuku ezingu-1-3 emthunzini futhi atshalwe ukuze agxilwe, ajule kancane, engxube ye-peat nesihlabathi inzalo (1: 1). I-substrate imanziswe kancane, futhi isitsha esinezitshalo simbozwe ngefilimu encane noma indwangu engalukiwe kuhlaka. Izinga lokushisa ligcinwa ku-20°C. 

Lapho kuvela imiqumbe emisha esibanjeni, idluliselwa ebhodweni elihlala njalo.

Imbewu. Imbewu ye-prickly pear inegobolondo eliqinile kakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele ikhishwe ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela - yenza amanotshi amancane ngefayela lezipikili. Khona-ke imbewu icwiliswa imizuzu engu-30 kwisisombululo esibomvu se-potassium permanganate futhi ngemva kwalokho amanye amahora angu-12 emanzini afudumele, ngiyishintsha izikhathi eziningana. Ngemuva kokulungiswa okunjalo, imbewu ihlwanyelwa enhlabathini eyomile yokwakheka okufanayo futhi isitsha simbozwe ngengilazi. Okulandelayo, i-substrate ifafazwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Izinga lokushisa ligcinwa ku-22°C. 

Ukuhluma kungathatha inyanga futhi kubalulekile ukuthi imbewu ingaboli. Izithombo ezikhulile zitshuza ezimbizeni ezincane (2).

Ukufakelwa kwe-Opuntia ekhaya

Amapheya amancanyana atshalwa kabusha njalo ngonyaka noma njalo ngonyaka, abadala - kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-4 - 5, lapho ekhula noma lapho i-substrate isiphelile.

Ukutshala kabusha i-cacti kulula kakhulu kunezinye izitshalo zasendlini, izimpande zazo zikhululwa kalula emhlabathini futhi ukusinda kuvame ukuphakama. 

Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokufakelwa kabusha sisekupheleni kobusika. Ukunisela kufanele kumiswe phakathi nesonto. Ibhodwe elisha ububanzi kufanele libe likhulu ngo-2 - 3 cm kunangaphambili. Izitshalo zingcwatshwa ezingeni lentamo yezimpande. 

Ukufakelwa kabusha kungashintshaniswa nokudluliselwa ezitsheni ezinkulu kuyilapho kugcinwa igaxa lobumba.

Izitshalo ezitshalwe kabusha ziqala ukuchelela emva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-12 (5).

izifo ze-prickly pear

I-Cacti isengozini yokuthola izifo ze-physiological - ezingatheleleki ezikhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle zezitshalo. Umoya omile ekamelweni elingenawo umoya ohlanzekile, umswakama ophezulu womoya nomhlabathi, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, unomthelela ekuveleni nasekusakazekeni kwezifo. 

Izimpawu eziyinhloko zezifo:

Amabala ansundu kumahlumela. Isizathu ukuchelela ngokweqile.

Izingxenye ezithintekile zisikwa zibe izicubu ezinempilo futhi ziphathwe ngamalahle agayiwe.

Amaqabunga ashwabene. Ngokuvamile lokhu kungenxa yokuntuleka kokukhanya noma umswakama owedlulele. 

Kunconywa ukuthi uhlele kabusha isitshalo endaweni ekhanyayo futhi ulungise ukuchelela.

Ukuyeka ukukhula. Umphumela womswakama owedlulele ebusika kanye (noma) nokuntuleka kwezakhi, okuhlanganisa izici zokulandelela. 

Ukunisela ngendlela efanele kanye nokufaka umquba njalo kuzosilungisa isimo.

Izitshalo ezibuthakathaka zingangenwa izifo zefungal: ukulimala kwesikhathi (ukubola okumanzi) kanye i-phomosis(dry rot). Ukuvikela kuzo, kusetshenziswa ama-fungicides - ingxube yeBordeaux, iFundazol, iPolyhom (3).

Izinambuzane ezinamaqabunga

Izinambuzane eziyinhloko ze-prickly pear izibungu zesicabucabu kanye ne-mealybugs, izinambuzane ezilinganisa ngokukhululekile zihlala emahlumela, nama-nematode ezimpandeni. Ukuhlolwa njalo kwezitshalo kuzokuvumela ukuthi ubone ngokushesha ukubukeka kwezinambuzane futhi uthathe isinyathelo.

I-spider mite. Iphindaphindeka ngokushesha endaweni eyomile, engenawo umoya ohlanzekile. Idla ubisi lwamaseli ezitshalo, ikakhulukazi ngamahlumela amancane. Ngokuhlulwa okunamandla, i-prickly pear iyayeka ukukhula, futhi umbala wamahlumela ushintsha ube phuzi noma ubomvu. 

Ama-Acaricides alungele ukwelashwa: I-Neoron, i-Sunmite, njll. - ngokwemiyalelo.

I-Mealybug. Ngokuqoqwa kwalezi zinambuzane ezincane, i-cacti ibonakala ifafazwe ngofulawa. Izigaxa ezimhlophe ze-ovipositions nazo zibonakala ngokucacile. 

Esigabeni sokuqala sokuhlaselwa, izinambuzane namaqanda kungawashwa ngebhulashi elimanzi. Izitshalo ezithinteke kakhulu ziphathwa ngama-insecticides - i-Aktellik, i-Fufanon (6), njll., futhi zimbozwe ngepulasitiki yokugoqa usuku.

Ngokumelene ama-nematode inhlabathi ichitheka kabili, ngesikhawu sezinsuku ezingu-7 - 10, nge-nematicides (Vidat, Nematofagin-Mikopro, njll.), ngokusho kwemiyalelo. Shchitovok ikakhulukazi asuswe athutha, bese amahlumela egezwa ngesisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potanganum permanganate (3).

Iqiniso elihehayo

Esikhathini esidlule, eMexico, wonke amasimu e-prickly pear atshalwa ukuzala ama-aphid anoboya - i-cochineal, lapho kutholakala khona upende obalulekile wokusajingijolo - i-carmine. Ngokufika kodayi bokwenziwa, ukuhlanjululwa kwe-cochineal kwehle kakhulu, kodwa i-carmine yemvelo isasetshenziswa ezimbonini zokudla neziqholo, kanye nokucwaninga kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kanye nokungcolisa amalungiselelo e-histological okuhlolwa ngesibonakhulu. 

Imibuzo nezimpendulo ezidumile

Uphendule imibuzo ejwayelekile yabalimi bezimbali mayelana nepheya elimnandi ikhandi. s.-x. Isayensi Irina Titova.

Imithombo ye

1. Takhtajan AL Impilo yezitshalo, ivolumu 5 (1) // M .: Imfundo, 1982
2. I-Kulish SV Pear Prickly. Isiqondiso esiwusizo. Uchungechunge: Izitshalo zasendlini ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni // M .: AST / Stalker, 2005 - 2008
3.  I-Semenov DV Cacti namanye ama-succulents // M.: Fiton +, 2013
4. I-Semenov DV cacti. Gcwalisa incwadi yereferensi // M.: AST-Press, 2004
5. Udalova RA, Vyugina NG Emhlabeni we-cacti // M.: Nauka, 1983
6. Ikhathalogi yezwe yezibulala-zinambuzane kanye namakhemikhali e-agrochemicals avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa endaweni ye-Federation kusukela ngoJulayi 6, 2021 // Ministry of Agriculture of the Federation

   https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii-i-zashchity-rasteniy/industry-information/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/