Kubonakala sengathi umkhuba wokubulala izilwane eziphilayo bese uzidla awunamkhawulo. Ungase ucabange ukuthi amakhulu ezigidi zezilwane ezihlatshwa e-UK minyaka yonke anele ukulungiselela ukudla okuhlukahlukene okujabulisayo kunoma ubani, kodwa abanye abantu abaneliseki ngalokho abanakho futhi bahlale befuna into entsha yamadili abo. .
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izilwane eziningi ezingavamile ziyavela kumamenyu ezindawo zokudlela. Manje usungakwazi ukubona izintshe, ama-emmu, izigwaca, izingwenya, ama-kangaroo, ama-guinea fowl, inyathi kanye nezinyamazane imbala. Maduze kuzoba khona yonke into ekwaziyo ukuhamba, ukukhasa, ukugxuma noma ukundiza. Ngamunye ngamunye, sithatha izilwane zasendle futhi sizivalele. Izilwane ezinjengezintshe, ezihlala emikhayeni futhi zigijima ngokukhululeka emathafeni ase-Afrika, zilandwa ezingotsheni ezincane ezingcolile eBrithani ebandayo.
Kusukela lapho abantu benquma ukuthi bangadla isilwane esithile, ushintsho luyaqala. Kungazelelwe wonke umuntu uba nesithakazelo empilweni yesilwane - ukuthi sihlala kanjani futhi kuphi, ukuthi sidlani, sizalana kanjani nokuthi sifa kanjani. Futhi zonke izinguquko ziba zimbi kakhulu. Umphumela wokugcina wokungenelela komuntu ngokuvamile uyisidalwa esineshwa, imizwa yemvelo, abantu abaye bazama ukuyiqeda futhi bayibhubhise. Sishintsha izilwane kakhulu kangangokuthi ekugcineni azikwazi nokuzala ngaphandle kosizo lwabantu.
Amandla ososayensi okushintsha izilwane akhula nsuku zonke. Ngosizo lwentuthuko yakamuva yezobuchwepheshe - ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, amandla ethu awanamkhawulo, singenza konke. Ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo buphathelene nezinguquko ohlelweni lwebhayoloji, kokubili isilwane nesabantu. Uma ubheka umzimba womuntu, kungase kubonakale kuyinqaba ukuthi uyisimiso esihlelekile, kodwa empeleni kunjalo. Wonke amafreckle, yonke imvukuzane, ubude, umbala wamehlo nezinwele, inombolo yeminwe nezinzwane, konke kuyingxenye yephethini eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. (Ngiyethemba ukuthi lokhu kucacile. Lapho ithimba labakhi lifika esiqeshini sendawo lizokwakha isakhiwo esikhulu, alisho ukuthi, “Uqala kulelokhoneni, sizokwakha lapha, futhi sizobona ukuthi kwenzekani.” Anamaphrojekthi lapho yonke into isetshenzwe ngaphambi kwesikulufa sokugcina.) Ngokufanayo, ngezilwane. Ngaphandle kokuthi kuzo zonke izilwane akukho plan eyodwa noma iphrojekthi, kodwa izigidi.
Izilwane (kanye nabantu) zakhiwe ngamakhulu ezigidi zamangqamuzana, futhi enkabeni yengqamuzana ngalinye kunenucleus. I-nucleus ngayinye ine-molecule ye-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ethwala ukwaziswa ngezakhi zofuzo. Yiwona kanye uhlelo lokudala umzimba othile. Ngokweqile kuyenzeka ukukhulisa isilwane esitokisini esisodwa sibe sincane kakhulu singakwazi nokubonwa ngeso lenyama. Njengoba wazi, yonke ingane iqala ukukhula engqamuzaneni eyenzeka lapho isidoda sivundisa iqanda. Leli ngqamuzana linengxube yezakhi zofuzo, ingxenye yazo ingeyeqanda likamama, kanti enye ingeyesidoda sikababa. Iseli liqala ukuhlukana nokukhula, futhi izakhi zofuzo zinesibopho sokubukeka kwengane engakazalwa - ukuma nobukhulu bomzimba, ngisho nezinga lokukhula nokuthuthuka.
Futhi, ngokwenkolelo-mbono kungenzeka ukuxuba izakhi zofuzo zesilwane esisodwa kanye nesinye ukuze kukhiqizwe okuthile phakathi. Kakade ngo-1984, ososayensi e-Institute of Animal Physiology, e-UK, babengadala okuthile phakathi kwembuzi nemvu. Nokho, kulula ukuthatha izingxenye ezincane ze-DNA noma isakhi sofuzo esisodwa esilwaneni esisodwa noma esitshalweni uzifake kwesinye isilwane noma isitshalo. Inqubo enjalo yenziwa ekuqaleni kwemvelaphi yokuphila, lapho isilwane singakabi sikhulu kakhulu kuneqanda elivundisiwe, futhi njengoba sikhula, isakhi esisha sofuzo siba yingxenye yalesi silwane futhi sishintshe kancane kancane. Le nqubo yobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo isiyibhizinisi langempela.
Imikhankaso emikhulu yamazwe ngamazwe ichitha izigidigidi zamaphawundi ocwaningweni kule ndawo, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha zokudla. Okokuqala "ukudla okushintshwe izakhi" seziqala ukubonakala ezitolo emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-1996, kwagunyazwa e-UK ukuthengiswa kwe-tomato puree, amafutha e-rapeseed kanye nemvubelo yesinkwa, yonke imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngofuzo. Akuzona nje izitolo zase-UK ezidinga ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuthi yikuphi ukudla okushintshwe izakhi. Ngakho-ke, ngokwethiyori, ungathenga i-pizza equkethe zonke izingxenye ezintathu zokudla okunomsoco, futhi ngeke wazi ngakho.
Nawe awazi noma kwakumele kuhlupheke izilwane ukuze ukwazi ukudla okufunayo. Phakathi nocwaningo lofuzo lokukhiqizwa kwenyama, ezinye izilwane kufanele zihlupheke, ngikholwe. Enye yezinhlekelele zokuqala ezaziwayo zobunjiniyela bezofuzo kwakuyisidalwa esineshwa eMelika esibizwa ngokuthi ingulube yaseBeltsville. Kwakufanele kube ingulube yenyama enkulu, ukuze ikhule ngokushesha futhi ikhuluphale, ososayensi bethula isakhi sofuzo sokukhula komuntu ku-DNA yayo. Futhi bakhulisa ingulube enkulu, njalo ubuhlungu. Ingulube yase-Beltsville yayinesifo samathambo esingapheli ezithweni zayo futhi yayikwazi ukukhasa kuphela lapho ifuna ukuhamba. Wayengakwazi ukuma futhi wayechitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi elele, ehlushwa inqwaba yezinye izifo.
Lena ukuphela kwenhlekelele yokuhlola ecacile ososayensi abaye bavumela umphakathi ukuba uyibone, ezinye izingulube zazihilelekile kulokhu kuhlola, kodwa zazisesimweni esinyanyeka kangangokuthi zagcinwa ngaphandle kweminyango evaliwe. ОKodwa-ke, isifundo sezingulube saseBeltsville asizange simise ukuhlolwa. Okwamanje, ososayensi bezakhi zofuzo benze igundane elikhulu, eliphindwe kabili ngobukhulu begundane elivamile. Leli gundane ladalwa ngokufaka isakhi sofuzo somuntu ku-DNA yegundane, okwaholela ekukhuleni okusheshayo kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza.
Manje ososayensi benza ukuhlola okufanayo ezingulubeni, kodwa njengoba abantu bengafuni ukudla inyama equkethe isakhi sofuzo somdlavuza, lolufuzo luye lwaqanjwa ngokuthi “ufuzo lokukhula.” Endabeni yenkomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yaseBelgium, onjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo bathola isakhi sofuzo esinesibopho sokwandisa imisipha futhi basiphinda kabili, ngaleyo ndlela bakhiqize amathole amakhulu. Ngeshwa, kunolunye uhlangothi, izinkomo ezizalwa kulokhu kuhlolwa zinamathanga azacile kanye ne-pelvis encane kunenkomo evamile. Akunzima ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani. Ithole elikhudlwana kanye nomsele wokuzala omncane kwenza ukuzala kube buhlungu kakhulu enkomeni. Ngokuyisisekelo, izinkomo eziye zashintsha izakhi zofuzo azikwazi nhlobo ukuzala. Isixazululo senkinga ukuhlinzwa ngokuhlinzwa.
Lokhu kuhlinzwa kungenziwa minyaka yonke, ngezinye izikhathi kuzo zonke izizala futhi njalo uma inkomo isikwa ivuliwe le nqubo iba buhlungu kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ummese usika hhayi isikhumba esivamile, kodwa izicubu, ezihlanganisa izibazi ezithatha isikhathi eside futhi ezinzima ukuphola.
Siyazi ukuthi uma owesifazane ehlinzwa ngokuphindaphindiwe (ngokubonga, lokhu akwenzeki kaningi), kuba ukuhlinzwa okubuhlungu kakhulu. Ngisho nososayensi nodokotela bezilwane bayavuma ukuthi inkomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yaseBelgium isezinhlungwini ezinzima - kodwa ukuhlolwa kuyaqhubeka. Ngisho nokuhlola ongaziwa kwenziwa ngezinkomo zaseSwitzerland ezinsundu. Kuvele ukuthi lezi zinkomo zinesici sofuzo esidala ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo esikhethekile sobuchopho kulezi zilwane. Kodwa okuxakayo ukuthi lapho lesi sifo siqala, izinkomo zinikeza ubisi olwengeziwe. Lapho ososayensi bethola isakhi sofuzo esibangele lesi sifo, abazange basebenzise idatha entsha ukuze belaphe - babeqiniseka ukuthi uma inkomo iphathwa yilesi sifo, yayizokhiqiza ubisi olwengeziwe.. Kubi, akunjalo?
Kwa-Israel, ososayensi bathole ezinkukhuni isakhi sofuzo esibangela ukungabi khona kwezimpaphe entanyeni kanye nofuzo olubangela ukuba khona kwazo. Ngokwenza ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene ngalezi zakhi zofuzo ezimbili, ososayensi baye bazalanisa inyoni cishe engenazo izimpaphe. Izimpaphe ezimbalwa lezi zinyoni ezinazo aziwuvikeli ngisho umzimba. Kwani? Ukuze abakhiqizi bakwazi ukufuya izinyoni ogwadule lwaseNegev, ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga elishisayo, lapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela ku-45C.
Ikuphi okunye ukuzijabulisa okulindelwe? Eminye yemisebenzi engike ngizwe ngayo ihlanganisa ucwaningo lokuzalanisa izingulube ezingenaboya, ucwaningo lokuzalanisa izinkukhu ezichanyuselwa ezingenamaphiko ukuze zifake izinkukhu eziningi ehhokweni, nokusebenza ukufuya izinkomo ezinganabo ubulili nokunye. imifino efanayo enezakhi zofuzo zezinhlanzi.
Ososayensi bayaphikelela ekuphepheni kwalolu hlobo loshintsho emvelweni. Nokho, emzimbeni wesilwane esikhulu njengengulube sinezigidi zezakhi zofuzo, futhi ososayensi baye bahlola ezingaba yikhulu kuphela. Lapho isakhi sofuzo sishintshwa noma kwethulwa isakhi sofuzo esivela kwesinye isilwane, akwaziwa ukuthi ezinye izakhi zofuzo eziphilayo zizosabela kanjani, umuntu angakwazi ukubeka phambili imibono. Futhi akekho ongasho ukuthi imiphumela yezinguquko ezinjalo izobonakala ngokushesha kangakanani. (Kufana nabakhi bethu benganekwane beshintshanisa insimbi ngokhuni ngoba lubukeka lungcono. Ingase ibambe isakhiwo noma singasibambeli!)
Abanye ososayensi baye benza izibikezelo ezishaqisayo mayelana nokuthi le sayensi entsha ingase iholele kuphi. Abanye bathi ukushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungadala izifo ezintsha ngokuphelele esingagonyiwe kuzo. Lapho sekuye kwasetshenziswa khona izakhi zofuzo ukuze kushintshwe izinhlobo zezinambuzane, kunengozi yokuthi kungase kuvele izinhlobo ezintsha zezilokazane ezingenakulawulwa.
Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zinesibopho sokwenza lolu hlobo locwaningo. Kuthiwa ngenxa yalokho sizoba nokudla okusha, okunambithekayo, okuhlukahlukene futhi mhlawumbe okushibhile. Abanye baze baphikise ngokuthi kuyokwaziwa ukondla bonke abantu ababulawa indlala. Lokhu kuyizaba nje.
Ngo-1995, umbiko we-World Health Organization wabonisa ukuthi kakade kunokudla okwanele okondla bonke abantu emhlabeni, nokuthi ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, zezomnotho nezombangazwe, abantu abakutholi ukudla okwanele. Azikho iziqinisekiso zokuthi imali etshalwe ekuthuthukisweni kobunjiniyela bezofuzo izosetshenziselwa noma yini enye ngaphandle kwenzuzo. Imikhiqizo yobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, esingeke siyithole maduze, ingaholela enhlekeleleni yangempela, kodwa into eyodwa esiyazi kakade ukuthi izilwane sezivele zihlupheka ngenxa yesifiso sabantu sokukhiqiza inyama eshibhile eningi ngangokunokwenzeka.