Isikhunta sewayini esihle - iBotrytis cinerea
Amawayini akhuthaza kakhulu ukuzethemba, uju noma igolide elicwebezelayo, anephunga elimnandi elingenawo amandla, agqamile futhi angena emlonyeni, yilawo mawayini atholakala kumagilebhisi ahlushwa isikhunta esihle. Ukuhlukanisa lesi simo sezixha zamagilebhisi ekuboleni okuyingozi, isikhunta esinombala womlotha i-Botrytis cinerea sibizwa ngokuthi "isikhunta esihle" noma "ukubola okuhloniphekile". Uma ishaya amagilebhisi amhlophe anempilo, avuthwe ngokugcwele, yomisa inyama yawo ngaphansi kwesikhumba esiqinile ibe isimo sokugxila. Uma isikhunta sithelela amajikijolo angavuthiwe alinyazwa izinambuzane noma imvula enamandla, sibhubhisa isikhumba futhi sivumele amagciwane ayingozi ukuba angene enyameni, kubizwa ngokuthi isikhunta esimpunga, futhi singaba yingozi enkulu esitshalweni. Iphinde iphule umbala wamajikijolo abomvu ngokugqamile, inikeze iwayini umbala ompunga ofiphele.
Amawayini enziwe nge-Botrytis ahlanganisa i-French Sauternes, i-Hungarian Tokaj kanye namawayini amnandi aseJalimane adumile. Azikwazi ukutholakala minyaka yonke, njengoba ukukhula kwesikhunta esihle kuncike ngokuqondile ekuhlanganiseni ukushisa kanye nomswakama emvelweni ngemva kokuvuthwa kwamagilebhisi. Ngonyaka omuhle, amagilebhisi asheshe avuthwa, anesikhumba esiqinile angavumela i-Botrytis ukuthi yenze umsebenzi wayo ngaphambi kokuba isimo sezulu esibi singene; ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhumba sizohlala siqinile ngaphansi kwethonya elibhubhisayo lesikhunta, futhi sizovikela i-pulp yamajikijolo ekuxhumaneni nomoya.
Isikhunta esihle sihlasela izivini ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi ngisho nasezixukwini ngazinye isenzo saso sizoba kancane kancane. Isixha esifanayo singaqukatha amajikijolo ashwabene, akhuntile, kuyilapho amanye amajikijolo engase avuvukele isikhumba esinsundu, athambe ngokuchayeka esikhunjeni ekuqaleni, futhi amanye amajikijolo angase aqine, avuthiwe futhi angathinteki nhlobo ukhunta oluluhlaza.
Ukuze isikhunta esihle sibe nomthelela waso kumlingiswa wewayini, amajikijolo ngamanye kufanele akhishwe esixukwini ngokushesha nje lapho eseshwabene ngokwanele, kodwa angawomi ngokuphelele. Kudingeka ukukha amajikijolo emvinini owodwa izikhathi eziningana - ngokuvamile izikhathi ezinhlanu, eziyisithupha, eziyisikhombisa noma ngaphezulu esikhathini okuthi eminyakeni ethile sifinyelele ezinyangeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhathi ngasinye amagilebhisi avuniwe afakwa ngaphansi kokuvutshelwa okuhlukile.
Izici ezimbili ezikhethekile zokubunjwa okuhloniphekile zithinta ukwakheka kanye nokunambitheka kwewayini futhi kudala umehluko phakathi kwewayini ne-Botrytis kanye namawayini amnandi enziwe ngamagilebhisi omisiwe eziko ezivamile. Kulesi simo i-asidi noshukela kugxiliswa ukulahlekelwa umswakama, ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwamagilebhisi, kuyilapho i-Botrytis, idla i-asidi ngoshukela, ikhiqiza izinguquko zamakhemikhali emagilebhisini, okwenza izakhi ezintsha ezishintsha isixha sewayini. Njengoba isikhunta sidla i-asidi eningi kunoshukela, i-asidi ye-wort iyancipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhunta se-Botrytis sikhiqiza into ekhethekile evimbela ukuvutshelwa kotshwala. Esikhathini kumele etholwe amajikijolo ingxenye omisiwe, ogama ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali uye wahlala ingashintshiwe, utshwala nemithi amagciwane ayakwazi ukuvubela ushukela zibe utshwala kuze kufinyelele 18 ° -20 °. Kodwa ukugcwala okuphezulu kukashukela kumagilebhisi anesikhunta esihle kusho ukugcwala okuphezulu ngokulinganayo kwesikhunta, esivimbela ngokushesha ukuvutshelwa. Isibonelo, ewayinini le-Sauternes, ibhalansi ephelele ifinyelelwa ngoshukela, okwazi ukuphenduka ku-20 ° utshwala. Kodwa ngenxa yesenzo sesikhunta sesikhunta, ukuvutshelwa kuzoyeka ngaphambili, futhi iwayini lizoqukatha kusuka ku-13,5 ° kuya ku-14 ° utshwala. Uma amagilebhisi avuniwe equkethe ushukela owengeziwe, ukuvutshelwa kuzoyeka ngokushesha, futhi iwayini liyoba mnandi, libe notshwala obuncane. Uma amagilebhisi evunwa lapho enamandla otshwala angaphansi kakhulu kuka-20°, ibhalansi yewayini izophazamiseka ngenxa yotshwala obuningi kanye nokuntuleka kobumnandi.
Izinqubo zokukhiqiza iwayini zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Isibonelo, iwayini elimnandi laseHungary laseTokaj akuwona iwayini elihlanzekile elinesikhunta esihle. Atholakala ngokungeza amagilebhisi anesikhunta esihle kulowo okumele atholwe kwamanye amagilebhisi amhlophe. Emawayinini akwa-Sauternes, umehluko kuphela endleleni enziwa ngayo ukuthi ayikho indlela yokuhlukanisa okuqinile nokuminyene, okuwugqinsi kufanele ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuvutshelwa, ngakho ijusi ithululelwa ngqo emiphongolweni. Ukuvutshelwa kwayo kuhamba kancane, kanye nokuhlanzwa: iwayini lase-Chateau Yquem lithatha iminyaka emithathu nesigamu ukususa iwayini ngaphambi kokuba lifakwe ebhodleleni. Futhi emva kwalokho, ngokuvamile iphila ngokuthula kuze kube ikhulu layo.