Okuqukethwe
Uhambo lomhlaba lwezinqubo zokuzala
Umuntu akayinakekeli ingane yakhe ngendlela efanayo nase-Afrika njengaseNorway. Abazali, kuye ngesiko labo, banemikhuba yabo. Omama base-Afrika abazivumeli izingane zabo ukuba zikhale ebusuku kuyilapho emazweni aseNtshonalanga, kuyatuseka (kancane kunangaphambili) ukuthi bangagijimi nakancane nje besanda kuzalwa. Ukuncelisa ibele, ukuthwala, ukulala, ukugoqana... Emhlabeni jikelele wemikhuba ezithombeni...
Imithombo: “Ekuphakameni kwezingane” ka-Marta Hartmann kanye “NeJografi yemikhuba yezemfundo ngezwe nezwekazi” ngu-www.oveo.org
Izithombe ze-copyright: Pinterest
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Izingane ze-Swaddle
Udume kakhulu komama baseNtshonalanga eminyakeni yamuva nje, lo mkhuba wokuba ngumama awuzange ubhekwe kahle emashumini eminyaka. Nokho, abantwana baseNtshonalanga babesongwa phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala zokuphila kwabo, begqoke izingubo zabo zokuluka, ngezintambo namaribhoni acwebile, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, odokotela balahla le ndlela ebhekwa kubo "yakudala", "engahlanzekile futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, okuphazamisa inkululeko yokuhamba kwezingane". Kwabe sekufika ikhulu lama-21 kanye nokubuya kwemikhuba yakudala. Isazi se-anthropologist uSuzanne Lallemand kanye noGeneviève Delaisi de Parseval, ochwepheshe ezindabeni zokuzala kanye ne-filiation, banyathelisa ngo-2001 incwadi ethi "The Art of accommodating babies". Ababhali ababili bancoma i-swaddling, echaza ukuthi iqinisekisa umntwana osanda kuzalwa "ngokumkhumbuza ngokuphila kwakhe esibelethweni".
Emiphakathini yendabuko efana ne-Armenia, Mongolia, Tibet, China ... izingane azikaze ziyeke ukusongwa ngokufudumele kusukela zizalwa.
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Ingane inyakaza futhi izumeka
E-Afrika, omama abahlukani nengane yabo encane, ingasaphathwa eyebusuku. Ukuvumela usana lukhale noma ukumshiya yedwa ekamelweni akwenziwa. Ngokuphambene, omama bangabonakala bomile lapho bewasha nengane yabo. Amhlikihle ubuso nomzimba ngamandla. ENtshonalanga, kuhluke kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, abazali bayothatha izinyathelo zokuphepha ezingapheli ukuze “bangayihlukumezi” ingane yabo ngezenzo ezinonya. Ukuze balalise ingane yabo encane, omama baseNtshonalanga bacabanga ukuthi kufanele bahlaliswe bodwa ekamelweni elithule, ebumnyameni, ukuze balale kangcono. Bazomnyakazisa ngokumhubela izingoma ngokuphansi kakhulu. Ezizweni zase-Afrika, umsindo omkhulu, ukucula noma ukunyakazisa kuyingxenye yezindlela zokulala. Ukuze alalise ingane yakhe, omama baseNtshonalanga balandela izincomo zodokotela. Phakathi nekhulu le-19, odokotela bezingane bakugxeka ukuzinikela kwabo ngokweqile. Ngekhulu lama-20, azisekho izingane ezingalweni. Basale bekhala bazumeke bodwa. Umqondo ohlekisayo ungacabanga omama bemiphakathi yezizwe, abazala ingane yabo unomphela, ngisho noma ingakhali.
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Ukuthwala izingane
Emhlabeni wonke, i-izingane zilokhu zithwalwa omama emhlane. Zigcinwe ezinqeni, izikhafu ezinemibala, izindwangu, ezinezibopho ezinqamulayo, izingane zichitha amahora amaningi zibambene nomzimba kamama, zikhumbula impilo yesibeletho. Izithwali zezingane ezisetshenziswa imindeni emiphakathini yendabuko zivame ukuqoshwa esikhumbeni sezilwane futhi zinuke ngesafroni noma i-turmeric.. Lezi phunga nazo zinomsebenzi onenzuzo emapheshaneni okuphefumula ezingane. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Andes, lapho izinga lokushisa lingehla ngokushesha, ngokuvamile ingane ingcwatshwa ngaphansi kwezingqimba eziningana zengubo. Umama umthatha lapho eya khona, esuka emakethe aye emasimini.
Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, izikhafu zokugqoka izingane ziye zaba yinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba iminyaka eyishumi futhi zikhuthazwa ngokuqondile yile mikhuba yesintu.
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Ukumasaja ingane yakho ngesikhathi izalwa
Omama bamaqembu ezizwe ezikude banakekela ingane yabo, yonke igoqekile, lapho izalwa. E-Afrika, eNdiya noma eNepal, izingane ziyabhucungwa futhi zelulwe isikhathi eside ukuze zibushelelezi, ziziqinise, futhi zizilolonge ngokuvumelana nezici zobuhle besizwe sazo. Lezi zinqubo zokhokho namuhla zivuselelwa omama abaningi emazweni aseNtshonalanga abangabalandeli bokubhucunga kusukela ezinyangeni zokuqala zengane yabo.
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Ukuba gaga phezu kwengane yakho
Emasikweni ethu asentshonalanga, abazali bajabule phambi kwezingane zabo ngokushesha nje lapho benza okuthile okusha: ukuklabalasa, ukubhuqa, ukunyakaza kwezinyawo, izandla, ukuma, njll. Abazali abasebancane baze bafinyelele ekuthumeleni ezinkundleni zokuxhumana isenzo esincane nesenzo somntwana wabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze kubonwe wonke umuntu. Okungacabangeki emindenini yemiphakathi yendabuko. Bacabanga, kunalokho, ukuthi kungaletha iso elibi kubo, ngisho nezilwane ezidla ezinye. Lesi yisona sizathu esenza singayivumeli ingane ikhale, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, ngenxa yokwesaba ukuheha izilwane. Izizwe eziningi zikhetha ngisho “ukufihla” ingane yazo endlini futhi igama layo livame ukugcinwa kuyimfihlo. Izingane zakhiwe, zize zenziwe mnyama ngengcina, okungase kunciphise ukuhaha kwemimoya. Ngokwesibonelo, eNigeria awumjabulisi umntanakho. Kunalokho, liyehla. Umkhulu angakwazi ngisho ukuzijabulisa ethi, ehleka, “Sawubona Naughty! Awu yeka ugangile! », Enganeni ehlekayo, ngaphandle kokuqonda.
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Ibele
E-Afrika, ibele labesifazane lihlale lifinyeleleka, noma nini, ezinganeni ezingalunyuliwe. Ngaleyo ndlela bangakwazi ukuncelisa ngokuvumelana nesifiso sabo noma bamane badlale ngebele likamama. EYurophu, ukuncelisa ibele kuye kwabhekana nezikhathi eziningi ezinhle nezimbi. Cishe ngekhulu le-19, usana olusanda kuzalwa lwalungasavunyelwe ukucela ibele noma nini, kodwa lwaluzophoqelelwa ukuba ludle ngezikhathi ezimisiwe. Olunye ushintsho olukhulu nolungakaze lube khona ngaphambili: ukukhuliswa kwezingane zabazali abayizicukuthwane noma amakhosikazi ezingcweti zasemadolobheni. Kwathi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, emindenini ecebile yonxiwankulu, kwaqashwa abazanyana ekhaya ukuze banakekele izingane “enkulisa” yohlobo lwesiNgisi. Omama namuhla bahlukene kakhulu ngokuncelisa. Kukhona abakwenza izinyanga eziningi, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ngisho nangaphezu konyaka. Kukhona labo abakwazi ukunikeza ibele labo izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene: amabele aqumbile, babuyele emsebenzini… Indaba iphikiswana futhi ivusa ukusabela okuningi komama.
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Ukuhlukahluka kokudla
Omama emiphakathini yendabuko bethula ukudla ngaphandle kobisi lwebele ngokushesha ukuze bondle izinsana zabo. Amabele, amabele, iphalishi lomdumbula, izingcezu ezincane zenyama, noma izibungu ezinothe ngamaprotheni, omama bazihlafuna ngokwabo lezi zilwane ngaphambi kokuba bazinike amaphuphu abo. Lokhu “kulunywa” okuncane kwenziwa emhlabeni wonke, kusukela kuma-Inuit kuya kumaPapuans. ENtshonalanga, i-robot mixer ithathe indawo yale mikhuba yokhokho.
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Obaba izinkukhu namantshontsho
Emiphakathini yendabuko, umntwana uvame ukufihlwa emasontweni okuqala ngemva kokuzalwa ukuze avikeleke emimoyeni emibi. Ubaba akamthinti ngokushesha, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba unamandla abalulekile "anamandla kakhulu" kusana olusanda kuzalwa. Kwezinye izizwe zama-Amazon, obaba “bakhulisa” izingane zabo. Ngisho noma kungafanele amthathe ngokushesha ezandleni, ulandela isiko lesigodlo. Uhlala elele ku-hammock yakhe, kulandela ukuzila ukudla okuphelele ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokuzalwa kwengane yakhe. KumaWayapi, eGuyana, lesi siko elenziwa ubaba livumela amandla amaningi ukuba adluliselwe emzimbeni wengane. Lokhu kusikhumbuza ukugasela kwamadoda aseNtshonalanga, azuza opondo, agule noma, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ahlale elele lapho amakhosikazi awo ekhulelwe.