Noma iyiphi ingxoxo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nakanjani ikhomba ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kungavimbela imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Isizathu siwukuthi imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengelanga nomoya ayikhiphi isikhutha namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa anomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba.
Eminyakeni engu-150 edlule, abantu baye bathembela kakhulu emalahleni, kuwoyela, nakwezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi ukuze banikeze amandla yonke into kusukela kumalambu okukhanya kuya ezimotweni nasezimbonini. Ngenxa yalokho, inani lamagesi abamba ukushisa akhishwa lapho lawa mafutha ekubaswa selifinyelele emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu.
Amagesi abamba ukushisa abamba ukushisa emkhathini obekungase kuphumele emkhathini, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo liyenyuka. Ngakho-ke, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kwenzeka, kulandelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okuhlanganisa nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, ukufuduka kwabantu kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zezilwane zasendle, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle kanye nezinye izenzakalo ezimbalwa.
Ngakho, ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kungavimbela izinguquko eziyinhlekelele emhlabeni wethu. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ibonakala itholakala njalo futhi ingapheli, ayihlali njalo.
Izinhlobo zemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo
1. Amanzi. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka abantu besebenzisa amandla emifudlana ngokwakha amadamu ukuze balawule ukugeleza kwamanzi. Namuhla, ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ungumthombo omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni wamandla avuselelekayo, kanti i-China, iBrazil, iCanada, i-United States, neRussia ingabakhiqizi abahamba phambili bamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi. Kodwa nakuba kucatshangwa ukuthi amanzi angumthombo wamandla ahlanzekile agcwaliswa imvula neqhwa, le mboni inezinkinga zayo.
Amadamu amakhulu angaphazamisa imvelo emifuleni, alimaze izilwane zasendle, futhi aphoqelele ukufuduka kwezakhamuzi eziseduze. Futhi, udaka oluningi lunqwabelana ezindaweni lapho kukhiqizwa khona amandla kagesi, okungabeka engcupheni ukukhiqiza nokulimaza imishini.
Imboni kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ihlale isengozini yesomiso. Ngokocwaningo lwango-2018, i-US entshonalanga iye yabhekana neminyaka engu-15 yokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide kuze kufike kuma-megatons angu-100 ephakeme kunokuvamile iminyaka engu-XNUMX njengoba izinsiza ziphoqelekile ukusebenzisa amalahle negesi ukuze kuthathelwe indawo ugesi wamanzi olahlekile ngenxa yesomiso. I-Hydropower ngokwayo ihlobene ngokuqondile nenkinga yokukhishwa kwegesi eyingozi, njengoba izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo emachibini kukhipha i-methane.
Kodwa amadamu emifuleni akuyona yodwa indlela yokusebenzisa amanzi ukukhiqiza amandla: emhlabeni wonke, izitshalo ezikhiqiza amandla amaza namagagasi zisebenzisa isigqi semvelo solwandle ukukhiqiza amandla. Amaphrojekthi kagesi waphesheya kwezilwandle njengamanje akhiqiza cishe amamegawathi angama-500 kagesi - ngaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa layo yonke imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo - kodwa amandla awo aphezulu kakhulu.
2. Umoya. Ukusetshenziswa komoya njengomthombo wamandla kwaqala eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-7000 edlule. Njengamanje, izinjini zomoya eziphehla ugesi zitholakala kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2017, amandla okukhiqiza amandla omoya anqwabelene emhlabeni wonke anyuke izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-22.
Abanye abantu babheka imboni yamandla omoya ngenxa yokuthi izinjini zomoya ezinde zonakalisa indawo futhi zibanga umsindo, kodwa akunakuphikwa ukuthi amandla omoya ayinsiza ebaluleke ngempela. Yize amandla amaningi omoya ephuma ezinjinini ezisebenza emhlabeni, amaphrojekthi aphesheya kwezilwandle nawo ayavela, iningi lawo ase-UK naseJalimane.
Enye inkinga ngama- wind turbines iwusongo ezinyonini namalulwane, abulala amakhulu ezinkulungwane zalezi zinhlobo minyaka yonke. Onjiniyela bamatasa bakha izixazululo ezintsha zemboni yamandla omoya ukuze benze izinjini zomoya ziphephe ezilwaneni zasendle ezindizayo.
3. Ilanga. Amandla elanga ashintsha izimakethe zamandla emhlabeni jikelele. Kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-2017, inani eliphelele elifakiwe emhlabeni kusuka kumaphaneli elanga likhuphuke ngo-4300%.
Ngaphandle kwama-solar panel, aguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi, izitshalo eziphehla amandla elanga zisebenzisa izibuko ukuze zigxilise ukushisa kwelanga, zikhiqize amandla ashisayo. I-China, Japan kanye ne-US zihamba phambili ekuguquleni ilanga, kodwa imboni isenendlela ende okufanele ihambe njengoba manje ihlanganisa cishe amaphesenti amabili engqikithi yokukhiqiza ugesi wase-US ngo-2017. Amandla ashisayo elanga asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke emanzini ashisayo. , ukufudumeza nokupholisa.
4. I-biomass. Amandla e-biomass ahlanganisa ama-biofuels afana ne-ethanol ne-biodiesel, imfucumfucu yezinkuni nezinkuni, i-biogas yokulahla imfucumfucu, kanye nemfucuza kamasipala eqinile. Njengamandla elanga, i-biomass ingumthombo wamandla oguquguqukayo, okwazi ukunika amandla izimoto, ukushisisa izakhiwo kanye nokukhiqiza ugesi.
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-biomass kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu. Isibonelo, abagxeki be-ethanol esekelwe kummbila baphikisa ngokuthi iqhudelana nemakethe yombila wokudla futhi isekela imikhuba yezolimo engenampilo. Kukhona futhi inkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi kuhlakaniphe kangakanani ukuhambisa amapulangwe ezinkuni asuka e-US aye e-Europe ukuze ashiswe ukuze aphehle ugesi.
Khonamanjalo, ososayensi nezinkampani bakha izindlela ezingcono zokuguqula okusanhlamvu, udaka lwendle kanye neminye imithombo ye-biomass ibe amandla, befuna ukukhipha inani ezintweni ezingase zimosheke.
5. amandla geothermal. Amandla e-Geothermal, asetshenziswa izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukupheka nokufudumeza, akhiqizwa ekushiseni kwangaphakathi koMhlaba. Ngesilinganiso esikhulu, imithombo ibekwa kumachibi angaphansi komhlaba esitimu namanzi ashisayo, ukujula kwawo okungafinyelela ngaphezu kwe-1,5 km. Ngezinga elincane, ezinye izakhiwo zisebenzisa amaphampu okushisa omthombo waphansi asebenzisa umehluko wokushisa amamitha ambalwa ngaphansi kwezinga lomhlabathi ukuze kufudumale futhi kupholiswe.
Ngokungafani namandla elanga nomoya, amandla e-geothermal ahlala etholakala, kodwa anemiphumela yawo emibi. Isibonelo, ukukhululwa kwe-hydrogen sulfide emithonjeni kungase kuhambisane nephunga elinamandla lamaqanda abolile.
Ukwandisa Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithombo Yamandla Avuselelekayo
Amadolobhakazi namazwe emhlabeni jikelele alandela izinqubomgomo zokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo. Okungenani izifundazwe zase-US ezingama-29 zibeke izindinganiso zokusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, okumele kube amaphesenti athile wawo wonke amandla asetshenzisiwe. Njengamanje, amadolobha angaphezu kwekhulu emhlabeni wonke asefinyelele ku-100% ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, kanti amanye alwela ukufinyelela ku-70%.
Ingabe wonke amazwe azokwazi ukushintshela kumandla avuselelekayo ngokugcwele? Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi intuthuko enjalo ingenzeka.
Umhlaba kufanele uhambisane nezimo zangempela. Ngisho nangaphandle kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ziyinsiza enomkhawulo, futhi uma sifuna ukuqhubeka siphila emhlabeni wethu, amandla ethu kufanele avuseleleke.