Ungatshala izinhlobo eziningi zamakhowe uwedwa. Futhi ama-morel awahlukile. Ukuzikhulisa engadini engasemuva emibhedeni edalwe ngokukhethekile noma ezindaweni ezitshaliwe ehlathini kuyinqubo ethokozisayo futhi ayikhandla kakhulu. Into esemqoka ukuthola i-mycelium yekhwalithi ephezulu ye-morels futhi ulandele ngokuqinile zonke izincomo zokutshala lolu hlobo lwamakhowe.
UMorels ungowomndeni wakwaMorchkovy (Morshellovy). Ezidume kakhulu c. yinde, ene-conical, ene-steppe, s. ezidliwayo (zangempela) kanye morel cap. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zingatshalwa.
Akhula kuphi ama-morel futhi abukeka kanjani?
Endle, amakhowe omkhaya we-morel akhula esimweni sezulu esipholile saseNyakatho Nenkabazwe kusukela eYurophu kuya eMelika, futhi atholakala nase-Australia naseziqhingini eziningana eziseNingizimu Nenkabazwe. Ama-Morels akhula ikakhulukazi endaweni yehlathi, ethanda amahlathi anamaqabunga abanzi noma axubile, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi aphinde amila phakathi kwamaphayini, avame ukuhlala emapaki nasezindaweni zamapaki amahlathi. Zonke izinhlobo ezi-5 ezidume kakhulu zama-morel zikhula Ezweni Lethu, zitholakala cishe yonke indawo - ukusuka endaweni yehlathi-tundra eningizimu kuya endaweni yehlathi-amathafa enyakatho, kusukela emaphethelweni asentshonalanga yengxenye yaseYurophu kuya eMpumalanga Ekude, zitholakala kabanzi e-Urals naseSiberia. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeZwe Lethu, zivame ukutshala emasimini angaphambili nasetshanini, zikhetha inhlabathi enesihlabathi, ngakho-ke zivame ukumila ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula, ngasogwini lwemifudlana, zithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile nasemlotheni wehlathi.
Ama-Morels ngokuvamile abhekwa njengamakhowe asentwasahlobo, endaweni eseningizimu yengxenye yaseYurophu yeZwe Lethu akhula kusukela ngo-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo ezisenyakatho aqala ukuthela izithelo kusukela engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi kuya kuJuni. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezivumayo, amakhowe angatholakala nasekwindla efudumele.
Ngokwesimo sokudla kwabo, ama-morel angabameleli be-saprophytic fungus, ngakho-ke, isikhunta salo mndeni sikhetha inhlabathi evundile ye-calcareous ukuze ikhule phakathi kotshani obunothiswe udoti wezitshalo, kodwa ingatholakala nasezindaweni zokulahla idolobha, ngokuvamile ezicebile ekuboleni izinhlanganisela eziphilayo.
E-Europe, ama-morel aqala ukutshalwa ezingadini zawo, amapaki kanye nasemibhedeni kakade maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX. AmaJalimane ayephakathi kwabokuqala ukuqaphela ukuthi ama-morel akhula kangcono emlotheni, futhi aqala ukufafaza umlotha emibhedeni.
Ekukhuleni kwamakhowe ezimbonini, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezi-3 zama-morel ziyatshalwa: i-morel yangempela, i-conical morel ne-morel cap - njengabameleli abavame kakhulu balo mndeni.
Ngaphandle, ama-morel abukeka ehlukile kunamanye amakhowe esigqoko. I-cap ye-morel, kuye ngohlobo lwayo, inomumo oyindilinga noma oyindilinga oyindilinga ovoid, ongaphezulu ombozwe inethiwekhi yamafolda ajulile. Umbala wekhowe uyahlukahluka kusuka ku-gray-brown kuya kushokoledi omnyama, cishe omnyama. Imiphetho ye-cap kwezinye izinhlobo inamathela esiqwini. Isiqu si-cylindrical, njengekepisi, singenalutho ngaphakathi.
Ukuphakama kwe-fungus kufinyelela ku-10 cm. I-pulp ye-morel intekenteke, iphuka kalula futhi ibhidlike, imnandi ekunambithekeni, kodwa ayinalo iphunga lamakhowe elibiziwe. Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu naseMelika, i-conical morel iyisidlo esimnandi.
Zonke izinhlobo zama-morel zibhekwa njengamakhowe adliwayo anemibandela, alungele ukudliwa umuntu ngemva kokubilisa kwawo kokuqala.
Indlela yokuzalanisa ama-morels
Ungatshala ama-morels usebenzisa obunye bobuchwepheshe obubili: IsiFulentshi - emibhedeni edalwe ngokukhethekile - nesiJalimane, engadini. Zombili lezi zindlela zihlobene nokukhula kwamakhowe okubanzi, okudinga izindawo ezinkulu ukuthola isivuno esikhulu. Izindlela ezijulile zokutshala lesi sikhunta ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezakhi ngaphakathi endlini okwamanje zithuthukiswa ngenkuthalo ososayensi baseMelika, kodwa lezi zindlela zokutshala amakhowe azikakasetshenziswa kabanzi.
Ama-Morels emvelo akhetha izindawo ezikhanyiswe kahle ezinenhlabathi ecebile yezinto eziphilayo; amakhowe asabela kakhulu ekufakweni komlotha nama-apula anothile ngezakhi emhlabathini. Yilezi zici zamakhowe emvelo ezakha isisekelo sezindlela zesiFulentshi nesiJalimane zokutshala kwabo.
Kungcono ukuzalanisa ama-morel engadini yezithelo noma endaweni ekhethwe ngokukhethekile yehlathi elinezihlahla eziwuXNUMXbXNUMXb, lapho umthunzi wemvelo wezihlahla unikeza amakhowe izinga lokukhanya elidingekayo futhi ngasikhathi sinye uwavikele elangeni eliqondile. Lapho udala imibhede, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amakhowe awakubekezeleli amanzi amile entwasahlobo, ngakho-ke, endaweni ezinikele, kuyadingeka ukwenza uhlelo oluhle lokudonsa amanzi ukuze kukhishwe amanzi ancibilikisiwe.
Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukutshala ama-morels esizeni, umhlabathi ongaphezulu kufanele ushintshwe kufakwe i-substrate elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile. Ilungiswa kusuka enhlabathini yasengadini ukuze izimbali ezixutshwe ne-sawdust nomlotha ngokuvumelana nefomula elandelayo: ku-volume ngayinye eyisithupha yenhlabathi yensimu, engeza ingxenye yevolumu ye-sawdust kanye nevolumu eyodwa yomlotha. Ingxube yomhlabathi elungisiwe kufanele ixutshwe futhi ibekwe ungqimba lwamasentimitha ayi-10 emibhedeni ehlomile. I-substrate ebekiwe kufanele iniselwe ngesilinganiso samalitha ayi-10 amanzi ku-1 m yombhede.
Njengokutshalwa kwezinye izinhlobo zamakhowe, ukuhlwanyela kungcono ukusebenzisa amakhowe avuthiwe ngokocansi aqoqwe ehlathini, kodwa i-morel mycelium ethengwe kubahlinzeki abathembekile. Ngemuva kokuthi umbhede usulungisiwe, i-mycelium isakazwa phezu kwayo yonke indawo, bese imbozwa ungqimba lomhlaba ongu-6 cm osuswe emibhedeni ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwemibhede. Inhlabathi imanziswe kancane ngesitsha sokuchelela esincane noma isifafazi esikhethekile, emva kwalokho umbhede umbozwa ngezinto zemvelo ezigciniwe: amacansi, amagatsha amancane, amahlamvu; ungasebenzisa, njengoba kwenza amaFulentshi, i-apula pomace.
Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela imibhede nge-mycelium, kuyadingeka ukuqapha izinga lomswakama we-substrate. Njengoba inhlabathi isoma, kufanele ifakwe emanzini akhethekile okugxilisa izakhi ezikhuthaza ukukhula okusheshisa futhi okuthuthukisiwe kwesikhunta. Enye yalezi zinhlanganisela, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Baikal-EM-1, ikhiqizwa imboni yezolimo yasekhaya. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-fruiting, umbhede ufafazwa phezulu ngongqimba omncane womlotha. Uma usebenzisa i-apple pomace, umlotha ungashiywa ngaphezu kwalokho. Izithelo zenzeka ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokuhlwanyela, zihlala endaweni eyodwa kusukela eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kwemi-5, futhi empeleni azidingi izindleko ezinkulu futhi zifaneleka kakhulu amapulazi amakhowe amancane noma abalimi bamakhowe abayizimfundamakhwela. Ekwindla, imibhede ehlwanyelwe nge-mycelium kufanele futhi imbozwe ngotshani, utshani namaqabunga. Entwasahlobo, ngokushesha ngemva kokuba iqhwa liyancibilika futhi kusungulwe izinga lokushisa elihle, lesi simbozo sokuzivikela siyasuswa, sishiye ungqimba oluncane lwezitshalo. Njengomthetho, amasonto angu-2-3 ngemva kokususwa kwesembozo sokuzivikela, amakhowe aqala ukuthela izithelo.
Ama-Morels aqoqwa ngokucophelela ngenxa yobuthaka bawo, ukusonta ikhowa, ukulibamba ngomlenze noma ukulisika ngommese. Amakhowe enziwe ngomumo angomiswa noma alethwe ezimakethe aluhlaza, kodwa ama-morels, ngenxa yobuthakathaka bawo, alahlekelwa ngokushesha isethulo sawo ngesikhathi sokuhamba.