Ama-Truffles amakhowe awusizo kakhulu futhi abiza kakhulu. Izindleko zekhilogremu eyodwa yalezi zidumbu zezithelo zingafinyelela ama-euro ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Ngakho-ke, uma ukwazi kahle ubuchwepheshe obufanele bokukhulisa ama-truffle futhi udale izimo ezifanelekile zokutshala lawa makhowe, ungazicebisa ngokweqiniso. Yiqiniso, ukuvuna kuzodingeka kulinde isikhathi eside kakhulu (kuze kufike eminyakeni engu-7). Futhi sonke lesi sikhathi, indawo ehlwanyelwe nge-mycelium akufanele inyathelwe phansi.
I-Truffle (kusuka ku-lat. Tuber) - iyingxenye yohlobo lwamakhowe e-marsupial. Umzimba wesithelo wesikhunta unezilimo eziyizigaxa, unenyama, ukhula ngaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni kuka-10-20 cm. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-truffle. Ngokuyisisekelo, ama-truffles akhula emahlathini aseningizimu yeFrance nasenyakatho ye-Italy, kodwa atholakala nasezweni Lethu, eBelarus, e-our country nase-Asia Ephakathi.
Indlela yokukhulisa amakhowe e-truffle ichazwe kuleli khasi.
Abukeka kanjani ama-truffles
I-truffle iyi-saprophyte. Yakha i-mycorrhiza nezimpande zezihlahla ezifana ne-oki ne-beech, futhi idla izinto eziphilayo ezivela emhlabathini. Imizimba yezithelo, njengomthetho, inesicaba esingajwayelekile, siyindilinga noma siyi-oval. Indawo engaphezulu ine-fibrous. Umbala we-truffle uncike ohlotsheni lwayo. Ngomongo, amakhowe angafana namazambane noma abe nokubukeka kwemabula. Kungase kube nama-streak anamarimu angenambala. Izikhwama ezimise okwezikhwama, ezinezinhlamvu eziyindilinga kanye nemigqa ebuthuntu. Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zama-truffles ezidliwayo. Ayigugu kakhulu ama-French black, noma ama-Perigord, nama-truffle amhlophe ase-Piedmontese. Ezweni Lethu, kukhona ikakhulukazi uhlobo olulodwa lwe-truffle - ihlobo. Lamakhowe aseshwa ngosizo lwezinja nezingulube eziqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile. Kwesinye isikhathi ungathola ngokuzimela ama-truffles ngaphansi kwamaqabunga abolile - ama-midges ahamba phezu kwawo.
I-truffle emnyama, noma ebusika, inomzimba wesithelo esiyindilinga esiyindilinga esinobuso obungalingani obumpunga omnyama noma omnyama. Ubukhulu bayo buyahlukahluka kusuka ku-walnut kuya ku-apula eliphakathi. I-pulp yomzimba othela izithelo inobomvu, ngemva kokuvuthwa iba nsomi-mnyama. Lelikhowe linephunga elinamandla kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile.
Amakhowe adliwayo aqukethe izinto ezitholakala kuzo zombili izitshalo nezilwane. Inombolo yabo kanye nokugxila kwabo akuhlali njalo futhi kuncike enkathini, isimo sezulu, i-ecology nezinye izimo. Ehlobo, ngokuntuleka komswakama, ukuhlushwa kwezinto zezilwane kumakhowe kukhula kakhulu, futhi i-mushroom ngokwayo iba nobuthi kulokhu.
Ukuthi ama-truffles abukeka kanjani kuboniswa kulezi zithombe:
Indlela yokukhulisa ama-truffles ngendlela efanele
Ukutshala amakhowe afana nama-truffles amnyama kungenzeka kuphela kuma-oki, i-hornbeam, i-walnut ne-beech groves. Kusezimpandeni zalezi zihlahla lapho lesi sikhunta sikhula, sakha i-mycorrhiza nazo. Ungasebenzisa izihlahla zemvelo noma ezitshalwe ngokukhethekile. Esinye isimo esibalulekile sokukhula kwalesi sikhunta isimo sezulu esifudumele. I-truffle ayibekezeleli isithwathwa esibi kakhulu ebusika namazinga okushisa aphezulu ehlobo. Idinga ubusika obupholile kanye nehlobo elipholile nelinomswakama. Ama-Truffles angatshalwa kuphela emhlabathini one-calcareous. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi kumele igezwe kahle futhi inothe ngemisoco.
Ukutshalwa kokwenziwa kwama-truffles kwehlela ekubekeni amasimu kanye nokwengeza umhlabathi osuka ezindaweni ezingokwemvelo zamakhowe emhlabathini.
Ngaphambi kokutshala ama-truffles, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha indawo efanele yezihlahla ezimpandeni lapho amakhowe azokhula khona. Kumele ivikelwe kuzo zonke izimo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ivikeleke kwezinye izitshalo kanye nasezilwaneni. Umhlaba kufanele ukhululwe ezihlahleni nezinye isikhunta. Indawo kufanele ibe kude ukusuka kwezinye izihlahla ezingase zibe nomthelela ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukeni kwama-truffles. Umhlabathi kufanele uhlolwe i-pH. Kungani ubeka isampula yomhlabathi esitsheni esincane bese uthela uviniga omncane omhlophe kuwo. Uma ingxube idonsa kancane, khona-ke inhlabathi ayifaneleki ama-truffles - idinga ukuba ne-alkaline. Ukwenza lokhu, i-lime kufanele yengezwe kancane kancane emhlabathini. Khona-ke udinga ukutshala izihlahla eziningana - i-oki, i-hazel, i-beech, i-hornbeam.
Ukuze uzale kahle ama-truffles, i-mycelium kufanele ilethwe kanye nenhlabathi ethathwe endaweni yemvelo yamakhowe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukumba i-mycelium ekujuleni kuka-10-15 cm bese uyibeka eduze kwezihlahla. Ungakwazi futhi ukuphula umzimba wezithelo ezivuthiwe zesikhunta zibe yizicucu eziningana bese uzibeka eduze kwezimpande zezithombo. Manje ezinye izinkampani zithengisa izithombo zesihlahla sika-walnut ezinezinhlamvu ze-truffle esezixhunyelelwe. Lapho utshala izihlahla ezinjalo, umhlaba owengeziwe ovela endaweni yokuhlala awudingeki. Ukufakelwa kwe-Mycelium kufanele kwenziwe ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla.
Isimo esibalulekile sokukhula kwama-truffles ukunisela okuningi nokujwayelekile kwensimu ehlobo ngamanzi afudumele. Kufanele futhi uqinisekise ukuthi akekho oyinyathelayo. Ukuvuna kuvela eminyakeni engu-5-7 ngemuva kokutshala izithombo. Izithelo zihlala iminyaka engama-25-30. Izidumbu zezithelo zivame ukutholakala emhlabathini ezidlekeni zezingcezu ezingu-3-7 ngasinye. Lapho ama-truffles evuthwa, umhlabathi ongaphezulu kwawo uyaphakama kancane, futhi utshani obuseduze nesidleke buyabuna. Lezi zimpawu zisebenza njengesiqalo sokuvuna. Njengomthetho, ama-truffles avuthwa ekwindla futhi avunwa kuze kube ubusika. Ikhowe ngalinye kufanele ligoqwe ngesikhumba bese lifakwa elayisi elomile - ngale ndlela umswakama ugcinwa kumakhowe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele basuswe ngokuphelele emhlabeni. Umhlaba uvikela amakhowe ekulahlekeni kokunambitha kanye nakuma-microorganisms. Amakhowe kufanele agcinwe esiqandisini.