“Lapho ngidlula ngolunye usuku e-Intra [idolobha eliseLago Maggiore] ngidlula esilaheni, ngabona ithole libulawa. Umphefumulo wami wagcwala ukwethuka nokucasuka kangangokuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke ngenqaba ukubambisana nababulali: kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ngiye ngaba umuntu odla imifino.
Ngiyakuqinisekisa ukuthi ungakwenza ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwama-steaks nama-roasts, unembeza wami usucace kakhulu manje, njengoba ukubulala izilwane kuwubuqaba bangempela. Ubani onike le ndoda ilungelo? Isintu besiyophakama kakhulu ukube besifunda ukuhlonipha izilwane. Kodwa kumelwe bahlonishwe ngokungathi sína, hhayi ngendlela efanayo namalungu ezinhlangano ezivikela izilwane, ngezinye izikhathi bazivikele emigwaqweni futhi bajabulele ukunambitheka kwenyama yabo emakanini abo.
“Kodwa uyasakaza nkosazane!”
- Ngizokwenza ngokuzithandela. Sekuyisikhathi eside ngifuna ukufunda inkulumo ngalesi sihloko. Ziningi izinto ezinhle ongazisho. Futhi kungaba kuhle kakhulu ukuwina! Njengamanje angikho matasatasa nganoma yimuphi umsebenzi, kodwa isikhathi esithile manje ngigcwele umcabango wesikhumbuzo sesintu esivuselelwe ngokuhle kakhulu - ukuhlonipha imvelo.
— Itshe lesikhumbuzo elingokomfanekiso?
– Yebo. Lona kungaba ngowesibili kuyo yonke imisebenzi yami eminingi, njengoba ngingazithandi izimpawu, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi azinakugwenywa. Futhi i-mi fu inspirato dal vegetarianismo yesibili (ekhuthazwe kimi ngokudla imifino): ngayibiza ngokuthi “Les mangeurs de cadavres” (Izidumbu). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuboniswa indoda eyisixhwanguxhwangu, inhlamba eshwabadelayo eye yadlula ekhishini, kanti ngaphansi kuboniswe impisi imba isidumbu ukuze inelise ukulamba kwayo. Umuntu wenza lokhu ukuze aneliseke ngokwesilwane - futhi ubizwa ngokuthi indoda; eyesibili ikwenzela ukugcina impilo yayo, ayibulali, kodwa isebenzisa inyama efile futhi ibizwa ngokuthi impisi.
Ngiphinde ngenza umbhalo, kodwa lokhu, uyazi, kungokwalabo abafuna "ukufana".
Le ngxoxo yenzeka eNervi eduze kwaseGenoa futhi yanyatheliswa ngo-1909 ku-Corriere de la sera (Milan). Iqukethe indaba “ngephuzu lokusikisela”, mayelana “nokuzalwa kabusha” kwangaphakathi empilweni kaTrubetskoy. Siyazi futhi ukuthi isigameko esifanayo senzeka ngo-1899 kusukela ezikhumbuzo zomfowabo kaTrubetskoy, uLuigi, obika umcimbi ofanayo ngefomu enemininingwane eyengeziwe, ukuze ukushaqeka okutholwa uTrubetskoy kucace nakakhulu: ngemva kwakho konke, kwenzeka. ufakazi ezilwaneni ezixhashazwa ngokuphelele - njengezinkomo ezisebenzayo nezihlabayo.
INkosana uPeter (Paolo) Petrovich Trubetskoy, ovela emndenini ohlonishwayo waseRussia owaziwayo, wayechithe cishe impilo yakhe yonke eNtshonalanga ngakho-ke wayenolwazi oluncane lwesiRashiya - wayekhuluma isiRashiya ngezwi eliqinile. Wazalelwa e-Intra ngo-1866 futhi washona ngo-1938 edolobheni laseSuna, elingaphezu kweLago Maggiore. Ngokomhlaziyi wezobuciko wase-Italy u-Rossana Bossaglia, wayengumuntu ohehayo - ephuma ezicukuthwaneni zaseRussia, ezicwilise ngaphandle komthungo esikweni lama-Italy lesifunda saseLago maggiore futhi ehlala esebenzisa imibono yakhe yokuziphatha nempilo yokudla imifino. Emaphethelweni ekhulu lesi-XNUMX, wamenywa njengoprofesa eMoscow Art Academy - "isibalo esisha ngokuphelele kwezobuciko baseRussia. Nakanjani konke kwakukusha kuye: kusukela ekubukekeni kwakhe futhi engowomndeni odumile wezikhulu uTrubetskoy. "Umude", "ubukeka obuhle", onemikhuba emihle kanye "nobuhle obuhle", futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umculi okhululekile futhi onesizotha, ongenalo ukuhlobisa kwezwe, onemfundo yaseYurophu, owavumela ukuba abe nezinto zokuzilibazisa zangempela (njengokuthi: hlala esitudiyo sakhe sezilwane nezilwane futhi abe umuntu odla imifino <…>“Naphezu kokuba uprofesa wakhe waseMoscow, u-Trubetskoy wayesebenza kakhulu eParis: wayethonywe uRodin, futhi wapenda izithombe ezibonisa ukuphila okuthakazelisayo, ikakhulukazi ngethusi - izithombe, imifanekiso. , izinhlobo zezinhlobo nezithombe zezilwane.
Isithombe sakhe esithi "Carrion Eaters" (Divoratori di cadaveri), esakhiwe ngo-1900, kamuva esanikelwa nguye ku-Lombard Society for the Protection of Animals, yisona kuphela ake asinikeza igama. Ukhombisa itafula elinesitsha sengulube phezu kwalo; indoda ihlezi etafuleni, idla amabele. Ngezansi kubhaliwe: “Ngokuphambene nemithetho yemvelo” ( contro natura ); eduzane, kulingiswa impisi, eyaphuthuma isidumbu somuntu. Ngezansi kombhalo: Ngokwemithetho yemvelo (secondo natura) (ill. yy). Ngokuka-VF Bulgakov, unobhala wokugcina kaTolstoy, encwadini enezikhumbuzo nezindaba mayelana noTolstoy, ngo-1921 noma 1922, iMoscow Museum of Tolstoy, ngokulamula kuka-PI Biryukov, wathola njengesipho izithombe ezimbili ezincane eziqoshiwe ezibonisa umbono wokudla imifino: esinye sezithombe sibonisa impisi idla i-chamois efile, kanti enye indoda ekhuluphele ngendlela emangalisayo ibhubhisa ingulube eyosiwe ilele oqwembeni - ngokusobala, lena kwakuyimidwebo yokuqala yezithombe ezimbili ezinkulu. Lokhu kwakamuva kukhonjiswe eMilan Autumn Salon ka-1904, njengoba ingafundwa esihlokweni esivela ku-Corriere della Sera yamhla zingama-29 kuMfumfu. Lo mfanekiso oqoshiwe okabili, owaziwa nangokuthi i-Divoratori di cadaveri, “uhloselwe ukukhuthaza ngokuqondile izinkolelo zakhe zokudla imifino, umlobi aye washo ngokuphindaphindiwe: yingakho ukuthambekela okusobala kokubi okugcwele emfanekisweni futhi kuyingqayizivele emsebenzini kaTrubetskoy.”
UTrubetskoy “wakhulela enkolweni kanina, ubuProthestani,” kubhala umngane wakhe uLuigi Lupano ngo-1954. “Nokho, inkolo ayizange ibe yinkinga kuye, nakuba sakhuluma ngayo lapho sihlangana eCabianca; kodwa wayeyindoda enomusa ojulile futhi ekholelwa ngokujulile ekuphileni; inhlonipho yakhe ngempilo yamholela endleleni yokuphila yemifino, okwakungeyona i-pietism eyisicaba kuye, kodwa ukuqinisekiswa kwentshiseko yakhe ngayo yonke into ephilayo. Imidwebo eminingi bekufanele iqondise ngokuqondile futhi ikholise umphakathi ngokudla kwemifino. Wangikhumbuza ukuthi abangane bakhe uLeo Tolstoy noBernard Shaw babengabadli imifino, futhi wathotshiswa ngokuthi wakwazi ukuncenga uHenry Ford omkhulu ukuba adle imifino. UTroubetzkoy waveza uShaw ngo-1927 kanye noTolstoy izikhathi eziningana phakathi kuka-1898 no-1910.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuvakasha kokuqala kukaTrubetskoy eMoscow Tolstoy House entwasahlobo nasekwindla ka-1898, lapho abona khona ukudla kwemifino e-praxi, kwabeka inkundla yalowo mzuzu owujuqu empilweni kaTrubetskoy, awuthola edolobheni lase-Intra ngo-1899. Kusukela ngo-April 15 kuya ku-April 23, 1898, wenza isibonelo sombhali: “Ntambama, uPrince Trubetskoy, umqophi wezithombe ohlala, wazalwa futhi wakhulela e-Italy, wasivakashela. Umuntu omangalisayo: unethalente elingajwayelekile, kodwa umdala ngokuphelele. Akafundanga lutho, akayazi neMpi Nokuthula, akafundanga ndawo, engenangqondo, edelela futhi egxile ngokuphelele kwezobuciko bakhe. Kusasa uLev Nikolaevich uzofika ezoqopha futhi uzodla nathi. Ngo-December 9/10, Trubetskoy uvakashela Tolstoy ngesinye isikhathi, kanye Repin. Ngo-May 5, 1899, encwadini eya kuChertkov, uTolstoy ubhekisela kuTrubetskoy, efakazela ukubambezeleka kokuphothula inoveli Uvuko olubangelwa izinguquko ezintsha embhalweni wesandla: ubuso buyimehlo, ngakho kimi into eyinhloko ukuphila okungokomoya, okuvezwe ezigcawini. . Futhi lezi zigcawu azikwazanga ukusetshenzwa kabusha.
Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, ekuqaleni kuka-March 1909, uTrubetskoy wadala ezinye izithombe ezimbili zomlobi - uTolstoy egibele ihhashi kanye nesithombe esincane. Kusukela 29 kuya 31 Agasti Trubetskoy amamodeli a bust of Tolstoy. Okokugcina uhlala nomkakhe eYasnaya Polyana kusukela ngoMeyi 29 kuya kuJuni 12, 1910; upenda isithombe sikaTolstoy emafutheni, wenza imidwebo emibili ngepensela futhi uhlanganyela emfanekisweni othi "Tolstoy on horse". Ngo-June 20, umlobi uphinde aveze umbono wokuthi Trubetskoy unekhono kakhulu.
Ngokusho kuka-VF Bulgakov, owakhuluma noTrubetskoy ngaleso sikhathi, lo mbiko wawuyi-"vegan", futhi wenqaba imikhiqizo yobisi: "Kungani sidinga ubisi? Ingabe sincane ngokwanele ukuba siphuze ubisi? Ngabancane kuphela abaphuza ubisi.”
Lapho i-Vegetarian Vestnik yokuqala iqala ukunyatheliswa ngo-1904, uTrubetskoy waba umshicileli ohlanganyela naye walo magazini kusukela kumagazini kaFebruwari, owahlala kwaze kwaba sekugcineni (No. 5, May 1905).
Uthando olukhethekile lukaTrubetskoy ngezilwane lwalwaziwa eNtshonalanga. UFriedrich Jankowski, kufilosofi yakhe ye-Vegetarianism (Philosophie des Vegetarismus, Berlin, 1912) esahlukweni esithi “Ingqikithi Yengcweti Nokudla Okunomsoco” (Das Wesen des Kunstlers und der Ernahrung) ubika ukuthi uTrubetskoy ungumuntu wemvelo kwezobuciko bakhe bezwe futhi ngokuvamile uwubuciko bezwe. umuntu, kodwa uphila ngokungadli imifino futhi engabanaki abantu baseParis, ubanga umsindo emigwaqweni nasezindaweni zokudlela nezimpisi zakhe ezifuyiwe. Ngo-1988, u-P. Castagnoli wabhala: “Impumelelo kaTrubetskoy nodumo aluzuzayo yakha ubunye nodumo umdwebi aluthola ngesinqumo sakhe esiqinile esivuna ukudla imifino kanye nothando athatha ngalo izilwane ngaphansi kwakhe. isivikelo. Izinja, izinyamazane, amahhashi, izimpisi, izindlovu ziba phakathi kwezihloko ezithandwa umdwebi” (ill. 8 yy).
UTrubetskoy wayengenazo izifiso zokubhala. Kodwa isifiso sakhe sokumela indlela yokuphila yemifino sasisikhulu kangangokuthi wabuye waveza emdlalweni wezenzo ezintathu ngesi-Italian othi “Doctor from another planet” (“Il dottore di un altro planeta”). Ikhophi eyodwa yalo mbhalo, uTrubetskoy ayinikeza umfowabo uLuigi ngo-1937, yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngqa ngo-1988. Esenzweni sokuqala, intombazane, engakalahlekelwa inhlonipho ngezidalwa zayo zobuzalwane, okungazange kutholakale ukuthambekela kwayo. kodwa yonakaliswe yimihlangano, igxeka ukuzingela. Esenzweni sesibili, umdala owayekade enecala uxoxa indaba yakhe (“Ecco la mia storia”). Eminyakeni engu-XNUMX edlule, wayehlala nomkakhe nezingane ezintathu: “Sasinezilwane eziningi esasizibheka njengamalungu omkhaya. Sadla umkhiqizo womhlaba ngoba sikuthatha njengecala eliphansi nelinonya ukufaka isandla ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabazalwane ababulawa kabuhlungu kangaka, ukungcwaba izidumbu zabo eziswini zethu nokwanelisa ukuminza okuphendukezelwe nokubi kweningi lesintu. Sanele ngezithelo zomhlaba futhi sasijabule.” Bese kuthi ngolunye usuku umxoxi abe ngufakazi wendlela omunye umshayeli wetekisi alishaya ngesihluku ihhashi lakhe emgwaqeni onamaxhaphozi; uyalivimbezela, umshayeli ashaye kabuhlungu nakakhulu, ashibilike ashaye etsheni afe. Umbalisi ufuna ukumsiza, njalo amapholisa amsola ngokubulala. Njengoba ubona, okwenzeka edolobheni lase-Intra kusabonakala kulesi sigameko.
Trubetskoy wayeneminyaka engaphezudlwana kwamashumi amathathu ubudala lapho ebamba iqhaza emncintiswaneni wesikhumbuzo Alexander III. Uhlelo lokuncintisana inqobo nje uma inkosi iboniswa ihlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi. UTrubetskoy akakuthandanga lokhu, futhi, kanye nomdwebo ohambisana nokumenyezelwa komncintiswano, wanikeza omunye umdwebo obonisa inkosi ehlezi ehhashi. Lesi sakhiwo sesibili sajabulisa umfelokazi we-tsar, futhi ngaleyo ndlela uTrubetskoy wathola i-oda lama-ruble angu-150. Kodwa-ke, imibuthano ebusayo ayizange ineliseke ngomsebenzi ophelile: usuku lokuvulwa kwesikhumbuzo (May 000) kumdwebi lwamenyezelwa sekwephuzile kangangokuthi akakwazanga ukufika emgubhweni ngesikhathi.
Incazelo yalezi zenzakalo ishiywe ngu-NB Nordman encwadini yakhe ethi Intimate Pages. Esinye sezahluko, sango-June 17, 1909, sibizwa ngokuthi: “Incwadi eya kumngane. Usuku mayelana Trubetskoy. Lokhu, kubhala u-KI Chukovsky, "amakhasi athakazelisayo". UNordman uchaza indlela yena noRepin abafika ngayo eSt. Petersburg futhi baya ehhotela ahlala kulo uTrubetskoy, nendlela abangamtholi ngayo ekuqaleni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uNordman wahlangana nomlingisikazi uLidia Borisovna Yavorskaya-Baryatinsky (1871-1921), umsunguli we-New Drama Theatre; U-Lidia Borisovna uhawukela Trubetskoy. Ucwile! Futhi kanjalo yedwa. "Konke, wonke umuntu umelene naye kakhulu." Bekanye noTrubetskoy, bonke “bandiza ngethilamu” ukuze bahlole itshe lesikhumbuzo: “Indalo ezenzakalelayo, enamandla, ehlanganiswe ubusha bomsebenzi okhaliphile !!” Ngemva kokuvakashela itshe lesikhumbuzo, ibhulakufesi ehhotela. UTrubetskoy uhlala yena lapha futhi. Ngokushesha, ngesiRashiya sakhe esingalungile, ngendlela yakhe evamile, wethula imifino:
"- Butler, eh! Butler!?
UDvoretsky ukhothama ngenhlonipho phambi kukaTrubetskoy.
“Umufi upheke lapha?” Kule sobho? O! Ikhala liyezwa… isidumbu!
Siyabukana sonke. Oh labo bashumayeli! Bona, njengezithombe zaseGibhithe emadilini, bakhuluma futhi bakhumbuze lokho umuntu angafuni ukucabanga ngakho ezinhlotsheni ezijwayelekile zokuphila kwethu. Futhi kungani kukhulunywa ngezidumbu esidlweni? Wonke umuntu udidekile. Abazi ukuthi yini abangayikhetha kumephu.
Futhi uLidia Borisovna, ngobuhlakani bomphefumulo wesifazane, ngokushesha uthatha uhlangothi lukaTrubetskoy.
“Ungithelele ngemibono yakho, futhi ngizodla imifino nawe!”
Futhi bayala ndawonye. Futhi u-Trubetskoy uhleka ngokumamatheka okunjengengane. Usemoyeni.
O! Angiphindanga ngimenywe esidlweni sakusihlwa e-Paris. Sengikhathele yibo bonke ngentshumayelo yami!! Manje nginqume ukutshela wonke umuntu mayelana nokudla imifino. Umshayeli uyangithatha, futhi manje sengiya kuye: Est – ce que vous mangez des cadavres? kahle, selihambile, selihambile. <...> Muva nje, ngiyothenga ifenisha - futhi kungazelelwe ngaqala ukushumayela futhi ngakhohlwa ukuthi kungani ngize, futhi umnikazi wakhohlwa. Saxoxa ngokudla imifino, saya engadini yakhe, sadla izithelo. Manje sesingabangane abakhulu, ungumlandeli wami ... Futhi ngaqopha isiqephu somthengisi wezinkomo ocebile ovela eMelika. Iseshini yokuqala yayithule. Futhi okwesibili ngiyabuza - ngitshele, ingabe uyajabula?
Mina, yebo!
– Ingabe unonembeza omuhle?
- Ngine? Yebo, kodwa yini, Kwaqala! …”
Kamuva, uRepin uhlelela umngane wakhe uTrubetskoy idili endaweni yokudlela yaseKontan. Kwathunyelwa izimemo ezingaba ngamakhulu amabili, kodwa “kulo lonke elaseSt. Kwaphela isikhathi eside bethula ngaye, "kwaze kwaba yilapho uDiaghilev eletha izinto zakhe futhi wethula amaRussia kuye!" U-Repin ehholo elingenalutho wenza inkulumo ejabulisayo, futhi uveza nokuntula imfundo kukaTrubetskoy, okuhlakulelwe ngamabomu nangamabomu. UTrubetskoy udale itshe lesikhumbuzo elingcono kakhulu likaDante e-Italy. “Bambuza - mhlawumbe wazi yonke imigqa yeZulu nesiHogo ngekhanda? … Angikaze ngifunde uDante empilweni yami!” Ubafundisa kanjani abafundi bakhe, uRepin ubuza ngokunganaki, “ngoba akasazi kahle isiRashiya. - Yebo, ufundisa into eyodwa kuphela - uma uthi, uqopha - kufanele uqonde lapho kuthambile futhi lapho kunzima khona. - Yilokho kuphela! Lapho kuthambile nalapho kunzima khona! Yeka ukujula kulokhu kuphawula !!! labo. soft – muscle, hard – bone. Noma ubani okuqondayo lokhu unomuzwa wesimo, kodwa kumqophi wezithombe konke lokhu.” Embukisweni wango-20 eParis, ijaji lanikeza uTrubetskoy indondo enkulu ngomsebenzi wakhe. Uyinkathi ekuqoshweni...
Трубецкой, на французском я XNUMX, благодарит репина за Выступление - и При этом сразу же Пускает Вод Kodwa noma kunjalo ngizothi ngiyayithanda, ngiyayithanda impilo! Ngenxa yokuthanda le mpilo ngingathanda ukuthi ihlonishwe. Ngenxa yokuhlonipha ukuphila, izilwane akufanele zibulawe njengoba senza manje. Sibulala kuphela, maye! Kodwa ngithi yonke indawo nakuwo wonke umuntu engihlangana naye… Ungabulali. Hlonipha impilo! Futhi uma udla izidumbu kuphela - ujeziswa ngezifo [sic! — П.Б.] ngininike lezi zidumbu. Lesi ukuphela kwesijeziso izilwane ezimpofu ezingakunika zona.” Все слушают насупившись. Кто любит проповеди? Мясные блюда становятся противны. “O! Ngiyayithanda imvelo, ngiyithanda ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye < …> Nali itshe lesikhumbuzo lami eliqediwe! Ngijabule ngomsebenzi wami. Isho lokho kanye engangikufuna - amandla nempilo! »
Isibabazo sikaRepin esithi “Bravo, bravo Trubetskoy!” yacashunwa amaphephandaba. Inhlakanipho yetshe lesikhumbuzo likaTrubetskoy yenza umbono ojulile naku-VV Rozanov; lesi sikhumbuzo samenza “umshisekeli weTrubetskoy”. U-SP Diaghilev ngo-1901 noma 1902, ehhovisi labahleli bephephabhuku uMir Iskusstva, wabonisa uRozanov umklamo wesikhumbuzo. Kamuva, uRozanov wanikela ngesihloko esinomdlandla ku-"Paolo Trubezkoi nesikhumbuzo sakhe ku-Alexander III": "lapha, kulesi sikhumbuzo, sonke, sonke i-Russian yethu kusukela ngo-1881 kuya ku-1894." Lo mculi u-Rozanov wathola "umuntu onethalente elibi", ohlakaniphile, owokuqala nongenalwazi. Yiqiniso, isihloko sikaRozanov asikhulumi ngothando lukaTrubetskoy ngemvelo kanye nendlela yakhe yokuphila yemifino.
Itshe lesikhumbuzo ngokwalo laba nesiphetho esidabukisayo. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi imibuthano ebusayo evela eqenjini likaNicholas II ayimthandi, kodwa iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zamfihla ngo-1937, ngesikhathi seStalinism, endaweni ethile engemuva. UTrubetskoy, odume ngezithombe zakhe zezilwane, waphika ukuthi lo msebenzi wawuhloselwe ukuba ukhulume ngezombangazwe: “Bengifuna nje ukudweba isilwane kwesinye.”
UTolstoy wavumela uTrubetskoy ngokuzithandela ukuba aziveze. Wathi ngaye: “Isiphiwo esingaka.” UTrubetskoy akagcinanga ngokuvuma kuye ukuthi akazange afunde Impi Nokuthula - wakhohlwa ngisho nokuhamba nezinhlelo zemisebenzi kaTolstoy, ayezethulwe e-Yasnaya Polyana. Iqembu lakhe elithi "symbolic" plasticity laziwa nguTolstoy. NgoJuni 20, 1910, uMakovitsky wenza inothi: “ULN waqala ukukhuluma ngoTrubetskoy: – Lo Trubetskoy, umqophi, umlandeli omubi wokudla imifino, wenza umfanekiso wempisi nendoda futhi wasayina: “Impisi idla izidumbu, futhi indoda ngokwayo iyabulala ... ".
U-NB Nordman ushiyele izizukulwane ezizayo isixwayiso sikaTrubetskoy mayelana nokudluliselwa kwezifo zezilwane kubantu. Amagama athi: “vous etes punis par les maladies qui [sic!] vous donnent ces cadavres” akusona ukuphela kwesixwayiso esivela eRussia yangaphambi kwempi okuthiwa ifanekisela isifo sohlanya lwezinkomo.
p,s, Esithombeni u-Paolo Trubetskoy no-LN Tolstoy ngehhashi.