I-Russia inesiko elide lokudla okungenanyama ngesikhathi sokuzila. Noma kunjalo, imifino yesimanje, eyavela eNtshonalanga maphakathi nekhulu le-1890. futhi manje ubhekene nokuvuselelwa okumangalisayo, weza kuye kuphela ngawo-1917. Ngenxa yethonya lika-LN Tolstoy, kanye nemisebenzi yososayensi abanjengo-AN Beketov no-AI Voeikov, inhlangano enamandla yemifino yasungulwa eRussia ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Encwadini okokuqala ngqa ngokuningiliziwe, ngesisekelo sezinto ezigcina umlando, indaba yakhe yembulwa. I-echo yemibono yemifino iboniswa emisebenzini kaLeskov, Chekhov, Artsybashev, V. Solovyov, Natalia Nordman, Nazhivin, Mayakovsky, kanye nabaculi uPaolo Trubetskoy, Repin, Ge nabanye abaningi. Iziphetho zemiphakathi edla imifino, izindawo zokudlela, omagazini, isimo sengqondo sodokotela ngokudla imifino kuyavezwa; izitayela zingalandelelwa ekuthuthukisweni kwalo mnyakazo kuze kube yilapho ucindezelwa ngemva kuka-XNUMX, lapho imiqondo yemifino iqhubeka nokuba khona kuphela "ku-utopia yesayensi" kanye "nasezinganekwaneni zesayensi".
NG Chernyshevsky
"Le ncwadi inikeza igalari yabadla imifino emikhulu (L. Tolstoy, N. Chernyshevsky, I. Repin, njll.)" - lesi kwakuyisimemezelo sencwadi ngo-1992 I-Vegetarianism eRussia (NK-92-17/34, ukusakazwa okuhlosiwe - 15, ivolumu - 000 amashidi aphrintiwe); le ncwadi, cishe, ayizange ikubone ukukhanya kosuku, okungenani yayingekho ngaphansi kwaleso sihloko. Ukugomela kokuthi u-NG Chernyshevsky (7 - 1828) wayengumuntu odla imifino kungase kubamangaze labo abafunda inoveli yakhe ye-socio-utopian. Okufanele ngikwenze? njengengxenye yekharikhulamu yesikole eyimpoqo. Kodwa ngo-1909 IN Ngempela, umuntu angafunda inothi elilandelayo:
“Ngo-Okthoba 17. Kwagujwa iminyaka engamashumi amabili kwashona u-Nikolai Grigorievich [sic!] Chernyshevsky.
Abantu abaningi abanomqondo ofanayo abazi ukuthi lo mqondo omkhulu wawungowekhempu yethu.
Ku-No. 18 yephephabhuku elithi "Nedelya" lika-1893 sithola okulandelayo (iqiniso elithakazelisayo labadla imifino kusukela empilweni ka-NG Chernyshevsky ongasekho enyakatho ekude eSiberia). UNedelya ubhekisela esigungwini saseJalimane i-Vegetarische Rundschau futhi uyabhala: “ESiberia, eKolymsk, eduze kwaseYakutsk, umlobi wencwadi ethi What Is To Be Done useneminyaka engu-15 ehlala ekudingisweni. Odingisiwe unensimu encane, azilimela yona; uyanaka kakhulu futhi akubhekisise ukukhula kwezitshalo zakhe; wakhama inhlabathi enamaxhaphozi engadini. UChernyshevsky uphila ngokudla akukhiqizayo, futhi udla ukudla kwezitshalo kuphela.. Uphila ngokulingene kangangokuthi unyaka wonke akawachithi ama-ruble angu-120 uhulumeni amnika wona.
Kumagazini wokuqala ka-1910, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Incwadi Eya Kumhleli”, incwadi yanyatheliswa u-Y. Chaga othile, ebonisa ukuthi amaphutha angena ephuzwini elinguNombolo 8-9:
“Okokuqala, uChernyshevsky wayedingiselwe eSiberia, hhayi eKolymsk, kodwa eVilyuisk, esifundeni saseYakutsk. <...> Okwesibili, uChernyshevsky wayedingisiwe eVilyuisk hhayi iminyaka engu-15, kodwa engu-12.
Kodwa konke lokhu <...> akubalulekile kangako: okubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi uChernyshevsky ngesinye isikhathi wayengumuntu oqaphelayo futhi oqinile wemifino. Futhi lapha, nami, ngiqinisekisa iqiniso lokuthi phakathi nale minyaka yokudingiswa uChernyshevsky wayengumuntu odla imifino ngempela, ngicaphuna lesi sicaphuno esilandelayo encwadini ye-Vl. Berenshtam "Eduze kwezepolitiki"; umbhali udlulisela indaba yomkakaputeni mayelana neChernyshevsky, eduze kwakhe ahlala kuyo isikhathi esingangonyaka eVilyuysk.
"Yena (okungukuthi uChernyshevsky) akazange adle inyama noma isinkwa esimhlophe, kodwa isinkwa esimnyama kuphela, edla okusanhlamvu, inhlanzi nobisi ...
Ngaphezu kwakho konke uChernyshevsky wayedla iphalishi, isinkwa se-rye, itiye, amakhowe (ehlobo) nobisi, okungavamile izinhlanzi. Kwakukhona nenyoni yasendle eVilyuisk, kodwa ayizange iyidle nebhotela. Akadlanga lutho emzini womuntu njengokubuza kwakhe. Kanye ngosuku lwegama lami ngadla uphaya omncane wezinhlanzi. Wayelizonda newayini; uma kwenzeka, ebona, manje uthi: 'Kususe, kususe!' »».
Ebhekise encwadini ye-Vl. Berenshtam, kungatholakala ukuthi ngo-1904, u-J. Chaga, ohambweni lwe-steamboat ngaseMfuleni iLena, wahlangana no-Alexandra Larionovna Mogilova, inkosikazi kakaputeni oshiwo. Emshadweni wakhe wokuqala, wayeshade isikhulu non-commission Gerasim Stepanovich Shchepkin. Lo myeni wakhe wokuqala wayengumqaphi wokugcina wejele laseVilyuysk, indawo lapho uChernyshevsky achitha khona iminyaka engu-12 ekudingisweni. Ingxoxo naye yabhalwa izwi nezwi (inguqulo emfushane evela ezindebeni zikaSchepkin ngokwakhe yanyatheliswa ngu-SF Mikhalevich kakade ngo-1905 Ingcebo YaseRussia). Ngo-1883, u-AL Mogilova (owayengu-Schepkina ngaleso sikhathi) wayehlala eVilyuisk. Ngokwendaba yakhe, uChernyshevsky, owayevunyelwe ukuphuma ejele kusukela ekuseni kuze kube sebusuku, wayekha amakhowe ehlathini. Ukuphunyuka emahlathini angenamgwaqo kwakungabuzwa. Ebusika kukhona ubusuku obuningi, futhi isithwathwa sinamandla kunase-Irkutsk. Kwakungekho imifino, amazambane alethwa kude ngabathenwa ngama-ruble angu-3 i-pood, kodwa uChernyshevsky akazange azithenge nhlobo ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu. Wayenamabhokisi amakhulu amahlanu ezincwadi. Ehlobo, ukuhlushwa omiyane kwakubi kakhulu: “Ekamelweni,” kukhumbula u-AL Mogilova, “kwakukhona
Qiniseka endabeni ye-Vl. I-Berrenshtam ingenzeka namuhla ngesisekelo sedatha esiyithola ezincwadini zikaChernyshevsky. Ngo-1864, ngokubamba iqhaza ezingxabanweni zabafundi nabalimi be-1861-1862, kanye nokuxhumana nabafuduki be-AI Herzen kanye ne-NP iminyaka eyisikhombisa yokusebenza ngempoqo ezimayini zesiliva zase-Irkutsk, okulandelwa ukudingiswa kokuphila. Kusukela ngoDisemba 1871 kuya ku-Okthoba 1883 wagcinwa endaweni Vilyuisk, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-450 enyakatho-ntshonalanga Irkutsk. Izincwadi zikaChernyshevsky ezivela ekudingisweni lapho, eziphathelene no-1872-1883, zingatholakala emiqulu ye-XIV ne-XV yemisebenzi ephelele yomlobi; ngokwengxenye, lezi zincwadi zinde kakhulu, njengoba iposi liya e-Irkutsk lalithunyelwa kanye ezinyangeni ezimbili. Kufanele ubekezelele ukuphindaphinda okuthile ukuze upende isithombe esigcwele.
U-Chernyshevsky akayeki ukuqinisekisa umkakhe u-Olga, amadodana u-Alexander noMikhail, kanye noProfesa AN Pypin, isazi-mlando samasiko esaziwayo esisekela umndeni wokudingiswa ngemali, ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle kuye: hhayi kudokotela, noma. emithini, noma ngokujwayelana nabantu, noma ngokunethezeka, ngingahlala lapha ngaphandle kokulimala empilweni yami, futhi ngaphandle kwesithukuthezi, futhi ngaphandle kwanoma yibuphi ubunzima obubonakala umuzwa wami wokunambitha ongakhethi. Ngakho wabhalela umkakhe u-Olga Sokratovna ekuqaleni kuka-June 1872, ngokukholisayo emcela ukuba alahle umqondo wokumvakashela. Cishe kuzo zonke izincwadi - futhi zingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu - sithola isiqiniseko sokuthi unempilo futhi akantuli lutho, ecela ukuthi angathunyelelwa imali. Ikakhulukazi umlobi ukhuluma ngezimo zokudla kwakhe nokuphila kwansuku zonke ekudingisweni: “Ngibhala konke ngokudla; ngoba, ngicabanga, yilokho kuphela umuntu angakwazi ukungabaza ngakho ukuthi ngikhululeke ngokwanele yini lapha. Ilula kakhulu kunalokho engikudingayo ngokwalokho engikuthandayo kanye nezidingo zami <...> Ngihlala lapha, njengoba babephila ezinsukwini zakudala, mhlawumbe basaphila, abanikazi bomhlaba abasezingeni eliphakathi ezindaweni zabo.
Ngokuphambene nokucatshangwa ukuthi izindaba ezishiwo ekuqaleni zingase zivuse, izincwadi zikaChernyshevsky ezivela eVilyuisk azikhulumi ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezinhlanzi kuphela, kodwa futhi nenyama.
Ngo-June 1, 1872, ubhalela umkakhe ewubonga kakhulu umkhaya onomusa ozama ukudla kwakhe: “Okokuqala, kunzima ukuthola inyama noma inhlanzi.” Eqinisweni, inyama noma inhlanzi yayingekho kusukela ngo-April kuze kube u-October noma ngo-November. Kodwa ngenxa yenkuthalo yabo [yalowo mkhaya], nsuku zonke ngiba nenyama noma inhlanzi yezinga elihle eyanele, ngisho nayichichima. Ukukhathazeka okubalulekile, ubhala, kubo bonke abantu baseRussia abahlala lapho, ukudla kwasemini. Azikho izindawo zokugcina ukudla lapho ukudla kungagcinwa khona kahle ehlobo: “Futhi inyama ayinakudliwa ehlobo. Kufanele udle inhlanzi. Labo abangakwazi ukudla izinhlanzi ngezinye izikhathi bahlala belambile. Ayisebenzi kimi. Ngidla izinhlanzi ngokujabula futhi ngijabule ngalesi sithunzi somzimba. Kodwa uma inyama ingekho, abantu abangazithandi izinhlanzi bangaludla ubisi. Yebo, bayazama. Kodwa kusukela ekufikeni kwami lapha, kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu kunangaphambili: ukuncintisana kwami ekuthengeni ubisi kwenze lo mkhiqizo waba mpofu ekuhwebeni kwendawo. Ukufuna, ukufuna ubisi - alukho ubisi; konke kuthengwa futhi kuphuzwa yimi. Amahlaya eceleni, yebo.” U-Chernyshevsky uthenga amabhodlela amabili obisi ngosuku ("lapha balinganisa ubisi ngamabhodlela") - lokhu kuwumphumela wokusenga izinkomo ezintathu. Izinga lobisi, uyaphawula, alilibi. Kodwa njengoba kunzima ukuthola ubisi, uphuza itiye kusukela ekuseni kuze kuhlwe. U-Chernyshevsky uyadlala, kodwa, noma kunjalo, phakathi kwemigqa kubonakala sengathi ngisho nomuntu othobekile wayenesimo esingenakuqhathaniswa nokudla. Yiqiniso, kwakukhona okusanhlamvu. Ubhala ukuthi njalo ngonyaka ama-Yakuts (ngaphansi kwethonya laseRussia) ahlwanyela isinkwa esiningi - sizozalelwa lapho kahle. Ngokunambitha kwakhe, isinkwa nokudla kuphekwe kahle impela.
Encwadini eyabhalwa ngo-March 17, 1876, siyafunda: “Ehlobo lokuqala lapha ngakhuthazelela inyanga yonke, njengawo wonke umuntu olapha, ngiswele inyama esanda kuzalwa. Kodwa nalapho nganginezinhlanzi. Futhi ngemva kokufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho, ehlobo elilandelayo ngangizinakekela ngokwami inyama, futhi kusukela lapho ibilokhu iyintsha njalo ehlobo. - Okufanayo kuya ngemifino: manje anginakho ukuntula kwabo. Kukhona inala yezinyoni zasendle. Izinhlanzi - ehlobo, njengoba kwenzeka: ngezinye izikhathi izinsuku ezimbalwa azikho; kodwa ngokuvamile nginakho ngisho nasehlobo - njengoba ngithanda; futhi ebusika kuhlale kukuhle: i-sterlet nezinye izinhlanzi zokunambitheka okuhle okufanayo njenge-sterlet. Futhi ngo-January 23, 1877, uyamemezela: “Mayelana nokudla, sekuyisikhathi eside ngibheka leyo miyalelo yemithi engenziwa endaweni engasendle futhi empofu ngokuphelele. Laba bantu abazi nowosa inyama. <...> Ukudla kwami okuyinhloko, isikhathi eside, ubisi. Ngiyiphuza amabhodlela amathathu e-champagne ngosuku <…> Amabhodlela amathathu e-champagne angu-5? amakhilogremu obisi. <...> Ungahlulela ukuthi, ngaphezu kobisi netiye noshukela, kukude nsuku zonke ukuthi ngidinga iphawundi lesinkwa nengxenye yesine yephawundi lenyama. Isinkwa sami siyabekezeleleka. Ngisho nezingwazi zendawo ziyakwazi ukupheka inyama.”
U-Chernyshevsky wayenenkinga ngeminye yemikhuba yokudla yendawo. Encwadini eyabhalwa ngo-July 9, 1875, uvumelana nalokhu okulandelayo: “Maqondana netafula, izindaba zami sekuyisikhathi eside zaneliseka ngokuphelele. Abantu baseRussia endawo baboleka okuthile emicabangweni yabo ye-gastronomic kumaYakuts. Bathanda kakhulu ukudla ibhotela lenkomo ngobuningi obumangalisayo. Angikwazanga ukubhekana nalokhu isikhathi eside impela: umpheki wakubona kudingekile ukuthi angifakele amafutha kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezitsha. Ngashintsha lezi zalukazi <...> izinguquko azizange zisize, ngamunye olandelayo wabonakala engenakunyakaziswa ekhishini laseYakut ekhishini lokungiphakela ibhotela. <...> Ekugcineni, kwatholakala isalukazi esake sahlala esifundazweni sase-Irkutsk futhi sibheka isiRashiya esivamile sebhotela lenkomo.
Kuyo le ncwadi kukhona nokuphawula okuphawulekayo ngemifino: “Eminyakeni edlule, ngenxa yobudedengu bami, angizange ngicebe ngemifino. Lapha babhekwa njengokunethezeka, ukudla okwehla esiphundu, kunengxenye edingekayo yokudla. Kuleli hlobo, ngakhumbula ukuthatha izinyathelo ukuze ngibe nemifino eminingi njengoba ngidinga ngokuvumelana nokunambitheka kwami: Ngathi ngithenga wonke amaklabishi, wonke ukhukhamba, njll., njengoba nje abalimi bendawo bengenza. ube nokudayiswa. <...> Futhi ngizohlinzekwa ngemifino ngenani, ngokungangabazeki, elidlula izidingo zami. <...> Ngiphinde ngibe nomunye umsebenzi wemvelo efanayo: ukukha amakhowe. Akusho ukuthi ukunikeza umfana othile wase-Yakut ama-kopecks amabili, futhi wayezocosha amakhowe amaningi ngosuku olulodwa kunalokho engingakwazi ukuphatha isonto lonke. Kodwa ukuze kudlule isikhathi endaweni evulekile, ngizulazula emaphethelweni ehlathi amabanga angamashumi amathathu ukusuka endlini yami futhi ngikha amakhowe: maningi lapha. Encwadini yangoNovemba 1, 1881, uChernyshevsky unikeza imininingwane eningiliziwe ngokuqoqwa nokomiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zamakhowe.
Ngo-March 18, 1875, ukhumbula isimo ngemifino eRussia ngale ndlela: “NgingumRashiya” lapha kubantu abangewona amaRussia angaphansi kunami; kodwa “abaseRussia” baqala ngabo nge-Irkutsk; e "Russia" - cabanga: ukhukhamba ishibhile! Futhi amazambane! Futhi izaqathi! Futhi lapha imifino ayimbi, ngempela; kodwa ukuze zikhule, ziyanakekelwa, njengaseMoscow noma eSt. Petersburg ngophayinaphu. “Isinkwa siyozalwa kahle, ngisho nokolweni.”
Futhi enye icaphuno evela encwadini ende yango-March 17, 1876: “Uyangabaza, mngane wami, ukuthi ngiphila kahle ngempela lapha. Uyakungabaza ngempela. <...> Ukudla kwami akukona ukudla kwaseFrance, ngempela; kodwa uyakhumbula, angikwazi ukuma noma yiziphi izitsha, ngaphandle kokupheka okulula kwesiRashiya; wena ngokwakho waphoqeleka ukuba unakekele ukuthi umpheki uzongilungisela ukudla kwaseRussia, futhi ngaphandle kwalesi sidlo cishe angikaze ngidle etafuleni, cishe lutho. Uyakhumbula ngenkathi ngiya emadilini anezitsha ze-gastronomic, ngahlala etafuleni ngingadli lutho. Futhi manje ukwenyanya kwami izitsha zikanokusho sekufinyelele eqophelweni lapho ngingeke ngikwazi ukumelana nesinamoni noma ama-clove. <…>
Ngiyaluthanda ubisi. Yebo, kusebenza kahle kimi. Kukhona ubisi oluncane lapha: izinkomo ziningi; kodwa aziphakelwa kahle, futhi inkomo yendawo inikeza cishe ubisi oluncane kuneyembuzi eRussia. <...> Nasedolobheni banezinkomo ezimbalwa kangangokuba bona baswele ubisi. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokufika kwami lapha, izinyanga ezine noma ngaphezulu, ngaphila ngaphandle kobisi: akekho onalo oluthengiswayo; wonke umuntu uswele okwakhe. (Ngikhuluma ngobisi olusha. Ubisi luyiqhwa eSiberia. Kodwa alusanambitheki kahle. Luningi ubisi luka-ayisikhilimu lapha. Kodwa angikwazi ukuluphuza.)
Encwadini eyabhalwa ngo-April 3, 1876, lowo owayedingisiwe wathi: “Ngokwesibonelo: kukhona ama-sardine lapha, kunenqwaba yokudla okusemathinini okuhlukahlukene. Ngathi: “abaningi” – cha, inani labo alilikhulu: abekho abantu abacebile lapha; futhi noma ubani onezimpahla ezinhle ezikhishwe e-Yakutsk esitokweni sasekhaya uzisebenzisa kancane. Kodwa azintuli neze. <...> Isibonelo, lapho ngithande amanye ama-pretzels aseMoscow ephathini, kwavela ukuthi ayefunwa, amakhukhi. Ungakwazi yini ukuba nazo? - "Uxolo!" - "Kanjani?" - Kwavela ukuthi amakhilogremu angu-12 noma angu-15 ayazuza, anganikezwa mina. <…> Okwamanje, ngizodla amakhilogremu angu-12 ngetiye lami. <...> Umbuzo ohluke ngokuphelele: ingabe [nga] ngidle lawa maphawundi amakhukhi futhi ngazibhalela ukuqhubeka kobumnandi obufanayo? Yebo cha. Ngingaba nesithakazelo ngempela ezintweni eziwubala?
Ezindabeni zokudla okunomsoco, uChernyshevsky, eqinisweni, ngezinye izikhathi uphatha ngokukhululekile. Umfanekiso walokhu "indaba ene-lemon", okuyinto, njengoba umlandisi ngokwakhe eqinisekisa, "idumile eVilyuisk". Bamnika ama-lemons amabili amasha - okungavamile kakhulu kulezi zindawo - yena, ebeka "izipho" efasiteleni, wakhohlwa ngabo ngokuphelele, ngenxa yalokho, ama-lemons abunile futhi akhuntile; ngesinye isikhathi bamthumelela amakhekhe nama-alimondi nokunye ngesikhathi samaholide. “Kwakungamapondo ambalwa.” UChernyshevsky wabeka iningi lalo ebhokisini lapho kugcinwa khona ushukela netiye. Lapho ebheka kulelo bhokisi ngemva kwamasonto amabili, wathola ukuthi amakhekhe ayethambile, ethambile futhi ekhuntile. “Hleka”.
UChernyshevsky uzama ukunxephezela ukuntuleka kwemifino ngokukha izithelo zehlathi. Ngo-August 14, 1877, ubhalela indodana yakhe u-Alexander: “Kunemifino embalwa kakhulu lapha. Kodwa yini engingayithola, ngizodla. Kodwa-ke, ukuntula kwabo akubalulekile ngenxa yokuthi ama-lingonberry akhula lapha. Ngenyanga izovuthwa, futhi ngizoyisebenzisa njalo. Futhi ngo-February 25, 1878, wazisa i-AN Pypin: “Ngangazi ukuthi ngangisosizini. Ngawadla ama-lingonberry lapho ngiwathola. Ngiyidle ngopondo.”
Umlayezo olandelayo ubhekisela kuMeyi 29, 1878: “Izolo ngithole i-gastronomic. Kukhona ama-currants amaningi lapha. Ngihamba phakathi kwezihlahla zakhe futhi ngibone: uyaqhakaza. <...> Futhi kusukela kwenye inqubo, esinye isixha sezimbali, esizungezwe amaqabunga amancane, sigibela ngqo ezindebeni zami. Ngazama ukubona ukuthi konke kuzoba mnandi ndawonye, izimbali ezinamahlamvu amancane. Futhi badla; kwakubonakala kimi: kunambitha njengesaladi; kuphela ethambile kakhulu futhi engcono. Angiyithandi isaladi. Kodwa ngakuthanda. Futhi ngadla isihlahla sama-currants amathathu. "Okutholakele ukuthi i-gastronomes ngeke ikholwe: ama-currants ayizinhlobonhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ze-ulethisi." Ngo-Okthoba 27, 1879 - ukungena okufanayo: "Mangaki ama-currants engiwaqoqile kuleli hlobo adlula zonke izilinganiso namathuba. Futhi - cabanga: amaqoqo ama-currants abomvu asalenga ezihlahleni; ngolunye usuku iqhwa, ngolunye usuku lwancibilika futhi. Eziqandisiwe zimnandi kakhulu; hhayi nhlobo ukunambitheka okufanayo okwehlobo; futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kungcono. Ukube angizange ngikuqaphele kakhulu ukudla kwami, ngabe ngiziphuzela kukho.
Kubonakala kunzima ukuvumelanisa izincwadi zikaChernyshevsky ezibhekiswe ezihlotsheni zakhe ngobufakazi obuvela ku-Vl. I-Berenshtam kanye nombiko ka-Mogilova mayelana nokuphila kombhali kokudla imifino kusukela onyakeni wokugcina wokudingiswa. Kodwa mhlawumbe kusengenzeka? Encwadini eyabhalwa ngoJuni 15, 1877, sithola lesi sivumo esilandelayo: “... ukuze ngibone hhayi kuphela inyama eluhlaza ebomvu, kodwa futhi nenyama yenhlanzi egcina ukubonakala kwayo kwemvelo. Ngiyaxolisa, cishe nginamahloni. Uyakhumbula, ngangihlala ngidla kancane kakhulu esidlweni sakusihlwa. Uyakhumbula, ngangihlala ngidla ngisuthi hhayi esidlweni sakusihlwa, kodwa ngaphambi noma ngemva - ngidle isinkwa. Angithandi ukudla inyama. Futhi lokhu bekulokhu kimi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Angisho ukuthi muhle umuzwa wami. Kodwa kunjalo ngokwemvelo.”
Encwadini ende kakhulu eyabhalwa ngoJanuwari 30, 1878, uChernyshevsky uhumusha u-Olga, ewufushanisa kancane lo mbhalo, “isihloko esabhalwa omunye wososayensi abadume kakhulu nabaningi, futhi, okungcono kakhulu, omunye wodokotela abahlakaniphe kakhulu eJalimane, okwavela kuyo. cishe lonke ulwazi lwezokwelapha olunikezwa odokotela bethu abakahle.” Umbhali walesi sihloko uPaul Niemeyer, owayehlala eMagdeburg. “Lesi sihloko sinesihloko esithi: 'Imithi Ethandwayo Nokunakekelwa Kwezempilo Komuntu Siqu.' Ucwaningo lwamasiko nomlando lukaPaul Niemeyer "".
Lesi sihloko, ikakhulukazi, sinxusa umthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu; UChernyshevsky ucaphuna: “Wonke umuntu ngokwakhe kufanele anakekele ukululama kwakhe, <...> udokotela umhola kuphela ngesandla.” Futhi uyaqhubeka: “Kodwa, kusho uPaul Niemeyer, okungenani kwakunenani elincane labantu abanquma ukuphila ngokuvumelana nemithetho yenhlanzeko. Laba ngabadla imifino (abamelene nokudla kwenyama).
UPaul Niemeyer uthola kuzo ukucatshangelwa okuningi, okungadingekile ngokuphelele kubantu abahlakaniphile. Uthi yena ngokwakhe akalokothi athi: “Inyama ingukudla okuyingozi.” Kodwa lokho azimisele ukukucabanga kuyiqiniso. “Bengingakulindele lokho.
Angikhulumi ngempilo yakho, uLyalechka wami othandekayo, kodwa ngenjabulo yami.
Sekuyisikhathi eside ngikholelwa ukuthi odokotela nezazi zokusebenza komzimba benza iphutha lapho ngokwemvelo behlukanisa umuntu njengesidalwa esidla inyama. Amazinyo nesisu, okuklanyelwe ukuxazulula izinkinga zalolu hlobo, akufani kumuntu njengezilwane ezincelisayo ezidla inyama. Ukudla inyama kuwumkhuba omubi kumuntu. Lapho ngiqala ukucabanga ngale ndlela, angitholanga lutho ezincwadini zochwepheshe ngaphandle kokuphikisana okuqinile kwalo mbono: “inyama ingcono kunesinkwa,” wonke umuntu wathi. Kancane kancane, kwaqala ukuvela amacebo angenamahloni okuthi mhlawumbe thina (odokotela nama-physiologists) sasiyisinkwa esilulaza kakhulu, futhi siphakamisa inyama. Manje bakusho kaningi, ngesibindi. Futhi omunye uchwepheshe, njengalo Paul Niemeyer, uthambekele ngokuphelele ekucabangeni ukuthi inyama iwukudla kwabantu, mhlawumbe iyingozi. Nokho, ngiyaqaphela ukuthi ngawenza ihaba umbono wakhe, ngiwudlulisela ngamazwi ami. Uthi kuphela:
“Ngeke ngivume ukuthi ukuzithiba ngokuphelele enyameni kungaba umthetho. Indaba yokunambitha”.
Futhi emva kwalokho uncoma ukuthi abadli imifino bayakwenyanya ukuminza; futhi ukuminza kwenyama kuvame ukwedlula noma iyiphi enye.
Angikaze ngibe nokuthambekela kokungasho lutho. Wonke umuntu udla inyama; ngakho konke kuyafana kimi: Ngidla okudliwa abanye. Kodwa—kodwa, konke lokhu akubalulekile kangako. Njengososayensi, kuyangijabulisa ukubona ukuthi indlela efanele, ngokombono wami, indlela yesayensi yokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwesinkwa nenyama ayisanqatshwa ngaphandle kwemibandela ngochwepheshe. Ngakho ngakhuluma ngentokozo yami yokufunda.
Encwadini eyabhalwa ngo-Okthoba 1, 1881, uChernyshevsky uqinisekisa umkakhe: "Ngesinye isikhathi ngizobhala imininingwane mayelana nokudla kwami nakho konke okufana nalokhu, ukuze ubone ngokucacile ukufaneleka kwesinye isiqinisekiso sami esiqhubekayo: " Ngiphila kahle, nginakho konke okudingekayo ngobuningi kimi“, hhayi okukhethekile, uyazi, umthandi wokunethezeka. Kodwa "imininingwane" ethenjisiwe inikezwa encwadini efanayo:
“Angiyiboni inyama eluhlaza; futhi konke kukhula kimi. Ngaphambili, wayengakwazi ukubona kuphela inyama yezilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni; wabuka izinhlanzi ngokunganaki. Manje sekunzima kimi ukubuka inyama yenhlanzi. Lapha akunakwenzeka ukudla ukudla kwemifino kuphela; futhi ukube kwakungenzeka, kancane kancane wayezokwenyanya konke ukudla kwenyama.
Umbuzo ubonakala ucacile. U-Chernyshevsky, kusukela ebuntwaneni, njengabantwana abaningi - njengoba uRousseau abonisa - wabhekana nokwenyanya okungokwemvelo kwenyama. Ngenxa yokuthambekela kwakhe kwesayensi ezwakalayo, wazama ukuthola incazelo yalokhu kunqikaza, kodwa wabhekana nemibono ephambene yezinkanyiso zesayensi, ezethulwa njengeqiniso elingenakuphikwa. Futhi kuphela esihlokweni sika-Niemeyer ngo-1876 lapho athola khona incazelo yemizwa yakhe. Incwadi kaChernyshevsky yangoJanuwari 30, 1878 (bheka ngenhla: c. yy pp. 54 – 55) yabhalwa ngaphambi kwesihloko sika-AN Beketov esithi “Ukudla okunomsoco womuntu esikhathini sakhe samanje nekusasa” esavela ngo-August wonyaka ofanayo. Ngakho-ke, uChernyshevsky cishe ungummeleli wokuqala we-intelligentsia yaseRussia, ngokomgomo, uzibiza ngokuthi ungumsekeli wempilo yemifino.
Iqiniso lokuthi e-Vilyuisk uChernyshevsky wadla inyama futhi ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi alingabazeki, kodwa kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi wazama ukuvikela omakhelwane bakhe ekukhathazekeni, futhi ikakhulukazi umkakhe u-Olga, ngoba, ngokusho kwemibono eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi, inyama yayicatshangelwa. umkhiqizo wokudla obaluleke kakhulu. Kwanele ukukhumbula ukwesaba okungapheli kuka-SA Tolstoy, ukuthi umbuso wemifino uzoyifinyeza yini impilo yomyeni wakhe.
UChernyshevsky, ngokuphambene nalokho, uyaqiniseka ukuthi impilo yakhe enhle ingachazwa ngokuthi uphila “indlela yokuphila efanele kakhulu” futhi ehlala egcina “imithetho yenhlanzeko”: “Isibonelo: Angidli noma yini enzima. isisu. Kunezinyoni eziningi zasendle lapha, kusukela ezinhlotsheni zamadada kanye nezinhlobo ze-black grouse. Ngiyazithanda lezi zinyoni. Kodwa akulula kimi kunenyama yenkomo. Futhi angiwadli. Kunezinhlanzi eziningi ezomisiwe lapha, njenge-salmon. Ngiyamthanda. Kodwa sisinda esiswini. Futhi angikaze ngiyifake emlonyeni kuyo yonke le minyaka. "
Ngokusobala, isifiso sikaChernyshevsky sokudla imifino akubangelwa izisusa zokuziphatha kanye nokukhathazeka ngezilwane, kodwa kunalokho kuyisenzakalo sobuhle futhi, njengoba u-Niemeyer asakaza, uhlobo "oluhlanzekile". Ngendlela, uChernyshevsky wayenombono ophansi mayelana notshwala. Indodana yakhe u-Alexander yadlulisela kuyise iseluleko sodokotela baseRussia sokuphuza utshwala - i-vodka, isibonelo, uma kungenjalo iwayini lamagilebhisi. Kodwa akadingi utshwala noma ikhasi le-gentian noma elolintshi: “Ngisigcina kahle isisu sami. <...> Futhi lokhu kulula kakhulu kimi ukukubona: Anginakho nokuncane ukuthambekela kwe-gastronomy noma kunoma yimuphi umbhedo onjalo. Futhi bengilokhu ngithanda ukulinganisela kakhulu ekudleni kwami. <...> Iwayini elilula kunawo wonke linomphumela onzima kimi; hhayi emithanjeni - cha - kodwa esiswini. Encwadini ayibhalela umkakhe yango-May 29, 1878, ulandisa indaba yokuthi ngolunye usuku, ehlezi esidlweni sakusihlwa esiwubukhazikhazi, avuma ukuphuza ingilazi yewayini ukuze ahlonipheke, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wathi kumnikazi: “Uyabona! Ngiyaphuza; Yebo, Madeira, hhayi nje iwayini elibuthakathaka. Kuqhume uhleko wonke umuntu. Kwatholakala ukuthi kwakuwubhiya, “ubhiya waseRussia olula, ovamile.”
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uChernyshevsky uthethelela ukudla kwakhe inyama ngezikhathi ezithile ngokungathandi (cf. ngenhla, ikhasi 55 yy) ukugqama esixukwini - inkinga abadla imifino nabo ababhekana nayo emphakathini wanamuhla; Ake sikhumbule amazwi kaTomasz Mazarik acashunwe nguMakowicki, ochaza ukuthi kungani, naphezu kokuthambekela kwakhe “kokudla imifino,” eqhubeka edla inyama (bheka ngezansi, ikhasi 105 yy).
Ukutuswa kwezithelo nakho kubonakala encwadini evela eChernyshevsky yangoNovemba 3, 1882. Uzwa ukuthi umkakhe wathenga indlu eSaratov futhi uzotshala ingadi: "Uma sikhuluma ngezingadi, ezibizwa ngokuthi" izingadi "eSaratov. , okungukuthi, mayelana nezingadi zezihlahla zezithelo, ngakho-ke bengilokhu ngithambekele ekubhekeni i-cherry njengenhle kunazo zonke zezihlahla zethu zezithelo. Isihlahla esihle nesiphakathi. <...> Lapho ngiseyingane, ingxenye yegceke lakithi yayinengadi, ewugqinsi futhi enhle. Ubaba wayethanda ukunakekela izihlahla. <...> Ingabe usufundile manje eSaratov ukuthi ungafinyelela kanjani ukukhula okuhle kwamagilebhisi?
Eminyakeni yobusha bukaChernyshevsky eSaratov kwakukhona "izingadi zenhlabathi" lapho, - uyaqhubeka, - izihlahla zezithelo ezithambile zakhula kahle, - kubonakala sengathi, ngisho namabhilikosi namapentshisi. - Ama-Bergamots akhule kahle ezingadini ezilula ezazingavikelekile ebusika. Ingabe abalimi baseSaratov bafundile ukunakekela izinhlobo ezinhle zezihlahla zama-apula? - Ebuntwaneni bami, kwakungekho "reinette" eSaratov okwamanje. Manje, mhlawumbe, nabo bajwayele? Futhi uma ungakabi, zama ukubhekana nabo namagilebhisi futhi uphumelele. ”
Ake sikhumbule futhi ukuthi ukulangazelela eningizimu, okuzwakala ephusheni lesine likaVera Pavlovna kusukela encwadini. Okufanele ngikwenze? - mayelana nohlobo oluthile "lweRussia Entsha", ngokusobala eduze nePersian Gulf, lapho amaRussia emboza khona "izintaba ezingenalutho ezinongqimba oluqinile lomhlabathi, futhi kukhule izihlahla zezihlahla ezinde kakhulu phakathi kwezivande: ngezansi emigodini enomswakama ukutshalwa kwesihlahla sekhofi; ngaphezu kwamasundu, imikhiwane; izivini ezixutshwe nezimoba; kukhona nokolweni emasimini, kodwa irayisi liningi…”.
Ebuya ekudingisweni, uChernyshevsky wazinza e-Astrakhan futhi lapho waphinde wahlangana no-Olga Sokratovna, ezincwadini zabo ezalandela abasakhulumi ngokudla okunomsoco, kodwa ngokwesaba ukuba khona, ngezinkinga zemibhalo nomsebenzi wokuhumusha, mayelana nohlelo lokushicilela inguqulo yesiRashiya. ye-encyclopedia ye-Brockhaus kanye namakati akhe amabili. Kukanye kuphela lapho uChernyshevsky ekhuluma khona "leso sithelo sasePheresiya ohlale ungitshela ukuthi ngithathe kuso" ukukhulunywa kwesibili kokudla kutholakala ku-akhawunti eqinile yezindleko, ngisho nezincane kakhulu: "izinhlanzi (ezomisiwe)" zathengwa kuye nge-13 ama-kopecks.
Ngakho-ke, ulwazi mayelana "nemicabango yemifino" nemikhuba kaChernyshevsky yehlela kithi kuphela ngenxa yezinyathelo ezicindezelayo zombuso we-tsarist: ukube wayengadingiswanga, cishe sasingeke sazi lutho ngakho.