IE Repin
Phakathi kwabaculi ababhekwa ngokufanelekile njengabaphakathi kweqembu likaTolstoy futhi ababa abalandeli bezimfundiso zakhe, kanye ne-vegetarianism, abavelele kakhulu ngokungangabazeki ngu-Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930).
U-Tolstoy wazisa u-Repin njengomuntu nengcweti, hhayi okungenani ngenxa yemvelo yakhe kanye nokungazi lutho okungavamile. Ngo-July 21, 1891, wabhalela bobabili u-NN Ge (ubaba nendodana): “URepin ungumuntu omuhle wobuciko, kodwa uluhlaza ngokuphelele, akakathintwa, futhi cishe ngeke aphinde avuke.”
U-Repin wayevame ukuqashelwa ngentshiseko njengomsekeli wempilo yabantu abangadli imifino. Esinye sezivumo ezinjalo sitholakala encwadini ayibhalela u-I. Perper, umshicileli we-Vegetarian Review, ngemva nje kokufa kukaTolstoy.
E-Astapovo, lapho uLev Nikolayevich ezizwa engcono futhi enikezwa ingilazi ye-oatmeal ene-yolk ukuze aqiniswe, ngangifuna ukumemeza ngisuka lapha: Hhayi lokho! Hhayi lokho! Mnikeze umhluzi omnandi wemifino enolisiwe (noma utshani obuhle obune-clover). Yilokho okuyobuyisela amandla akhe! Ngicabanga ukuthi iziphathimandla ezihlonishwayo zezokwelapha zingamamatheka kanjani, njengoba zisanda kulalela isiguli isigamu sehora futhi ziqiniseka ngomsoco wamaqanda ...
Futhi ngiyajabula ukugubha i-honeymoon yemifino yemifino enomsoco futhi emnandi. Ngizwa ukuthi ijusi elizuzisayo lamakhambi liqabula kanjani, lihlanza igazi futhi linomphumela wokuphulukisa kakhulu ku-vascular sclerosis osekuvele kwaqala ngokucacile. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-67, ngokuchuma nokuthambekela kokudla ngokweqile, ngase ngivele ngabhekana nokugula okuphawulekayo, ukucindezelwa, ubunzima, futhi ikakhulukazi uhlobo oluthile lobuze esiswini (ikakhulukazi ngemva kwenyama). Futhi lapho edla kakhulu, yilapho ebulawa yindlala ngaphakathi. Kwakudingekile ukushiya inyama - yaba ngcono. Ngashintshela emaqanda, ibhotela, ushizi, okusanhlamvu. Cha: Sengikhuluphele, angisakwazi ukukhumula izicathulo ezinyaweni zami; izinkinobho aziwabambeli neze amafutha anqwabelene: kunzima ukusebenza ... Futhi manje odokotela uLaman noPasco (kubonakala sengathi bavela ezifundazweni) – laba bangabasindisi nabangikhanyiselayo. U-NB Severova wazifunda futhi wangidlulisela ngemibono yazo.
Amaqanda alahliwe (inyama isisele). — Amasaladi! Kuhle kangakanani! Impilo enjani (ngamafutha omnqumo!). Umhluzi owenziwe ngotshani, kusuka ezimpandeni, kusuka kumakhambi - lokhu kuyi-elixir yokuphila. Izithelo, iwayini elibomvu, izithelo ezomisiwe, iminqumo, imithina… amantongomane angamandla. Kungenzeka yini ukubala konke ukunethezeka kwetafula lemifino? Kodwa ama-herb broths amnandi. Indodana yami u-Yuri no-NB Severova banomuzwa ofanayo. Ukusutha kugcwele amahora angu-9, awufuni ukudla noma ukuphuza, yonke into iyancipha - ungaphefumula ngokukhululeka.
Ngikhumbula iminyaka yama-60s: uthando lokukhishwa kwenyama ka-Liebig (amaprotheni, amaprotheni), futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-38 wayeseyindoda endala ekhathele futhi engasenasithakazelo ekuphileni.
Yeka indlela engijabula ngayo ngokuthi ngingaphinde ngisebenze ngenjabulo futhi zonke izingubo zami nezicathulo kumahhala kimi. Amafutha, izigaxa eziphuma ngaphezu kwemisipha evuvukele, aphelile; umzimba wami wavuselelwa futhi ngaba nokukhuthazela ngokwengeziwe ekuhambeni, ngaqina egymnastics futhi ngiphumelela kakhulu kwezobuciko - ngivuseleleke futhi. Ilya Repin.
U-Repin wahlangana no-Tolstoy kakade ngo-Okthoba 7, 1880, lapho emvakashela e-atelier e-Bolshoy Trubny Lane eMoscow. Ngemva kwalokho, kwasungulwa ubungane obuseduze phakathi kwabo; U-Repin wayehlala e-Yasnaya Polyana kaningi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi isikhathi eside; wakha "Repin series" edumile yemidwebo nemidwebo kaTolstoy, futhi ingxenye yomndeni wakhe. NgoJanuwari 1882, u-Repin wapenda isithombe sikaTatyana L. Tolstaya eMoscow, ngo-April ngawo lowo nyaka wavakashela eTolstoy lapho; Ngo-April 1, 1885, uTolstoy encwadini encoma umdwebo kaRepin othi "Ivan the Terrible neNdodana Yakhe" - isibuyekezo, ngokusobala, samjabulisa kakhulu uRepin. Futhi eminye imidwebo kaRepin ivusa udumo oluvela kuTolstoy. NgoJanuwari 4, 1887, uRepin, kanye noGarshin, ukhona eMoscow ngesikhathi kufundwa idrama ethi "Amandla Obumnyama". Ukuvakasha kokuqala kuka-Repin e-Yasnaya Polyana kwenzeka kusukela ngo-August 9 kuya ku-16, 1887. Kusukela ngo-August 13 kuya ku-August 15, upenda izithombe ezimbili zomlobi: "UTolstoy etafuleni lakhe" (namuhla e-Yasnaya Polyana) kanye "no-Tolstoy esihlalweni esine-armchair". incwadi esandleni sakhe” (namuhla eTretyakov Gallery). U-Tolstoy ubhalela u-PI Biryukov ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi wakwazi ukwazisa u-Repin nakakhulu. NgoSepthemba, uRepin upenda, ngokusekelwe emidwebeni eyenziwe e-Yasnaya Polyana, umdwebo othi "LN Tolstoy endaweni elimekayo. Ngo-Okthoba, u-Tolstoy wancoma u-Repin phambi kuka-NN Ge: “Kwakukhona u-Repin, wapenda isithombe esihle. <…> umuntu ophilayo, okhulayo.” Ngo-February 1888, uTolstoy wabhalela u-Repin ngesicelo sokubhala imidwebo emithathu yezincwadi eziphikisana nokudakwa, enyatheliswa yi-Posrednik publishing house.
Kusukela ngoJuni 29 kuya kuJulayi 16, 1891, uRepin waphinde waba seYasnaya Polyana. Udweba imidwebo "uTolstoy ehhovisi ngaphansi kwamakhothamo" kanye "noTolstoy enganxibanga zicathulo ehlathini", ngaphezu kwalokho, ubonisa i-bust kaTolstoy. Ngalesi sikhathi, phakathi kukaJulayi 12 no-19, uTolstoy wabhala uhlelo lokuqala lwethi Isinyathelo Sokuqala. NgoJulayi 20, wazisa u-II Gorbunov-Posadov: "Ngalesi sikhathi ngangikhungathekiswe izivakashi - uRepin, ngendlela, kodwa ngazama ukungachithi izinsuku, ezimbalwa kakhulu, futhi ngaqhubekela phambili emsebenzini, futhi ngibhala phansi. sonke isihloko esikhuluma ngokudla imifino, ukuminza, ukuzithiba.” NgoJulayi 21, incwadi eya kumaGe amabili ithi: “URepin ubenathi sonke lesi sikhathi, wangicela ukuba ngize <…>. U-Repin wabhala kimi ekamelweni nasegcekeni futhi waqopha. <…> Ukuqhuma kuka-Repin kuqediwe futhi kubunjiwe futhi kuhle <…>.”
NgoSepthemba 12, encwadini ayibhalela uNN Ge-son, uTolstoy uzwakalisa ukumangala:
“Isiphukuphuku esingakanani i-Repin. Ubhalela uTanya [uTatyana Lvovna Tolstaya], lapho ezikhulula khona ngenkuthalo ethonyeni elihle lokuba nathi.” Ngempela, uRepin, ngokungangabazeki wayazi ukuthi uTolstoy wayesebenza eSigabeni Sokuqala, wabhalela uTatyana Lvovna ngo-August 9, 1891: “Ngiwumuntu othanda imifino ngenjabulo, ngiyasebenza, kodwa angikaze ngisebenze ngempumelelo kangaka.” Futhi kakade ngo-August 20, enye incwadi ithi: “Kwadingeka ngiyeke ukudla imifino. Imvelo ayifuni ukwazi izimfanelo zethu. Ngemva kokunibhalela, ebusuku ngaba nokuthuthumela okukhulu kangangokuthi ngakusasa ekuseni nganquma uku-oda i-steak - futhi yahamba. Manje ngidla izikhawu. Phela, kunzima lapha: umoya omubi, imajarini esikhundleni sebhotela, njll. Ah, ukube besingakwazi ukuthutha ndawana thize [sisuka eSt. Petersburg]! Kodwa okwamanje.” Cishe zonke izincwadi zikaRepin ngaleso sikhathi zazibhalelwe uTatyana Lvovna. Uyajabula ukuthi uzoba nesibopho somnyango wezobuciko wendlu yokushicilela yasePosrednik.
Ukushintshela kukaRepin empilweni yemifino isikhathi eside kuzoba umnyakazo ngokuya ngohlelo “lwezinyathelo ezimbili eziya phambili – eyodwa emuva”: “Uyazi, ngokudabukisayo, ngifinyelele esiphethweni sokugcina sokuthi ngeke ngikwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kokudla inyama. Uma ngifuna ukuba nempilo, kufanele ngidle inyama; ngaphandle kwakho, inqubo yokufa manje iqala ngokushesha kimi, njengoba nangibona emhlanganweni wakho ovuthayo. Angikholwanga isikhathi eside; futhi ngale ndlela nokuthi ngazihlola futhi ngiyabona ukuthi akunakwenzeka ngenye indlela. Yebo, ngokuvamile, ubuKristu abumfanele umuntu ophilayo.
Ubudlelwane noTolstoy ngaleyo minyaka babulokhu buseduze. U-Tolstoy wanika u-Repin icebo lokubhala umdwebo othi "Ukuqasha Abantu"; URepin ubhalela uTolstoy ngempumelelo yomdlalo othi Izithelo Zokukhanyiselwa nomphakathi: “Odokotela, ososayensi nabo bonke ongqondongqondo bakhala kakhulu bephikisana nesihloko esithi <...> Kodwa izethameli ... izinto eziningi ezakhayo mayelana nempilo yasedolobheni.” Kusukela ngo-February 21 kuya ku-February 24, 1892, Repin wayevakashele Tolstoy e Begichevka.
Ngo-Ephreli 4, u-Repin uphinde eze e-Yasnaya Polyana, futhi ngoJanuwari 5, 1893, lapho ependa isithombe sikaTolstoy nge-watercolor kumagazini i-Sever. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 5 kuya ku-7, u-Repin futhi e-Yasnaya Polyana, ubuza u-Tolstoy mayelana nesakhiwo. UTolstoy ubhalela uChertkov: “Enye yezinto ezijabulisa kakhulu ezikhathini zamuva kwaba umhlangano noRepin.”
Futhi uRepin wayithanda incwadi kaTolstoy Buyini ubuciko? Ngo-December 9 wonyaka ofanayo, Repin nomqophi Paolo Trubetskoy bavakashela Tolstoy.
Ngo-April 1, 1901 u-Repin udweba omunye umbala wamanzi we-Tolstoy. Akajabule neze ngokuthi u-Repin uphinde wapenda isithombe sakhe, kodwa akafuni ukumenqaba.
Ngo-May 1891, e-Commander of Peter and Paul Fortress e-St. Ezincwadini zakhe, u-NB Severova uchaze lo mhlangano wokuqala, futhi wawubiza ngokuthi "Umhlangano Wokuqala". Ngo-Agasti 1863, endaweni yaseTalashkino, ephethwe yiNkosazana MK Tenisheva, umxhasi wezobuciko, kwenzeka omunye umhlangano phakathi kukaNordman noRepin. UNordman, ngemva kokushona kukanina, uthola indawo eKuokkala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSt. phakathi kwabo kwakukhona studio yomculi (ye-Repin). Wanikezwa igama elithi "Penates". Ngo-1914, uRepin wazinza lapho unomphela.
Kusukela ngo-1900, kusukela emshadweni kaRepin no-NB Nordman-Severova, ukuvakashela kwakhe eTolstoy kuye kwaba kancane kancane. Kodwa ukudla kwakhe imifino kuzoba lukhuni. U-Repin wabika lokhu ngo-1912 esihlokweni sakhe saleyo "albhamu" ye-canteen yaseTashkent "Toothless Nutrition", eyanyatheliswa kumagazini weVegetarian Review ka-1910-1912. ngezigaba eziningana; ngesikhathi esifanayo, obunye ubufakazi buphindaphindiwe, eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kukaTolstoy, kufakwe encwadini eya ku-I. Perper (bheka ngenhla, p. yy):
“Noma yinini ngikulungele ukubonga uNkulunkulu ngokuthi ngigcine sengiwumuntu othanda imifino. I-debut yami yokuqala yaba cishe ngo-1892; kwathatha iminyaka emibili - ngahluleka futhi ngaquleka ngaphansi kosongo lokukhathala. Eyesibili yathatha iminyaka engu-2 1/2, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu, futhi yamiswa ngokuphikelela kukadokotela, owenqabela umngane wami [okungukuthi ENB Nordman] ukuba abe imifino: "inyama iyadingeka" ukondla amaphaphu anesifo. Ngayeka ukudla imifino “ngenkampani”, futhi, ngenxa yokwesaba ukuba mncane, ngazama ukudla ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ikakhulukazi ushizi, okusanhlamvu; waqala ukukhuluphala kuze kube seqophelweni lobunzima - kwakuyingozi: ukudla kathathu, nezitsha ezishisayo.
Isikhathi sesithathu yisona esiqaphela kakhulu futhi esithakazelisa kakhulu, ngenxa yokulinganisela. Amaqanda (ukudla okuyingozi kakhulu) alahlwa, ushizi uyaqedwa. Izimpande, amakhambi, imifino, izithelo, amantongomane. Ikakhulukazi amasobho nemihluzi eyenziwe ngezimbabazane namanye amakhambi kanye nezimpande kunikeza indlela yokuphila nokusebenza okunomsoco ngendlela emangalisayo futhi enamandla ... Kodwa futhi ngisesimweni esikhethekile sokuphila: umngane wami unekhono lobuhlakani nokudala izitsha ezihlwabusayo ngokungajwayelekile ezivela kwangempela. udoti wombuso wemifino. Zonke izihambeli zami zincoma ukudla kwami kwakusihlwa okunesizotha futhi azikholelwa ukuthi itafula alihlatshiwe nokuthi ishibhile.
Ngigcwalisa ukudla okunesizotha kwezifundo ezimbili ngo-1 ntambama usuku lonke; futhi kuphela ngehora lesi-8 ngine-snack ebandayo: ulethisi, iminqumo, amakhowe, izithelo, futhi ngokuvamile, ukuthi kukhona okuncane. Ukulinganisela injabulo yomzimba.
Ngizizwa ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili; futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngalahlekelwa wonke amafutha engeziwe, futhi izingubo zonke zaxega, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ziqine kakhulu; futhi ngaba nobunzima ekugqokeni izicathulo zami. Wadla izikhathi ezintathu izitsha ezishisayo eziningana zazo zonke izinhlobo futhi ezizwa elambile ngaso sonke isikhathi; futhi ekuseni ubuze obucindezelayo esiswini. Izinso zasebenza kabi kusukela kupelepele engangiwujwayele, ngaqala ukukhula ngisinda futhi ngiwohloka ngokuphawulekayo lapho ngineminyaka engu-65 ngenxa yokungondleki ngokweqile.
Manje, ngiyabonga uNkulunkulu, sengiye ngalula futhi, ikakhulukazi ekuseni, ngizizwa ngiqabulekile futhi ngijabule ngaphakathi. Futhi nginesifiso somntwana - noma kunalokho, osemusha: Ngidla yonke into ngokujabula, ukuze nje ngigweme ukweqisa. Ilya Repin.
Ngo-August 1905, uRepin nomkakhe baya e-Italy. E-Krakow, udweba isithombe sakhe, futhi e-Italy, edolobheni laseFasano ngenhla kweLago di Garda, ethafeni eliphambi kwensimu - esinye isithombe - ubhekwa njengesithombe esihle kakhulu sikaNatalya Borisovna.
Kusukela ngomhlaka-21 kuya ku-29 Septhemba bobabili bahlala eYasnaya Polyana; U-Repin upenda isithombe sikaTolstoy noSofya Andreevna. Nordman-Severova eminyakeni emithathu kamuva uzonikeza incazelo ecacile yalezi zinsuku. Yiqiniso, akusho ukuthi uRepin akazange adle inyama iminyaka emibili nengxenye, kodwa manje uyakwenza ngezinye izikhathi, ngoba odokotela babeka inyama kuNatalia Borisovna, ngaphandle kwalokho usongelwa ngokusetshenziswa. Ngo-July 10, 1908, kwanyatheliswa incwadi evulekile, lapho uRepin ezwakalisa ubumbano lwakhe nomqulu kaTolstoy omelene nesigwebo sentambo: “Angikwazi ukuthula.”
Ukuvakasha kokugcina kuka-Repin kanye no-NB Nordman beya e-Yasnaya Polyana kwenzeka ngo-December 17 no-18, 1908. Lo mhlangano uphinde uthathwe encazelweni ebonakalayo enikezwe uNordman. Ngosuku lokuhamba, isithombe sokugcina esihlanganyelwe sikaTolstoy noRepin siyathathwa.
Ngo-January 1911, Repin wabhala izikhumbuzo zakhe mayelana Tolstoy. Kusukela ngo-March kuya ku-June, yena, kanye no-Nordman, base-Italy embukisweni womhlaba, lapho ihholo elikhethekile labelwe imidwebo yakhe.
Kusukela ngo-November 1911, uRepin ubelokhu eyilungu elisemthethweni lebhodi labahleli beVegetarian Review, uzohlala enjalo kuze kube sekupheleni kwephephabhuku ngo-May 1915. Kumagazini ka-January ka-1912, ushicilela amanothi akhe ngeMoscow yesimanje kanye nentsha yayo. Igumbi lokudlela labadla imifino elibizwa ngokuthi “Igumbi Lokudlela Imifino LaseMoscow”:
“Ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi, ngangiyithanda kakhulu iMoscow, lapho ngathola khona ukumisa uMbukiso wethu Ojikelezayo wama-40. Ubemuhle kanjani! Yeka ukukhanya kusihlwa! Futhi yeka inqwaba yezindlu ezimangalisayo ezintsha ngokuphelele eziye zakhula; Yebo, konke kusesitayeleni esisha! – Futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo zobuciko zobuciko … Amamyuziyamu, amakhiwokhi amathilamu ... Futhi, ikakhulukazi kusihlwa, lawa mathilamu ancibilika ngokukhala, ukuklewula, ukucwazimula – akubhula ngezinhlansi zikagesi ezivala amehlo – amathilamu! Indlela evuselela ngayo imigwaqo, esivele igcwele kuphithizela - ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi ... Futhi, ukungcolisa okukhulu - amahholo acwebezelayo, izinqola, ikakhulukazi eLubyanka Square, kukuyisa ndawana thize eYurophu. Nakuba amaMuscovites amadala ekhononda. Kulezi zindandatho zezinyoka zensimbi sebevele babona izipoki zokubhubha komhlaba ngokungangabazeki, ngoba Umphik'ukristu usevele ephila emhlabeni futhi ewubopha kakhulu ngamaketanga esihogo ... Phela, kuthatha ukuthuthumela: phambi kwe ama-Spassky Gates, phambi kuka-St. Basil oBusisiwe nezinye izindawo ezingcwele zaseMoscow, bakhala ngokudelela usuku lonke nobusuku bonke - lapho bonke "abangewona amampunge" sebevele belele, bayagijima (nalapha futhi!) Ngedemoni labo. imililo ... Izikhathi zokugcina! …
Wonke umuntu uyakubona, wonke umuntu uyayazi; futhi umgomo wami ukuchaza kule ncwadi into okungeyena wonke umuntu, ngisho namaMuscovites, akwaziyo okwamanje. Futhi lezi akuzona izinto ezinenjongo yangaphandle ezondla amehlo kuphela, ezonakaliswe ubuhle; Ngifuna ukukutshela ngetafula elimnandi, eligculisayo, lemifino elingiphakele isonto lonke, indawo yokudlela yemifino, e-Gazetny Lane.
Ekukhumbuleni nje leli gceke elihle, elikhanyayo, elinamasango amabili okungena, emaphikweni amabili, ngidonseleka ukuba ngiye lapho futhi, ukuze ngihlangane nomugqa oqhubekayo walabo abaya khona kanye nababuyayo abafanayo, kakade sebesuthi futhi bejabule, ikakhulukazi abantu abasha, bobubili ubulili, iningi labafundi - abafundi baseRussia - indawo ehloniphekile, ebaluleke kakhulu yezwe lethu lobaba <…>.
Ukuhleleka kwegumbi lokudlela kuyisibonelo; endlini yokugqoka engaphambili, akuzange kukhokhelwe lutho. Futhi lokhu kunencazelo engathi sína, uma kubhekwa ukutheleka okukhethekile kwabafundi abanganele lapha. Ukwenyuka ngezitebhisi ezinamaphiko amabili ukusuka emnyango, kwesokudla nakwesobunxele, ikhoneni elikhulu lesakhiwo lihlala amakamelo ajabule, akhanyayo ahlelwe namatafula abekwe. Izindonga zawo wonke amakamelo zilengiswe ngezithombe zezithombe zika-Leo Tolstoy, ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene futhi ngokushintshana nokuma okuhlukile. Futhi ekugcineni kwamakamelo, kwesokudla - ekamelweni lokufunda kukhona isithombe esikhulu sobukhulu bokuphila sika-Leo Tolstoy ehhashini elimpunga, elidabukile eligibele ehlathini lase-Yasnaya Polyana ekwindla (isithombe sika-Yu. I. Igumnova ). Wonke amakamelo ahlelwe ngamatafula ambozwe ngokukhonza okuhlanzekile futhi okwanele okwanele kwe-cutlery kanye nobhasikidi, ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zesinkwa, ukunambitheka okukhethekile, okumnandi nokwanelisayo, okubhakwa eMoscow kuphela.
Ukukhethwa kokudla kwanele, kodwa lokhu akuyona into eyinhloko; futhi iqiniso lokuthi ukudla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini oyithathayo, kumnandi kakhulu, kusha, kunomsoco kangangokuthi kuvele kuphule ulimi ngokuzenzakalelayo: kungani, lokhu kudla okumnandi! Ngakho-ke, nsuku zonke, isonto lonke, ngenkathi ngihlala eMoscow, kakade ngenjabulo ekhethekile ngangifisa leli gumbi lokudlela elingenakuqhathaniswa. Ibhizinisi elisheshayo kanye nokwehluleka ukuhlela umbukiso eMnyuziyamu kwangiphoqa ukuba ngibe senkantini yeVegetarian ngamahora ahlukene; futhi phakathi nawo wonke amahora okufika kwami, igumbi lokudlela laligcwele, likhanya futhi lijabule, futhi izitsha zalo zazihlukile - zaziyi: eyodwa yayimnandi kunomunye. < …> Futhi yeka i-kvass!”
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqhathanisa le ncazelo nendaba kaBenedikt Livshits mayelana nokuvakasha kukaMayakovsky enkantini efanayo. (cf. s. yy). U-Repin, ngendlela, ubika ukuthi ngaphambi kokusuka eMoscow wahlangana no-PI Biryukov ekamelweni lokudlela: “Kuphela ngosuku lokugcina futhi sengihamba kakade, ngahlangana no-PI Biryukov, ohlala ngisho endlini efanayo, indlu yezindlalifa . Shakhovskaya. — Ngitshele, ngiyabuza, umtholephi umpheki omuhle kangaka? Ubuhle! - Yebo, sinowesifazane olula, owesifazane waseRussia opheka; lapho efika kithi, wayengazi nokupheka imifino. Kodwa washeshe wajwayela futhi manje (phela, wayedinga abasizi abaningi kanye nathi; Uyabona ukuthi zingaki izivakashi) ngokushesha ufunda ama-henchmen akhe. Futhi imikhiqizo yethu ihamba phambili. Yebo, ngiyayibona - isimangaliso ukuthi ihlanzekile futhi imnandi kangakanani. Angidli ukhilimu omuncu nebhotela, kodwa ngengozi le mikhiqizo yanikezwa kimi ezitsheni zami futhi mina, njengoba besho, ngikhotha iminwe yami. Kakhulu, kumnandi kakhulu futhi kukhulu. Yakha igumbi lokudlela elifanayo eSt. Petersburg, akukho okuhle - ngiyamqinisekisa. Kungani, izimali ezinkulu ziyadingeka ... Mina: Kungani, lena into efanele ukuyenza. Ingabe akekho ngempela onenhlanhla yokusiza?.. Il. Phinda uphindwe. Ngokusobala, kwakungekho noyedwa - esinye sezithiyo ezinkulu eRussia yemifino, ngisho nangesikhathi sokuchuma kwayo ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kwakuwukuntuleka kwabaxhasi abacebile-abaphila impilo.
Isithombe segumbi lokudlela esajabulisa i-Repin ngo-December 1911 saphinde sanyatheliswa ngo-VO (kanye nangenhla, bheka ill. yy) I-Moscow Vegetarian Society, ngonyaka odlule yavakashelwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-30, ngo-August 1911 isakhiwo esisha eGazetny Lane. Ngokubona impumelelo yale nkantini, umphakathi uhlela ukuvulela abantu inkantini yesibili eshibhile ekwindla, umbono owawuthakaseleka kuLN Tolstoy ongasekho. Futhi i-Voice of Moscow yashicilela isihloko esinemininingwane, kuhlanganise nengxoxo noMgcinimafa Wesifunda Sezempi SaseMoscow kanye nesimemezelo sokuthi abantu abangu-72 badla kule "canteen enkulu" nsuku zonke.
Kusukela ezikhumbuzo zomlobi u-KI Chukovsky, onobungane no-Repin, siyazi ukuthi umculi uphinde wavakashela ama-canteens emifino eSt. U-Chukovsky, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-1908, kokubili eSt. Petersburg naseKuokkala, wayexhumana bukhoma noRepin noNordman-Severova. Ukhuluma ngokuvakashela “inkantini” engemuva kweKazan Cathedral: “Lapho kwakudingeka sime ulayini isikhathi eside futhi sithole isinkwa, nezitsha, nohlobo oluthile lwamakhuphoni. Ama-pea cutlets, iklabishi, amazambane kwakuyizinyosi eziyinhloko kule nkantini yemifino. Isidlo sakusihlwa sezifundo ezimbili sibiza ama-kopecks angamashumi amathathu. Phakathi kwabafundi, omabhalane, izikhulu ezincane, u-Ilya Efimovich wazizwa njengomuntu wakhe.
I-Repin, ezincwadini eziya kubangani, ayiyeki ukukhuthaza ukudla kwemifino. Ngakho, ngo-1910, wancenga DI Yavornitsky ukuba angayidli inyama, inhlanzi namaqanda. Ziyingozi kubantu. Ngo-December 16, 1910, wabhalela VK Byalynitsky-Birulya: “Mayelana nokudla kwami, ngifinyelele ekahle (impela, lokhu akufani kuwo wonke umuntu): Angikaze ngizizwe nginamandla, ngimusha futhi ngisebenza kahle. Nazi izibulala-magciwane nezivuseleli !!!… Futhi inyama - ngisho nomhluzi wenyama - iwushevu kimi: Ngihlupheka izinsuku ezimbalwa lapho ngidla edolobheni endaweni yokudlela ... Futhi imihluzi yami yemithi, iminqumo, amantongomane namasaladi kungibuyisela ngendlela emangalisayo. isivinini.
Ngemva kokushona kukaNordman ngoJuni 30, 1914 e-Orselin eduze kwaseLocarno, uRepin waya eSwitzerland. Ku-Vegetarian Review, ushicilele ukulandisa okuningiliziwe komngane oshonile wempilo yakhe, mayelana nomlingiswa wakhe, imisebenzi yakhe e-Kuokkala, umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala kanye namasonto okugcina okuphila kwakhe e-Orselino. "U-Natalya Borisovna wayengumlimi oqinile - kuze kube seqophelweni lobungcwele"; wayekholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuphulukiswa "ngamandla elanga" aqukethwe ijusi lamagilebhisi. “Ekuphakameni okuphezulu ukusuka e-Locarno kuya e-Orselino, endaweni yasezulwini ngaphezu kweLake Maggiore, emathuneni amancane asemaphandleni, ngaphezu kwazo zonke izindlu ezinhle kakhulu <…> kukhona abantu abadla imifino. Uzwa ihubo lalo mbuso wemifino oluhlaza oya kuMdali. Futhi amehlo akhe abheka emhlabeni ngokumamatheka okujabulisayo esibhakabhakeni esiluhlaza, lapho yena, emuhle njengengelosi, egqoke ingubo eluhlaza, elele ebhokisini, embozwe izimbali ezimangalisayo zaseningizimu ... "
Isivumelwano se-NB Nordman sashicilelwa ku-Vegetarian Bulletin. I-villa ye-"Penates" e-Kuokkale, okungeyakhe, yanikezwa u-IE Repin impilo yakhe yonke, futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe yayihloselwe idivayisi "yendlu ka-IE Repin". I-Kuokkala kusukela ngo-1920 kuya ku-1940 futhi kusukela ngo-1941 kuze kube yilapho kuthunjwa iFinland yayisendaweni yaseFinland - kodwa kusukela ngo-1944 le ndawo ibizwe ngokuthi iRepino. Iqoqo elikhulu lemidwebo ka-NB Nordman, amakhulu amaningana emisebenzi eyenziwe ngumRashiya odume kakhulu kanye nabadwebi nabaqophi bezinye izizwe yayibaluleke kakhulu. Konke lokhu kwashiyelwa iRepin Museum yesikhathi esizayo eMoscow. Impi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye noguquko kwavimbela ukuqaliswa kwalolu hlelo, kodwa kukhona "Imyuziyamu-estate ye-IE Repin Penata" e-Repino.
I-Prometheus Theatre e-Kuokkala, nayo ephethwe yi-NB Nordman, kanye nama-villas amabili e-Ollila, yakhelwe izinjongo zemfundo. OFakazi ekulungiseni incwadi yefa, phakathi kwabanye, umlingisikazi (kanye nenkosazana) LB Baryatinskaya-Yavorskaya kanye nomdwebi wezithombe uPaolo Trubetskoy.
Muva nje, omunye wofakazi bokugcina ushonile, ekhumbula lesi sikhungo sesiko laseRussia kusukela ebuntwaneni - DS Likhachev: "Emngceleni no-Ollila (manje oseSolnechnoye) kwakukhona amaRepin Penates. Eduze nePenat, u-KI Chukovsky wazakhela indlu yasehlobo (IE Repin yamsiza kulokhu - kokubili ngemali nezeluleko). Ezinkathini ezithile zasehlobo, uMayakovsky wahlala, uMeyerhold wafika, <...> Leonid Andreev, Chaliapin nabanye abaningi beza eRepin. <...> Emibukisweni yokusiza abampofu, bazama ukumangala ngezimanga <...> Kodwa kwakukhona namakhonsathi "anzima". Phinda ufunde izinkumbulo zakhe. UChukovsky ufunde iNgwenya. UmkaRepin wethula amakhambi nemithi.”
U-Chukovsky uyaqiniseka ukuthi u-Repin, lapho ebuya eSwitzerland, kuthiwa wamemezela ukuthi uhlelo oluhlukile luzoqhubeka lubusa e-Penates: "Okokuqala, u-Ilya Efimovich wawuqeda umbuso wemifino futhi, ngokweseluleko sodokotela, waqala ukudla inyama amanani amancane.” Akumangalisi ukuthi odokotela banikeza iseluleko esinjalo, kodwa ukuthi awukho umkhondo wokudla imifino akukholakali. UMayakovsky wakhononda emuva ehlobo lika-1915 ukuthi waphoqwa ukuba adle “amakhambi e-Repin” e-Kuokkala … UDavid Burliuk noVasily Kamensky nabo bakhuluma ngamamenyu emifino ngonyaka olandela ukufa kukaNordman. UBurliuk ubhala ngoFebhuwari 18, 1915:
“<...> Wonke umuntu, ephuthunyiswe u-Ilya Efimovich noTatyana Ilyinichnaya, ebheka phezulu ezingxoxweni eziqalwe phakathi kwabantu abasanda kujwayelana, basuka baqonda ku-carousel yemifino edume kabi. Ngahlala phansi futhi ngaqala ukutadisha ngokucophelela lo mshini ohlangothini lomshini wawo, kanye nezinto zokuqukethwe.
Abantu abayishumi nantathu noma abayishumi nane bahlala etafuleni elikhulu eliyindilinga. Ngaphambi kwalowo nalowo kwakukhona insimbi egcwele. Kwakungekho zinceku, ngokusho kwe-aesthetics yamaPenates, futhi ukudla konke kwase kulungiselelwe etafuleni elincane eliyindilinga, okwakuthi, njenge-carousel, i-quarter ephakeme, phakathi nendawo enkulu. Itafula eliyindilinga okwakuhlezi kulo abadlela kanye nendawo yokusika kwakunganyakazi, kodwa lelo okwakumi kulo izitsha (okungadli imifino kuphela) lalifakwe izibambo, futhi ngamunye walabo ababekhona wayekwazi ukuliphendula ngokudonsa isibambo, futhi kanjalo abeke noma yiziphi izibambo. izitsha phambi kwabo. .
Njengoba kwakukhona abantu abaningi, kwakungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuthanda ukwazi: uChukovsky ufuna amakhowe anosawoti, ubamba "i-carousel", udonsela amakhowe kuye, futhi ngalesi sikhathi ama-Futurists azama ngokudangala ukuletha ubhavu wonke we-sauerkraut, ngokumnandi. efafazwe ama-cranberries nama-lingonberry, eduze kwawo.
Ithebula eliyindilinga elidumile e-salon "Penates" liboniswa ephepheni lephepha lale ncwadi.
U-Repin wachitha iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe e-Kuokkala, ngaleso sikhathi okwakungeyaseFinland. U-Chukovsky wakwazi ukuvakashela u-Repin, ngaleso sikhathi oneminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ubudala, ngoJanuwari 21, 1925, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo aphinde abone indlu yakhe yangaphambili. Ubika ukuthi u-Repin ngokusobala usazinikele emibonweni yakhe yokwenza lula: kusukela ngoJuni kuya ku-Agasti ulala e-dovecote. U-Chukovsky ubuza umbuzo othi "ingabe ungumdli wemifino manje?" Asiyitholi impendulo encwadini yezenzakalo, kodwa isiqephu esilandelayo asinaso isithakazelo kulo mqondo: ngaphambi kwalokho, udokotela othile, uDkt Sternberg, okuthiwa usihlalo womphakathi waseKuindzhi, wavakashela u-Repin, ehambisana nentokazi kanye nentombazane. bamnxusa ukuthi athuthele eSoviet Union - bamthembisa imoto, indawo yokuhlala, ama-ruble angama-250 omholo ... uRepin wenqaba ngokuphelele. Njengesipho, bamlethela - ngoJanuwari bevela eSoviet Union - ubhasikidi wezithelo - amapentshisi, ama-tangerines, amawolintshi, ama-apula. U-Repin wanambitha lezi zithelo, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi yena, njengendodakazi yakhe u-Vera, wonakalise isisu sakhe kule nqubo, wabona kudingekile ukuhlola lezi zithelo e-Biochemical Institute e-Helsinki. Wayesaba ukuthi bafuna ukumdlisa ushevu ...
I-Vegetarianism ka-Repin, njengoba imibhalo ecashunwe lapha ibonisa, yayisekelwe ngokuyinhloko ekucabangeleni kwezempilo, yayinezisusa “ezihlanzekile”. Ukuqina kuye, ukuthanda iSpartanism, kumsondeze kuTolstoy. Ohlelweni lwendatshana engaqediwe emayelana no-Tolstoy, u-Repin utusa ukuzincisha injabulo kuka-Tolstoy: “Ukuhamba: ngemva kohambo olusheshayo lwamamayela angu-2, ejulukile ngokuphelele, elahla ingubo yakhe elula ngokushesha, uphuthuma edamini elingukhiye obandayo lomfula e-Yasnaya Polyana. Ngagqoka ngaphandle kokuzomisa, njengoba amaconsi amanzi ebamba umoya-mpilo - umzimba uphefumula ngezimbotshana.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1870, uRepin ngokwakhe ubelokhu elala evule iwindi, ngokweseluleko sikadokotela osemusha waseMoscow, ngisho nasemakhazeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenjengoTolstoy, isisebenzi esingakhathali. Wachitha isikhathi sakhe sokusebenza. U-Chukovsky ubika ukuthi ngaphezu kwe-atelier enkulu, u-Repin wayenendawo yokusebenzela encane, ayevame ukuya kuyo. Phakathi kuka-1 no-2 ezimpondweni ukudla kwasemini okunesizotha kwakulethwa kuye ngefasitela elincane emnyango: isithombo, isanqante, i-apula nengilazi yetiye alithandayo. Ukube ngaya endlini yokudlela, ngangiyohlale ngilahlekelwa imizuzu engu-20. Lesi sizungu esonga isikhathi nemali etafuleni lakhe labadla imifino kwake kwabhekwa njengokuwusizo uBenjamin Franklin oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala. Kodwa uRepin kwadingeka awuyeke lo mkhuba ngo-1907 ngeseluleko sikadokotela, futhi iwindi lavalwa.
Umbuzo wokuthi ithonya le-NB Nordman ku-Repin lahlala kanjani liyimpikiswano isikhathi eside. I. Grabar ngo-1964 waveza umbono wokuthi ithonya likaNordman lalingelona usizo futhi aliwushukumisi nakancane umsebenzi kaRepin; umculi kusolakala ukuthi waqala ukukhathala ngokugadwa kwakhe futhi akazange acasuke kakhulu lapho efa ngo-1914. Okungaqondakali, ngokusho kukaGrabar, kuseyiqiniso lokwehla kokuqala komsebenzi kaRepin:
“Ngeminyaka yawo-900, izitatimende nezenzo zakhe zaqala ukuthatha umlingiswa oyinqaba, ocishe abe yingane. Wonke umuntu ukhumbula uthando lukaRepin ngotshani kanye nenkulumo-ze yakhe eshisekayo yalokhu “kudla okungcono kakhulu komuntu.” <...> Wanikeza wonke umoya wakhe ovuthayo, yonke intshiseko yakhe hhayi ukudweba, kodwa Natalia Borisovna. <...> kumuntu ongakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu, ehlekisa ngobandlululo olungokwenkolo, kancane kancane uphenduka abe umuntu wenkolo. <...> Okwaqalwa nguNordman-Severova kwaqedwa ngemva koguquko lwabafuduki baseRussia abazungeze i-Repin <...>. Ngokuphambene nalesi sahlulelo, u-IS Zilberstein wabhala ngo-1948 mayelana neminyaka yokuqala e-Kuokkala: “Le nkathi yokuphila kukaRepin isalinde umcwaningi wayo, ozoveza ukubaluleka kukaNordman empilweni nasemisebenzini kaRepin. Kodwa ngisho namanje kungaphikiswana ngokuthi u-Repin akakaze apende noma apende noma ubani kaningi njengoNordman. Igalari enkulu yezithombe, eyenziwe ngu-Repin iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nantathu yempilo yabo ndawonye, ihlanganisa inqwaba yezithombe zikawoyela kanye namakhulu emidwebo. Kwenzeka ukuthi ingxenye kuphela yalezi zithombe nemidwebo yaphela e-USSR, futhi ingxenye yayingabalulekile kakhulu.
U-Repin ugcine izithombe ezinhle kakhulu zika-Nordman nemidwebo evela kuye e-Penate kwaze kwaba yiminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe. Igumbi lokudlela lalilenga ngokungaguquki leso sithombe sikaNordman, esenziwe nguRepin emasontweni okuqala okwazana kwabo, ngesikhathi behlala eTyrol ngo-1900, lapho uRepin, kanye noNatalia Borisovna, bahlangana khona eParis.
Lesi sithombe sibonakala ekhoneni elingakwesokudla lesithombe sango-1915, lapho u-Repin athathwa khona nezivakashi zakhe, phakathi kwazo u-VV Mayakovsky (cf. isembozo sencwadi). UMayakovsky wabe esebhala inkondlo yakhe ethi "A Cloud in Pants" eKuokkala.
Futhi, u-KI Chukovsky, owabona ukuphila kukaRepin noNordman iminyaka eminingana (kusukela ngo-1906), ubona isilinganiso salezi zinhlamvu ezimbili ezinamandla kunalokho okuhle. Uthi uNordman, waletha ukuhleleka empilweni kaRepin (ikakhulukazi, ngokukhawulela ukuvakasha “kungoLwezithathu abadumile”); kusukela ngo-1901 waqala ukuqoqa zonke izincwadi eziphathelene nomsebenzi wakhe. Futhi u-Repin ngokwakhe wavuma ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi wayekweleta enye yempumelelo yakhe ekhazimulayo - ukwakheka "koMkhandlu Wesifunda" (owabhalwa ngo-1901-1903) ku-NB, ubika inkinga eyodwa emshadweni wabo ngo-Okthoba 46 - u-Repin wabe esefuna ukuthola isehlukaniso.