Izimpikiswano ezingokwenkolo namuhla zibangela ukungqubuzana okukhulu emphakathini wezwe. Kungani izingxabano ezisekelwe okholweni zande kangaka? Ngaphandle komehluko ezimfundisweni, yini eba umthombo wokungqubuzana? Kuchaza isazi-mlando sezenkolo u-Boris Falikov.
Psychology: Kungani umphakathi uxabana ezindabeni zenkolo manje? Kungani inkolo iba imbangela yombango ngisho nasezivumweni zesiko elifanayo, ingasaphathwa eyempucuko ehlukene?
U-Boris Falikov: Uyazi, ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo onzima, sidinga ukuchezuka komlando. Ngoba, njengomthetho, zonke izinhlobo zeziqongo zinezimpande. Kufanele sibone ukuthi konke kwaqala kanjani.
Konke kwaqala, ngokusobala, ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu, ikakhulukazi uMax Weber, zafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukucwasa ngokwenkolo, ukusunduza inkolo endaweni ezungezile yomphakathi, ukufaka esikhundleni sezikhungo zenkolo izikhungo zokucabanga, isayensi, ukuhluzeka kwengqondo, umbono omuhle, njalonjalo, kuyinqubo engenakuhlehliswa. Iqale futhi izoqhubeka ngokuhambisana nekusasa eliqhakazile. Kodwa kwavela ukuthi konke akunjalo.
Engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lamashumi amabili, izazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu zaqala ukuqaphela ngokumangala ukuthi inkolo ayifuni ukubekelwa eceleni, ayifuni ukuthathelwa indawo ingqondo. Le nqubo, ngokuvamile, ayiqondile. Konke kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Imibhalo ekhuluma ngalesi sihloko yaqala ukuvela, inelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi nokuhlaziya. Kuye kwavela indlela evamile: ngempela, uhlobo oluthile lokuthuthuka kwezenkolo olulindelekile, ikakhulukazi kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi iNingizimu yomhlaba wonke. Lezi yiLatin America, Africa, Middle East kanye neSoutheast Asia. Futhi ngokuphambene nalokhu, ngokulandelana, iNyakatho yomhlaba wonke (noma iNtshonalanga, njengoba besho ngaphandle kwe-inertia). Lapha, kuleNingizimu yomhlaba wonke, ukukhuphuka kwenkolo kwenzeka ngempela, futhi kuthatha izinhlobo zezombangazwe, ubufandamentali bukhuphuka njengendlela ekhuthele kakhulu yenkolo, lapho inkolo ifuna ukuzimisa emphakathini, ukuba nohlobo oluthile lwamandla.
I-Fundamentalism iwukugomela okunonya kwezindinganiso zenkolo. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka kuzo zonke izinkolo. Siyazi, vele, i-Islam kanye ne-Islamism kuqala. Kodwa kukhona futhi ubufandamentali kubuHindu, futhi benza izehlakalo ezingemnandi neze. Ngisho namaBuddha (sinesithombe samaBuddha njengabantu abangaphazamiseki ngokuphelele) endaweni ethile eMyanmar bagijima namakilabhu ngemuva kwamaSulumane endawo futhi baphule amakhanda abo. Nombuso wenza sengathi akwenzeki lutho. Ngakho ukwanda kobufandamentali obunonya okungokwezombangazwe kubonakala kuzo zonke izinkolo.
Umbuso wethu awuyena umxazululi ongathathi hlangothi. Ngakho-ke, izimpi zamasiko ethu aziphucuzekile njengaseNtshonalanga.
Futhi kwenzekani eNtshonalanga? Iqiniso liwukuthi iNtshonalanga ayinakho ukuzivikela ngokumelene nalesi simo. I-Fundamentalist, imisinga eguquguqukayo iphakamisa amakhanda eYurophu, naseMelika, nalapha eRussia. Noma kunjalo, ngokwezinga elithile siyingxenye yaseNtshonalanga yomhlaba wonke, nakuba singeyona ngokuphelele. Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi le nqubo ihlehliswa yinqubo eqhubekayo ye-secularization. Okusho ukuthi, thina (naseNtshonalanga) sinezinqubo ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubufandamentali buyanda, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqhubeka kwenkolo kuyaqhubeka. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, kukhona into enjalo izazi zezenhlalakahle ezizibiza ngokuthi izimpi zamasiko ("izimpi zamasiko").
Yini? Kulapho abagqugquzeli bezindinganiso zenkolo kanye nabasekeli bezindinganiso zezwe emphakathini wentando yeningi bezama ukuxazulula izinkinga zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baxazulula izinkinga ezinzima kakhulu: mayelana nokuhushula isisu, ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, imishado yobungqingili. Umehluko wemibono ngalezi zindaba phakathi kwalabo abakholelwa ezinkolelweni zezwe kanye nama-fundamentalist ubucayi kakhulu. Kodwa umbuso uziphatha kanjani ezimweni ezinjalo?
ENtshonalanga, umbuso, njengomthetho, ungumxazululi ongathathi hlangothi. Konke kunqunywa emkhakheni wezomthetho, kunezinkantolo ezizimele. Futhi eMelika, ngokwesibonelo, ama-fundamentalists noma ama-secularists azothuthukisa okuthile. Basezinhlangothini ezihlukene zezivimbi. ERussia, ngokufanelekile, into efanayo bekufanele kwenzeke. Inkinga ukuthi umbuso wethu awuyena umxazululi ongathathi hlangothi. Inkinga yesibili wukuthi asinazo izinkantolo ezizimele. Ngakho-ke, izimpi zamasiko ethu azinawo umlingiswa ophucuzekile njengaseNtshonalanga.
Nakuba kufanele kushiwo ukuthi kukhona ukuphazamiseka okukhulu naseNtshonalanga. Ngokwesibonelo, eMelika efanayo, udokotela owakhipha izisu usanda kudutshulwa wafa. Ngokuvamile, kuyaxaka lapho umvikeli wobungcwele bempilo ngenxa yempilo yombungu ethatha ukuphila komuntu omdala. Kuvela indida yamasiko.
Kodwa awunawo umuzwa wokuthi ubufandamentali, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bubonakala bunezisekelo zenkolo, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, abuboshelwe ezimisweni ezithile zenkolo, ukuthi bumane buwukuqondiswa kwenkathi edlule, ukuthi laba bantu Cabanga ngezindinganiso zokuziphatha ? Busondele kangakanani ubuhlobo nenkolo?
BF: Yilapho sihluke khona kancane neNtshonalanga. Ngoba eNtshonalanga, ubufandamentali zisahlangene ngokuqondile nezindinganiso ezingokwenkolo. Ezweni lakithi, angicabangi ukuthi lihlobene ngokuqondile nenkolo. Ngoba, ngokwemininingwane yethu yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, nakuba ama-80% ethi angama-Orthodox, lokhu kuwuphawu lwesizwe esingokwesiko: abayi njalo esontweni futhi abawuthathi njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ukuhlanganyela. Sine-fundamentalism, ngiyasola, ihlotshaniswa kakhulu ne-anti-Westernism.
Ama-fundamentalist ethu yilabo abakholelwa ukuthi laphaya, eNtshonalanga, kunobubi obuphelele
Ama-fundamentalist ethu yilabo abakholelwa ukuthi laphaya, eNtshonalanga, kunobubi obuphelele. Nakuba lokhu kungenangqondo ngokuphelele. Nokho, umbono yilokhu. Futhi thina, njengenqaba yokugcina yeqiniso lengokomoya laseRussia nomlando, wezindinganiso zezinzalamizi, siphikisana nalokhu kuze kube sekugcineni. Isiqhingi sabalungile ekulweni neNtshonalanga ebolayo. Ngesaba ukuthi i-conservatism yethu kanye ne-fundamentalism ivaliwe kulo mbono.
Esihlokweni esimayelana nefilimu kaKirill Serebrennikov ethi The Disciple, ubhala mayelana nesenzakalo esisha sokungakholelwa kwezenkolo. Kukhona abantu eNtshonalanga ababizwa ngokuthi «nones», «none». Ezweni lethu lolu hlobo luhlanganisa nalabo abaqhutshwa isifiso sokuziphindiselela ezoni, ukwehlisa ulaka lwabo kulabo abangaboni ngaso linye. Kungani umbhikisho wethu uthatha leli fomu?
BF: Ngihlangabezane nale nkinga lapho ngibuka ifilimu ethi "The Apprentice" eGogol Centre futhi ngamangala. Kuboniswa umProthestani oshiseka ngokweqile. Ekuqaleni ngangicabanga ukuthi umdlalo kaMarius von Mayenburg, waseJalimane, uSerebrennikov wawujwayelanisa namaqiniso aseRussia - futhi wawenza kancane kancane. Ngoba sikuthathaphi lokhu? Ngabe sengicabanga ngakho futhi ngabona ukuthi ingqondo yomdwebi yabonakala ibukhali kunemibono yezazi zezenhlalo yezenkolo. Futhi ngempela, bheka, “abekho” eNtshonalanga bawumphumela wokungabi nankolo, lapho izakhiwo zesonto ziguguleka, futhi abantu begcina ukholo esimisweni esiphakeme, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo abanandaba nokuthi bakusiphi isivumo. Lapho bebuzwa, “Ingabe ungumProthestani, umKatolika, noma umJuda?” bathi, “Cha, ngi…yebo, akunandaba, kukhona okuthize lapho. Futhi ngihlala nalamandla aphakeme, futhi uhlobo lwenkolo olumisiwe aluthakazelisi kimi.”
Ukufuna abathakathi kuholela ekutheni abantu bayeke ukuthembana
ENtshonalanga, lesi sikhundla sihlanganiswe nemibono ekhululekile. Okusho ukuthi, ezimpini zamasiko, basohlangothini lwama-secularists, ngokumelene nawo wonke ama-fundamentalist. Kuvele ukuthi, njengoba ngaqonda ngemva kokubuka ifilimu kaSerebrennikov, lo mfana wethu ngokusobala akayena ovumayo. Yingakho iqhawe lithumela kude umpristi wama-Orthodox: akazizwa njengelungu leSonto Lobu-Orthodox, akayena umProthestani, akayena muntu. Kodwa uhlale efunda iBhayibheli futhi afafaze amazwi acashuniwe, kangangokuthi nalo mfundisi ompofu akasho lutho, akalazi kahle iBhayibheli. Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi ezweni lakithi umuntu ongeyena ovumayo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ikholwa liwumphumela wokukhuphuka kwenkolo.
Lokhu ngakolunye uhlangothi. Futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba sesishilo kakade, azikho izici zenkolo kuphela lapha, kodwa ukuziphatha nqunu, ngokusobala: singabangcwele abembethe izingubo ezimhlophe, futhi nxazonke siyizoni. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi kule filimu ulwa nothisha we-biology, efanekisela isimanje, isimanje. Umelene noDarwinist, ulwa neNtshonalanga enonya, ekholelwa ukuthi umuntu uvela ezinkawini, futhi asicabangi kanjalo. Ngokuvamile, kuvele kuwuhlobo olunelukuluku lwe-non-confessional fundamentalist. Futhi ngiyasola ukuthi lokhu kuyinto ejwayelekile kithi.
Okusho ukuthi, konke ukuvuma izono akukona okwenele kweqhawe?
BF: Yebo, ungakusho lokho. Njengokuthi, nonke nithole uhlobo oluthile lwe-modus vivendi lapha, kodwa nidinga ukuphendukela njalo kuNkulunkulu waseBhayibhelini, uNkulunkulu owabhubhisa iSodoma neGomora, wehlisela umlilo osabekayo nesibabule phezu kwawo. Futhi yile ndlela okufanele uziphathe ngayo lapho ubhekene nalo mphakathi ononya, oziphethe kabi.
Kungani ucabanga ukuthi ukugxila esikhathini esedlule, isifiso sokuvuselela okwedlule kuyasihlukanisa kunokuba kusihlanganise futhi kusikhuthaze?
BF: Uyabona, ngicabanga ukuthi yilapho inkinga ilele. Uma kukhona isimo sengqondo ku-patriarchy, kuzo zonke lezi zibopho, emasikweni, esikhathini esidlule, ukufuna abathakathi ngokushesha kuqala. Okungukuthi, ama-ejenti wesimanje, ama-ejenti wesimanje, avimbela ukubuyela esikhathini esidlule, abe yizitha. Kunombono wokuthi lokhu kufanele kubumbane: sithole izitha ezifanayo futhi sizophikisana nazo ngokuhlelekile ... Kodwa, ngokubona kwami, lokhu kuwumbono ongaphezulu wokuthi ukugqugquzela kungabumbana. Kunalokho, uyahlukanisa.
Kungani? Ngoba ukufuna abathakathi kuholela ekukhuleni kwezinsolo. Abantu bayeke ukuthembana. Kukhona izifundo zenhlalo yabantu, ngokusho ukuthi iRussia, ngeshwa, iphansi kakhulu mayelana ne-coefficient of trust emphakathini. Asinazo izibopho ezinhle kakhulu zokwethembana: wonke umuntu usola wonke umuntu ngayo yonke into, ukuhlukana kuyakhula, ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu komunye nomunye, inkundla yezenhlalo idabukile. Ngakho-ke, ukufuna ukusekelwa esikhathini esidlule kanye nokwenqatshwa kwesimanje, isimanje kanye neNtshonalanga, njengophawu lwesimanjemanje, kuholela, ngombono wami, ekuhlukaneni.
Ingabe uyayibona indlela yokuphuma kulesi simo? Kuyacaca ukuthi asikwazi ukwenza ezingeni likahulumeni, kodwa ezingeni lokuxhumana kwabantu, ukuxhumana okuvundlile noma ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu? Iphi indlela yokubekezelelana, hhayi kuphela ukuvuma izono, kodwa nasezimpini zamasiko? Ingabe ikhona indlela yokuwathambisa?
BF: Asikwazi ngempela ukushintsha inqubomgomo kahulumeni nokunye. Ngokuqondene nohlangothi lwezengqondo, okuthakazelisa kakhulu kuwe, ukuthi ungakulungisa kanjani konke lokhu? Nakhu kunzima. Ngoba lezi zinkanuko noma izinto ezibonakala zingokwenkolo zithinta ngempela imizwa kunomqondo. Kudingeka sizame ukuvula ingqondo ngandlela thize, akunjalo? Futhi ayisebenzi kahle kakhulu. Kubonakala kimi ukuthi indlela ye-psychoanalytic iyona elungile kakhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuqulekile, lapho uqala ukubona ama-neuroses. Ukube bekuyintando yami, bengizokwandisa indima yongoti bezengqondo kuleli.
Nokho, okungenani izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zakha indawo lapho ungakhuluma ngakho.
BF: Yebo, lapho ungakhuluma ngakho futhi ufinyelele ukuvumelana. Ngendlela, izinga le-psychologization yomphakathi waseNtshonalanga liphezulu kakhulu. Okungukuthi, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zidlala indima ebalulekile emphakathini lapho, futhi ngempela abantu abaningi basebenzisa izinsizakalo zabo, futhi hhayi abacebile kuphela, lezi zinsizakalo zitholakala kwabaningi.
Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zingakwazi ngempela ukwenza okuthile ukunciphisa ukungezwani emphakathini, ukubona ukuthi yini esehlukanisayo nokuthi yini esasihlanganisayo. Sizobheka lokhu njengesiphetho esinethemba sengxoxo.
Inhlolokhono yaqoshwa iphrojekthi ye-Psychologies ethi "Isimo: Ebudlelwaneni" emsakazweni othi "Culture" ngo-Okthoba 2016.