Imakethe ye-bioplastics ibukeka izokhula eminyakeni ezayo, futhi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi amapulasitiki asekelwe esitshalweni azohlinzeka ngesixazululo sokugcina sokuthembela kumapulasitiki athathwe uwoyela.
Okubizwa ngokuthi amabhodlela kabusha noma plant-based kukhona lutho ngaphandle kwe-analogue yamabhodlela epulasitiki ajwayelekile enziwe nge-polyethylene terephthalate, lapho amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu e-ethanol athathelwa indawo inani elihambisanayo le-ethanol etholakala esitshalweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ibhodlela elinjalo lingaphinda lisetshenziswe, nakuba lenziwe ngezinto zezitshalo; nokho, ayiboli nakancane.
Kunezinhlobo zepulasitiki ezibolayo - Namuhla, ipulasitiki evame kakhulu yenziwe nge-polyoxypropionic (polylactic) acid. I-Polylactic acid etholakala ku-corn biomass empeleni ibola ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, iphenduke ibe amanzi kanye ne-carbon dioxide. Kodwa-ke, umswakama ophezulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu ayadingeka ukuze kubole ipulasitiki ye-PLA, okusho ukuthi ingilazi noma isikhwama sepulasitiki ye-polylactic acid sizobola kuphela u-XNUMX% ezimweni zokwenziwa komquba wezimboni, hhayi enqwabeni yakho evamile yomquba engadini yakho. Futhi ngeke ibole nhlobo, igqitshwe endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu, lapho iyohlala khona amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zeminyaka, njenganoma yimuphi omunye udoti wepulasitiki. Kunjalo, abathengisi abalubeki lolu lwazi emaphaketheni abo, futhi abathengi benza iphutha ngemikhiqizo ehambisana nemvelo.
Uma i-biodegradability ikhishwa engxoxweni, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-bioplastics kungaba usizo olukhulu. – ngenxa yezizathu eziningi. Okokuqala nje iqiniso lokuthi izinsiza ezidingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwayo ziyavuseleleka. Izitshalo zommbila, umoba, ulwelwe, nokunye okuphakelayo kwe-bioplastic akunamkhawulo njengamathuba okuzihlakulela, futhi imboni yepulasitiki ingagcina izikhiphe kuma-hydrocarbon ayizinsalela. Ukukhula kwempahla eluhlaza nakho akuholeli ekungalinganini kwamandla uma kwenziwa ngendlela egcina imvelo, okungukuthi, amandla amaningi akhishwa ezintweni ezingavuthiwe kunokusetshenziswa ekutshaleni izitshalo ezithile. Uma i-bioplastic ewumphumela ihlala isikhathi eside futhi ingasetshenziswa kabusha, khona-ke yonke inqubo ibaluleke kakhulu.
“Amabhodlela emifino” e-Coca-Cola ayisibonelo esihle sokuthi i-bioplastics ingakhiqizwa kanjani ngaphakathi kwengqalasizinda efanele. Ngenxa yokuthi la mabhodlela aseyi-polyoxypropion ngokobuchwepheshe, angakwazi ukugaywa kabusha njalo, okuvumela ama-polymer ayinkimbinkimbi ukuba agcinwe kunokuba aphonswe endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu lapho engenamsebenzi khona futhi ayobola unomphela. Uma sicabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukwenza ngcono ingqalasizinda ekhona yokugaywa kabusha ngokushintsha amapulasitiki angakaze asetshenziswe nge-bioplastic ehlala isikhathi eside, isidingo sisonke sama-polymers amsulwa singancishiswa kakhulu.
I-Bioplastics idala izinselelo ezintsha okufanele sizicabangele njengoba siya phambili. Okokuqala, umzamo wokushintsha ngokuphelele amapulasitiki athathwe uwoyela nge-bioplastic esekelwe ezitshalweni uzodinga amashumi ezigidi zamahektha engeziwe omhlaba wokulima. Kuze kube yilapho sihlanganisa enye iplanethi okuhlalwa kuyo nomhlaba olimekayo, noma sinciphisa (kakhulu) ukusetshenziswa kwethu kwepulasitiki, umsebenzi onjalo uzodinga ukuncishiswa kwendawo etshaliwe esivele ilinywa ngenjongo yokukhiqiza ukudla. Isidingo sendawo eyengeziwe singase sibe yimbangela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi okuqhubekayo noma ukuqhekeka kwamahlathi, ikakhulukazi endaweni enamahlathi ashisayo njengaseNingizimu Melika esesivele sisengozini.
Ngisho noma zonke lezi zinkinga ezingenhla bezingafaneleki, ke asikabi nayo ingqalasizinda eyanele yokucubungula imiqulu emikhulu yama-bioplastics. Isibonelo, uma ibhodlela le-polyoxypropion noma isiqukathi siphelela kudoti womthengi, singangcolisa ukusakaza okugaywe kabusha futhi lenze ipulasitiki eyonakele ingabi namsebenzi. Ukwengeza, ama-bioplastic angaphinda agaywe kabusha ahlala eyinganekwane kulezi zinsuku—okwamanje asinawo amasistimu wokutholwa kwe-bioplastic amakhulu noma ajwayelekile.
I-Bioplastic inamandla okuba indawo eqinile ngempela yamapulasitiki asuselwa ku-petroleum, kodwa kuphela uma senza ngendlela efanele. Ngisho noma singakhawulela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuqhekeka, sinciphise umthelela wokukhiqizwa kokudla, futhi sithuthukise ingqalasizinda yokuvuselela kabusha, ukuphela kwendlela i-bioplastic engaba enye indlela esimeme ngempela (nesikhathi eside) esikhundleni samapulasitiki asekelwe uwoyela uma izinga lokusetshenziswa liyancipha kakhulu. Ngokuqondene nepulasitiki ebolayo, ayisoze yaba yisixazululo sokugcina, naphezu kwezimangalo ezivela kwezinye izinkampani eziphikisayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi le nto ilulaza kahle kangakanani enqwabeni yomquba. Kuphela engxenyeni elinganiselwe yemakethe, ake sithi, emazweni asathuthuka anenani elikhulu lezindawo zokulahla izinto eziphilayo, ipulasitiki ebolayo inengqondo (bese kuthi esikhathini esifushane).
Isigaba "se-biodegradability" siyisici esibalulekile sayo yonke le ngxoxo.
Kubathengi abaqaphile, ukuqonda incazelo yangempela ye-"biodegradability" kubalulekile, ngoba kuphela kubavumela ukuthi bathenge imikhiqizo enobungani bemvelo futhi banqume ngokwanele ukuthi benzeni ngodoti. Akudingekile ukusho ukuthi, abakhiqizi, abakhangisi nabakhangisi baye bahlanekezela amaqiniso.
umbandela wokubola kwe-biodegradability akuwona umthombo wendaba njengokubunjwa kwayo. Namuhla, imakethe ibuswa amapulasitiki aqinile atholakala ku-petroleum, avame ukukhonjwa ngezinombolo ze-polymer kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-7. Ngokuvamile (ngoba ipulasitiki ngayinye inamandla nobuthakathaka bayo), lawa mapulasitiki ahlanganiswa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo namandla, futhi futhi ngenxa yokuthi ipulasitiki ngayinye inamandla nobuthakathaka bayo. ukuthi banokumelana okuphezulu nezimo zomkhathi: lezi zimfanelo ziyadingeka emikhiqizweni eminingi kanye nokupakishwa. Okufanayo kusebenza kuma-polymer amaningi athathwe esitshalweni esiwasebenzisayo namuhla.
Lezi zici ezifiselekayo zihlobene nepulasitiki ecwengisiswe kakhulu, enamaketanga e-polymer amade, ayinkimbinkimbi, amelana kakhulu nokuwohloka kwemvelo (njengama-microorganisms). Njengoba kunjalo Iningi lamapulasitiki emakethe namuhla alikwazi ukubola, ngisho nalezo zinhlobo zepulasitiki ezitholakala ku-biomass evuselelekayo.
Kodwa kuthiwani ngezinhlobo zepulasitiki abakhiqizi abathi ziyakwazi ukubola? Yilapho iningi lemibono eyiphutha lingena khona, njengoba izimangalo zokuwohloka kwemvelo ngokuvamile azifiki neziyalezo eziqondile zendlela yokwenza kahle leyo pulasitiki ibole, futhi ayichazi ukuthi kulula kangakanani ukuthi ipulasitiki iboleke.
Isibonelo, i-polylactic (polylactic) acid ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-bioplastic "ephilayo". I-PLA isuselwa kumbila, ngakho-ke kungaphethwa ngokuthi ibola kalula nje njengeziqu zommbila uma ishiywe ensimini. Ngokusobala, akunjalo - kuvele kuvezwe izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nomswakama (njengasezindaweni zomquba wezimboni), izobola maduzane ukuze yonke inqubo ifaneleke. Lokhu ngeke kwenzeke enqwabeni yomquba evamile.
Ama-Bioplastics avame ukuhlotshaniswa nokubola ngenxa yokuthi atholakala ku-biomass evuselelekayo. Eqinisweni, iningi lepulasitiki "eluhlaza" emakethe ayiboli ngokushesha. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, zidinga ukucutshungulwa ezindaweni zezimboni lapho izinga lokushisa, umswakama, nokuchayeka ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet kungalawulwa ngokuqinile. Ngisho nangaphansi kwalezi zimo, ezinye izinhlobo zepulasitiki ebolayo zingase zithathe isikhathi esingangonyaka ukuze zigaywe kabusha ngokuphelele.
Ukuze kucace, ingxenye enkulu, izinhlobo zepulasitiki ezitholakala manje emakethe azikwazi ukubola. Ukuze ufaneleke ukuthola leli gama, umkhiqizo kufanele ukwazi ukubola ngokwemvelo ngesenzo sezinto eziphilayo ezincane. Amanye ama-polymers e-petroleum angahlanganiswa nezithasiselo ezingaboli noma ezinye izinto ukusheshisa inqubo yokuwohloka, kepha amele ingxenye encane yemakethe yomhlaba. Ipulasitiki ekhiqizwe nge-Hydrocarbon ayikho ngokwemvelo, futhi azikho izidalwa ezincane ngokwemvelo ezihloselwe ukusiza enqubweni yazo yokuwohloka (ngaphandle kosizo lwezithasiselo).
Ngisho noma ukubola kwe-bioplastic bekungeke kube yinkinga, ingqalasizinda yethu yamanje yokugaywa kabusha, yokwenza umquba nokuqoqwa kwemfucuza ayikwazi ukubhekana nenani elikhulu lepulasitiki elibolayo. Ngokungakhulisi (ngokungathí sina) amandla ethu okusebenzisa kabusha ama-polymer abolayo kanye nezinto ezibolayo/ezihlanganiswayo, sizomane sikhiqize udoti omningi wezindawo zethu zokulahla imfucumfucu nezishisi.
Lapho konke lokhu okungenhla sekwenziwe, kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho ipulasitiki elibolayo liyoba nengqondo - ezimeni ezilinganiselwe kakhulu nezesikhathi esifushane. Isizathu silula: kungani kumoshwa amandla kanye nezinsiza kukhiqiza amapholymer epulasitiki ahlanzeke kakhulu abolayo, bese ewadela ngokuphelele kamuva - ngokwenza umquba noma ngokuwohloka kwemvelo kwemvelo? Njengesu lesikhashana lokunciphisa udoti ezimakethe ezifana ne-Hindustan, kunengqondo. Akuwenzi umqondo njengesu lesikhathi eside lokunqoba ukuncika okulimazayo kweplanethi kumapulasitiki athathwe uwoyela.
Kusukela kulokhu okungenhla, kungaphethwa ngokuthi ipulasitiki ebolayo, i-"eco-packaging" impahla, akuyona enye indlela esimeme ngokuphelele, nakuba ivame ukukhangiswa kanjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokupakisha kusuka kupulasitiki obolayo kuhlotshaniswa nokungcoliswa kwemvelo okwengeziwe.