I-Berkowitz L. Izinqubo zengqondo zokulawula ulaka

Ulaka lungalawulwa ngamandla, okungenani kwezinye izimo. Uma kunendawo efanele, umphakathi unganciphisa ubugebengu obunobudlova ngokwesabisa abangaba izephula-mthetho ngenjongo yesijeziso esingenakugwenywa. Nokho, izimo ezinjalo azikakadalwa yonke indawo. Kwezinye izimo, labo abangase babe yizigebengu baqiniseka ngokuthi bazokwazi ukubalekela ubulungisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho noma bengakwazi ukugwema isijeziso esibafanele, khona-ke imiphumela yayo enzima izobathinta isikhathi eside ngisho nangemva kokukhishwa kobudlova ngokumelene nesisulu, okwabalethela umuzwa wokwaneliseka, futhi njengoba ngenxa yalokho, ukuziphatha kwabo okunolaka kuzothola ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe.

Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kokuvimbela kukodwa kungase kungenele. Yiqiniso, kwezinye izimo, umphakathi unesibopho sokusebenzisa amandla, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele ulwele ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kokuthambekela okunonya kwamalungu awo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa isistimu yokulungisa ekhethekile. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ziye zasikisela izindlela eziningana zokuyisebenzisa.

I-Catharsis: Ukunciphisa Izisusa Zobudlova Ngokuqhuma Okunolaka

Imithetho yendabuko yezimiso zokuziphatha ayikuvumeli ukubonakaliswa okuvulekile kolaka ngisho nokujabulela umsebenzi walo. Ukucindezelwa kobudlova kuqala ngesidingo sabazali sokuthi bathule, bangaphikisi, bangaphikisani, bangamemezi noma baphazamise. Lapho ukukhulumisana okunolaka kuvinjiwe noma kucindezelwe ebudlelwaneni obuthile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi buyitoho noma buphikelela, abantu bangena ezivumelwaneni ezihlanekezela iqiniso, nezingathembeki. Imizwa enolaka, lapho inkulumo eqaphelayo phakathi nobudlelwane obujwayelekile ivinjelwe, ivele ibonakale ngenye indlela ngendlela esebenzayo futhi engalawulwa. Lapho imizwa enqwabelene necashile yokucasuka nobutha igqashuka, okucatshangwa ukuthi «ukuvumelana» kobuhlobo kuvele kuphuke kungazelelwe (Bach & Goldberg, 1974, pp. 114-115). Bona →

I-Catharsis hypothesis

Lesi sahluko sizobheka imiphumela yolaka—ukuziphatha okuhloselwe ukulimaza othile noma into ethile. Ulaka lubonakala ngendlela yokuthuka ngamazwi noma ngokomzimba futhi kungaba ngokoqobo (ukushaya ngempama) noma okucatshangwayo (ukudubula umphikisi ongelona iqiniso ngesibhamu sokudlala). Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi nakuba ngisebenzisa umqondo we-"catharsis", angizami ukusebenzisa imodeli ye-"hydraulic". Engikucabangayo nje ukunciphisa isifiso sobudlova, hhayi ukukhipha inani elicatshangelwayo lamandla ezinzwa. Ngakho-ke, kimina nabanye abaningi (kodwa hhayi bonke) abacwaningi be-psychotherapist, umqondo we-catharsis uqukethe umqondo wokuthi noma yisiphi isenzo esinolaka sinciphisa amathuba okuba nolaka olulandelayo. Lesi sigaba sihlola imibuzo mayelana nokuthi i-catharsis yenzeka ngempela, futhi uma kunjalo, ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Bona →

Umphumela wolaka lwangempela

Ngisho noma ulaka olucatshangelwayo lungakunciphisi ukuthambekela okunolaka (ngaphandle kwalapho kubeka umhlaseli esimweni esihle), ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, izinhlobo zangempela zokuhlasela umenzi wobubi zizonciphisa isifiso sokumlimaza esikhathini esizayo. Kodwa-ke, indlela yale nqubo iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngaphambi kokuba uyiqonde, kufanele ujwayele ezinye zezici zayo. Bona →

Ukuthuthukisa Izindlela Ezintsha Zokuziphatha

Uma incazelo ephakanyiswe esigabeni esandulele ilungile, khona-ke abantu abaqaphela isimo sabo sokuvuka ngeke babeke imingcele ezenzweni zabo baze bakholelwe ukuthi ukuziphatha okunobutha noma okunolaka esimweni esithile akulungile futhi kungacindezela ulaka lwabo. Nokho, abanye abantu abazimisele ukungabaza ilungelo labo lokuhlasela abanye abantu futhi abakwazi ukuzibamba ekuphenduleni izenzo ezivusa inkanuko. Ukumane ubonise amadoda nabesifazane abanjalo ubudlova babo obungamukeleki ngeke kwanele. Kudingeka bafundiswe ukuthi ngokuvamile kungcono ukuba nobungane kunokusongela. Kungaba usizo futhi ukugxilisa kubo amakhono okuxhumana nabantu futhi ubafundise ukulawula imizwelo yabo. Bona →

Izinzuzo Zokubambisana: Ukuthuthukisa Ukulawulwa Kwabazali Kwezingane Ezinenkinga

Ikharikhulamu yokuqala esizoyibheka yathuthukiswa nguGerald Patterson, uJohn Reid, nabanye esikhungweni se-Oregon Research Institute's Center for Social Learning. Isahluko 6, mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kolaka, sihlaziye imiphumela ehlukahlukene etholwe yilaba sosayensi ohlelweni lokuhlola izingane ezibonisa ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi. Nokho, njengoba uzokhumbula, lesi sahluko sagcizelela indima eyafezwa ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkinga ezinjalo zezingane ngezenzo ezingalungile zabazali. Ngokwabacwaningi base-Oregon Institute, ezimweni eziningi, obaba nomama, ngenxa yezindlela zokukhulisa izingane ezingafanele, bona ngokwabo baba nesandla ekwakhekeni kokuthambekela okunolaka ezinganeni zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, babevame ukuvela bengavumelani kakhulu emizamweni yabo yokuyala ukuziphatha kwamadodana namadodakazi abo - babekhetha kakhulu kubo, babengakhuthazi ngaso sonke isikhathi izenzo ezinhle, bebeka izijeziso ezazinganele ubukhulu bokuziphatha okubi. Bona →

Ukuncipha kokusebenza kwemizwa

Naphezu kosizo lwezinhlelo zokungenelela ekuziphatheni kwabanye abantu abanolaka ukuze zibafundise ukuthi bangakwazi ukuzuza imiphumela efiselekayo ngokuba nokubambisana nokwenza ngendlela enobungane nevunyelwe emphakathini, kusenalabo abahlale bekulungele ukusebenzisa ubudlova ngendlela eyinhloko ngenxa yabo. ukwanda kokucasuka kanye nokungakwazi ukuzibamba. Njengamanje, inani elandayo lezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ngokwengqondo liyathuthukiswa ngenhloso yokushintsha lolu hlobo lokusebenza kabusha kwemizwelo. Bona →

Yini engathinta izaphula-mthetho eziboshiwe?

Kuze kube manje sikhuluma ngezinqubo zokufunda kabusha ezingasetshenziswa nezivele zisetshenziswa kubantu abangaxabene obala nomphakathi, ngamanye amazwi, abangaphuli imithetho yawo. Kodwa kuthiwani ngalabo abenza ubugebengu obunobudlova futhi bagcina bevalelwe? Ingabe bangafundiswa ukulawula ukuthambekela kwabo kobudlova ngezinye izindlela ngaphandle kosongo lokujeziswa? Bona →

Isifinyezo

Lesi sahluko sihlaziya izindlela ezithile ezingokwengqondo ezingajezisi zokuvimbela ulaka. Abamele izikole zokuqala ezicatshangelwe zesayensi bathi ukuqunjelwa kokucasuka kuyimbangela yezifo eziningi zezokwelapha nezenhlalo. Odokotela bengqondo abanemibono enjalo bakhuthaza abantu ukuba baveze imizwa yabo ngokukhululekile futhi ngaleyo ndlela bathole umphumela we-cathartic. Ukuze uhlaziye ngokwanele leli phuzu lokubuka, kubalulekile okokuqala ukuthola umqondo ocacile womqondo othi "ukubonakaliswa kwamahhala kokucasuka", okungaba nezincazelo ezihlukahlukene. Bona →

Ingxenye 5. Umthelela wezinto zebhayoloji ekuhlaseleni

Isahluko 12

Ukomele inzondo nokubhujiswa? Ingabe abantu bahlaselwe umzwelo wobudlova? Kuyini umuzwa wemvelo? Ukugxekwa komqondo wendabuko wemvelo. Ufuzo kanye nama-hormone. "Uzalelwe ukuvusa isihogo"? umthelela wofuzo kulaka. Umehluko wocansi ekubonakalisweni kolaka. Ithonya lamahomoni. Utshwala nolaka. Bona →