Okuqukethwe
Isahluko 12 sithinta kafushane izihloko ezimbili okungazange kuxoxwe ngazo ngaphambili ezingase zithakazelise umfundi.
Okokuqala, ngizocabangela umthelela wezici zebhayoloji ekuhlaseleni. Nakuba leli bhuku ligxilile ezinqubweni zengqondo nezici ezimweni zamanje kanye/noma ezidlule, sisadinga ukuvumelana ukuthi ubudlova kubantu nakwezinye izilwane kubangelwa izinqubo zomzimba emzimbeni nasengqondweni.
Ucwaningo oluningi seluvele lwenziwe mayelana nendima edlalwa izinqumo zezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, isahluko esilandelayo sizokhetha kakhulu futhi sizothinta ingxenye encane yolwazi lwethu mayelana nomthelela we-physiology ekuhlaseleni. Ngemva kokucabangela kafushane umqondo wemvelo enolaka, ngihlola ithonya lofuzo emandleni abantu odlame, bese ngihlola ithonya elingaba khona lamahomoni ocansi ekubonakalisweni okuhlukahlukene kolaka.
Isahluko siphetha ngokuchaza kafushane ukuthi utshwala bungathinta kanjani udlame. Lesi sahluko sidingida ikakhulukazi imibuzo yendlela yokusebenza. Imibono eminingi nokuqagela okwethulwa lapha kusekelwe ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri olwenziwa ezinganeni nakubantu abadala.
Ukucabanga okwengeziwe kunikezelwe kumqondo osetshenziswa abacwaningi abenza ucwaningo ngokuziphatha komuntu.
Ukomele inzondo nokubhujiswa?
Ngo-1932, iNhlangano Yezizwe yamema u-Albert Einstein ukuba akhethe umuntu ovelele futhi abonisane naye ngezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu zesikhathi sethu. INhlangano Yezizwe yayifuna ukushicilela lengxoxo ukuze yenze kube lula lokhu kukhulumisana phakathi kwabaholi abayizihlakaniphi banamuhla. U-Einstein wavuma futhi wacela ukuxoxa ngezimbangela zezingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe. Inkumbulo yokubulawa kwabantu okunyantisayo kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yayisalondolozwe ngokucacile enkumbulweni yososayensi, futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi akukho mbuzo obaluleke ngaphezu "kokufuna indlela ethile yokusindisa isintu ekusongelweni kwempi." Isazi sefiziksi esikhulu ngokuqinisekile asizange silindele isisombululo esilula kule nkinga. Esola ukuthi impi nonya kwakucashe kwengqondo yomuntu, waphendukela kumsunguli we-psychoanalysis, uSigmund Freud, ukuze aqinisekise umbono wakhe. Bona →
Ingabe abantu bahlaselwe umzwelo wobudlova? Kuyini umuzwa wemvelo?
Ukuze sazise umqondo wesifiso esingokwemvelo solaka, kufanele siqale sicacise incazelo yegama elithi «umzwelo wemvelo». Leli gama lisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu, futhi akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi yini ngempela eshiwo lapho umuntu ekhuluma ngokuziphatha okungokwemvelo. Ngezinye izikhathi sizwa ukuthi umuntu, ngaphansi kwethonya lesimo esivele ngokuzumayo, "wenza ngokuzenzakalelayo." Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi wasabela ngendlela ehleliwe ngofuzo, noma ukuthi wasabela esimweni esingasilindele ngaphandle kokucabanga? Bona →
Ukugxekwa komqondo wendabuko wemvelo
Inkinga eyinhloko ngomqondo wendabuko wemvelo ukuntuleka kwesisekelo esanele sokuhlola. Abaphathi bezilwane baye bangabaza ngokungathí sina izimangalo eziqinile zikaLorenz mayelana nobudlova bezilwane. Thatha, ikakhulukazi, ukuphawula kwakhe mayelana nokuvimbela okuzenzakalelayo kobudlova ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane. U-Lorenz uthe izilwane eziningi ezingabulala kalula amanye amalungu ezinhlobo zazo zinezindlela ezingokwemvelo ezimisa ngokushesha ukuhlasela kwazo. Abantu abanalo indlela enjalo, futhi siwukuphela kwezilwane eziziqothulayo. Bona →
Umthelela wofuzo kulaka
NgoJulayi 1966, insizwa ephithene ingqondo okuthiwa uRichard Speck yabulala abahlengikazi abayisishiyagalombili eChicago. Ubugebengu obubi budonse ukunaka kwezwe lonke, abezindaba bachaza lesi sigameko ngokuningiliziwe. Kwaziwa emphakathini jikelele ukuthi u-Speck wayegqoke i-tattoo "ezalelwe ukuvusa isihogo" engalweni yakhe.
Asazi ukuthi uRichard Speck wazalwa enokuthambekela kobugebengu ngempela yini okwamholela ekwenzeni lobu bugebengu, noma uma «izakhi zofuzo ezinobudlova» ezamgqugquzela ngandlela thize ukuba abulale zivela kubazali bakhe, kodwa ngifuna ukubuza umbuzo ojwayelekile: ingabe kukhona ukuthambekela kofuzo ebudloveni? Bona →
Umehluko wocansi ekubonakalisweni kolaka
Umehluko ekubonakalisweni kobudlova kubameleli bobubili ubulili kube yindaba yezingxoxo eminyakeni yamuva. Abafundi abaningi mhlawumbe bazomangala lapho bezwa ukuthi kunempikiswano ngalesi sihloko. Uma uthi nhlá, kubonakala kusobala ukuthi amadoda athambekele kakhulu ekuhlaselweni ngobudlova kunabesifazane. Naphezu kwalokhu, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi umehluko awubonakali kangako, futhi ngezinye izikhathi awubonakali nhlobo (bheka, isibonelo: Frodi, Macalay & Thome, 1977). Ake sicabangele izifundo zalo mehluko futhi sizame ukuthola indima yamahomoni ocansi ekuvuseni ulaka. Bona →
Umthelela wamahomoni
Amahomoni ocansi angathonya ulaka lwesilwane. Umuntu kufanele abheke ukuthi kwenzekani uma isilwane sithenwa. Inkunzi yasendle iphenduka ihhashi elilalelayo, inkunzi yasendle iba inkabi enensayo, inja edlalayo iba isilwane esifuywayo. Kungase futhi kube nomphumela ophambene. Uma isilwane esiduna esithenwa sijovwe nge-testosterone, ulaka lwaso luyanda futhi (ucwaningo lwakudala ngale ndaba lwenziwe ngu-Elizabeth Beeman, Beeman, 1947).
Mhlawumbe ukuhlukunyezwa komuntu, njengokuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane, kuncike kumahomoni ocansi wesilisa? Bona →
Utshwala nolaka
Isihloko sokugcina sokubuyekezwa kwami okufushane kwethonya lezici ze-biological ku-aggression umphumela wotshwala. Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi izenzo zabantu zingashintsha kakhulu ngemva kokuphuza utshwala, ukuthi utshwala bungakwazi, ngokusho kukaShakespeare, "ukuntshontsha izingqondo zabo" futhi, mhlawumbe, ngisho "nokubenza izilwane."
Izibalo zobugebengu zembula ubuhlobo obucacile phakathi kotshwala nobudlova. Isibonelo, ocwaningweni lobudlelwano phakathi kokudakwa nokubulawa kwabantu, utshwala bubambe iqhaza engxenyeni noma izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zakho konke ukubulala okuqoshwe amaphoyisa ase-US eminyakeni yamuva. Uphuzo oludakayo luphinde lube nomthelela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha okungathandeki emphakathini, kuhlanganise nobudlova basekhaya. Bona →
Isifinyezo
Kulesi sahluko, ngicabangele izindlela ezimbalwa izinqubo zebhayoloji ezithonya ngayo ukuziphatha okunolaka. Ngaqala ngokuhlaziywa komqondo wendabuko womzwelo wemvelo ohlaselayo, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwalo mqondo kuyinkolelo-mbono ye-psychoanalytic kaSigmund Freud kanye nasemibhalweni ethi ayifane nebekwe phambili nguKonrad Lorenz. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi igama elithi «umzwelo wemvelo» alicacile ngokwedlulele futhi linezincazelo eziningi ezahlukene, bobabili uFreud noLorentz babheka «umzwelo wemvelo onolaka» njengomfutho ozalwa nawo futhi owakhiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo wokubhubhisa umuntu. Bona →
Isahluko 13
Inqubo yokuhlola evamile. Ezinye izimpikiswano ezisekela ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri. Bona →