Kulabo abanqume ukuyeka ukudla inyama kuze kube phakade, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi, ngaphandle kokubangela ukuhlupheka okwengeziwe ezilwaneni, bazothola zonke izithako ezidingekayo zokudla okunomsoco, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo bekhipha imizimba yabo bonke labo ubuthi nobuthi obutholakala ngaphakathi. inala enyameni. . Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abangebona abafokazi ekukhathazekeni kwenhlalakahle yomphakathi kanye nesimo se-ecology yemvelo, bazothola esinye isikhathi esibalulekile esihle sokudla imifino: isixazululo senkinga yendlala yomhlaba kanye nokuncipha imithombo yemvelo yeplanethi.
Osomnotho kanye nongoti bezolimo bavumelana ngazwi linye embonweni wabo wokuthi ukuntuleka kokudla emhlabeni kubangelwa, ngokwengxenye, ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kokulima kwenyama yenkomo, ngokwesilinganiso samaprotheni okudla atholakala ngeyunithi ngayinye yendawo yezolimo esetshenziswayo. Izitshalo zezitshalo zingaletha amaprotheni amaningi kakhulu ngehektha ngalinye lezitshalo kunemikhiqizo yemfuyo. Ngakho ihektha elilodwa lomhlaba elitshalwe okusanhlamvu lizoletha amaprotheni aphindwe kahlanu kunehektha elifanayo elisetshenziselwa izitshalo zefolishi ekufuyweni kwezilwane. Ihektha elihlwanyelwe nemidumba lizokhiqiza amaprotheni aphindwe kashumi. Naphezu kokuthonya kwalezi zibalo, ngaphezu kwesigamu sayo yonke indawo e-United States ingaphansi kwezitshalo zefolishi.
Ngokusho kwedatha enikezwe embikweni, i-United States ne-World Resources, uma zonke lezi zindawo ezishiwo ngenhla zisetshenziselwa izitshalo ezidliwa abantu ngokuqondile, ngakho-ke, mayelana nama-calories, lokhu kungaholela ekwandeni kwenani eliphindwe kane. lokudla okutholiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusho kwe-United Nations Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) abantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni nengxenye eMhlabeni bahlushwa ukungondleki okuhlelekile, kuyilapho abangaba yizigidi ezingu-500 babo besengozini yendlala.
NgokoMnyango Wezolimo wase-US, u-91% wommbila, u-77% kabhontshisi wesoya, u-64% webhali, u-88% wamabele, kanye no-99% wamabele owawuvunwa e-US ngeminyaka yawo-1970 wawuphakelwa izinkomo zenyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zasemapulazini manje ziphoqeleka ukuba zidle ukudla kwezinhlanzi okunamaprotheni amaningi; ingxenye yesamba sesamba sezinhlanzi ezidotshwa minyaka yonke ngo-1968 yaya kondla imfuyo. Ekugcineni, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komhlaba wezolimo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esilokhu sikhula njalo semikhiqizo yenkomo kuholela ekuncipheni kwenhlabathi kanye nokwehla kwezinga lemikhiqizo yezolimo. (ikakhulukazi okusanhlamvu) ukuya ngqo etafuleni lomuntu.
Okudabukisayo ngokufanayo yizibalo ezikhuluma ngokulahleka kwamaprotheni emifino ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwawo abe amaprotheni ezilwane lapho kukhuluphaliswa izinhlobo zenyama yezilwane. Ngokwesilinganiso, isilwane sidinga amakhilogremu ayisishiyagalombili eprotheyini yemifino ukuze sikhiqize ikhilogremu eyodwa yeprotheni yezilwane, kanti izinkomo zinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokudla. amashumi amabili nanye.
UFrancis Lappé, uchwepheshe wezolimo nendlala e-Institute for Nutrition and Development, uthi ngenxa yalokhu kusetshenziswa kabi kwemithombo yezitshalo, cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-118 amaprotheni ezitshalo awasatholakali kubantu minyaka yonke - inani elilingana no-90. amaphesenti okuntuleka kwamaprotheni minyaka yonke emhlabeni. ! Mayelana nalokhu, amazwi oMqondisi-Jikelele we-UN Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla, uMnu. Boerma, azwakala ekholisa kakhulu:
“Uma ngempela sifuna ukubona ushintsho olungcono esimweni sokudla okunempilo engxenyeni empofu kakhulu yeplanethi, kufanele siqondise yonke imizamo yethu yokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwabantu kwamaprotheni ezitshalo.”
Bebhekene namaqiniso alezi zibalo ezihlaba umxhwele, abanye bazophikisa, “Kodwa i-United States ikhiqiza okusanhlamvu okuningi nezinye izilimo kangangokuthi singakwazi ukuba nensada yemikhiqizo yenyama futhi sisenensada enkulu yokusanhlamvu okuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe.” Ukushiya eceleni abantu baseMelika abaningi abangondlekile, ake sibheke umphumela wensalela yezolimo ehlonishwa kakhulu eMelika ukuze ithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe.
Ingxenye yazo zonke izinhlobo zaseMelika ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ziphelela eziswini zezinkomo, izimvu, izingulube, izinkukhu nezinye izinhlobo zenyama yezilwane, ezinciphisa kakhulu inani lamaprotheni, ziwacubungule zibe amaprotheni ezilwane, atholakala kuphela kumbuthano olinganiselwe wezilwane. izakhamuzi ezivele zondlekile nezicebile emhlabeni, ezikwazi ukuyikhokhela. Okudabukisa nakakhulu ukuthi iphesenti eliphezulu lenyama edliwa e-US livela ezilwaneni eziphakelayo ezikhuliswe kwamanye, ngokuvamile ampofu kakhulu, amazwe emhlabeni. I-US iyizwe elingenisa kakhulu inyama kwamanye amazwe, lithenga ngaphezu kwama-40% ayo yonke inyama yenkomo ehwebayo emhlabeni. Ngakho, ngo-1973, iMelika yathenga kwamanye amazwe amapondo ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili (cishe amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-2) enyama, okuthi, nakuba amaphesenti ayisikhombisa kuphela engqikithi yenyama edliwa e-United States, nokho iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu emazweni amaningi athumela ngaphandle athwala umthwalo wenyama. umthwalo omkhulu wokulahleka kwamaprotheni okungenzeka.
Iyiphi enye indlela isidingo senyama, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamaprotheni emifino, okunomthelela enkingeni yendlala emhlabeni? Ake sibheke isimo sokudla emazweni ancishwe amathuba kakhulu, sidweba umsebenzi kaFrancis Lappe noJoseph Collins "Ukudla Okokuqala":
“EMelika Ephakathi naseDominican Republic, phakathi kwengxenye yesithathu nengxenye yayo yonke inyama ekhiqizwayo ithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi e-United States. U-Alan Berg we-Brookings Institution, ocwaningweni lwakhe lwezondlo zomhlaba, ubhala ukuthi inyama eningi evela eMelika Ephakathi “ayigcini lapho itholakala khona e-Hispanics, kodwa kuma-hamburger ezitolo zokudlela e-United States.”
“Izwe elingcono kakhulu eColombia livame ukusetshenziselwa amadlelo, futhi ingxenye enkulu yesivuno sokusanhlamvu, eye yanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa “yenguquko eluhlaza” yama-60s, inikezwa imfuyo. Futhi eColombia, ukukhula okuphawulekayo embonini yenkukhu (ngokuyinhloko eqhutshwa enye inkampane yokudla yaseMelika) kuye kwaphoqelela abalimi abaningi ukuba basuke ezitshalweni ezivamile zokudla kwabantu (ummbila nobhontshisi) baye emabeleni nobhontshisi onenzuzo enkulu osetshenziswa kuphela njengokudla kwezinyoni. . Ngenxa yalolu shintsho, kuye kwavela isimo lapho izingxenye zomphakathi ezimpofu kakhulu ziye zancishwa ukudla kwazo kwendabuko - ummbila nezilimo eziyizigaxa esezibize kakhulu futhi ziyindlala - futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zingakwazi ukukhokhela ukunethezeka kwezinto zazo- ebizwa ngokuthi i-substitute - inyama yenkukhu.
“Emazweni aseNyakatho Ntshonalanga Afrika, ukuthunyelwa kwezinkomo emazweni angaphandle ngo-1971 (okokuqala ochungechungeni lwesomiso esibhubhisayo seminyaka) kwaba ngaphezu kwamaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-200 (cishe amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-90), ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu-41 kusukela ezibalweni ezifanayo. 1968. EMali, elinye lala mazwe, indawo eyayilinywa amantongomane ngo-1972 yayingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kuneyango-1966. Ashonephi wonke lawo makinati? Ukuphakela izinkomo zaseYurophu.”
“Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, osomabhizinisi abasafufusa baqala ukuthutha izinkomo ngendiza eziyisa eHaiti ukuze ziyokhuluphaliswa emadlelweni endawo bese zithunyelwa kabusha emakethe yenyama yaseMelika.”
Ngemva kokuvakashela eHaiti, uLappe noCollins bayabhala:
“Sahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu lapho sibona imijondolo yabanxili abangenamhlaba iminyene emngceleni wamasimu amakhulu aniselwa ngenkasa asetshenziselwa ukuphakela izinkulungwane zezingulube, okuzoba amasoseji e-Chicago Servbest Foods. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iningi labantu baseHaiti liyaphoqeleka ukuba lisiphule amahlathi futhi likhuphule imithambeka yezintaba ezake yaba luhlaza, lizama ukuzikhulisela okungenani okuthile.
Imboni yenyama iphinde idale umonakalo ongalungiseki emvelweni ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “amadlelo okudayisa” kanye nokudlisa ngokweqile. Nakuba ochwepheshe beqaphela ukuthi ukuklama kwendabuko kokuzulazula kwezinhlobo zemfuyo ehlukahlukene akubangeli umonakalo omkhulu kwemvelo futhi kuyindlela eyamukelekayo yokusebenzisa amasimu angenalutho, indlela eyodwa noma enye engafaneleki izitshalo, nokho, ukuklama okuhlelekile kwezilwane zohlobo olulodwa kungaholela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka emhlabeni obalulekile wezolimo , ukuwadalula ngokuphelele (into eyenzeka yonke indawo e-US, ebangela ukukhathazeka okujulile kwemvelo).
ULappé noCollins baphikisa ngokuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane ezihweba e-Afrika, okugxile ngokuyinhloko ekuthengiseni inyama yenkomo kwamanye amazwe, “kubukeka njengosongo oluyingozi ezindaweni eziwugwadule eziwugwadule zase-Afrika kanye nokushabalala kwazo okungokwesiko kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane kanye nokuncika ngokuphelele kwezomnotho kulokho okungashintshile. imakethe yenkomo yamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa akukho lutho olungavimba abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe esifisweni sabo sokuhlwitha ucezu kuphaya onamanzi wemvelo yase-Afrika. I-Food First ixoxa ngendaba yezinhlelo zezinkampani zaseYurophu zokuvula amapulazi amaningi emfuyo emisha emadlelweni ashibhile navundile aseKenya, eSudan nase-Ethiopia, azosebenzisa zonke izinzuzo “zenguquko eluhlaza” ukondla imfuyo. Izinkomo, indlela yazo isetafuleni lokudlela labantu baseYurophu ...
Ngaphezu kwezinkinga zendlala nokuntuleka kokudla, ukufuya inyama yenkomo kubeka umthwalo osindayo kwezinye izinsiza zeplanethi. Wonke umuntu uyasazi isimo esiyinhlekelele ngemithombo yamanzi kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba kanye neqiniso lokuthi isimo sokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi siya siba sibi unyaka nonyaka. Encwadini yakhe ethi Protein: Its Chemistry and Politics, uDkt. Aaron Altschul ucaphuna ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngendlela yokuphila yemifino (okuhlanganisa ukuchelela emasimini, ukuwasha, nokupheka) cishe amalitha angu-300 (amalitha angu-1140) umuntu ngamunye ngosuku. Ngasikhathi sinye, kulabo abalandela ukudla okuyinkimbinkimbi okubandakanya, ngaphezu kokudla kwezitshalo, inyama, amaqanda nemikhiqizo yobisi, okubandakanya nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ukukhuluphalisa nokuhlaba imfuyo, lesi sibalo sifinyelela kumalitha angama-2500 amangalisayo ( 9500 amalitha!) usuku (okulingana ne-“lacto-ovo-vegetarians” kuzoba maphakathi nalokhu okubili okweqisayo).
Esinye isiqalekiso sokufuya inyama yenkomo sisekungcolisweni kwemvelo okuvela emapulazini enyama. UDkt. Harold Bernard, uchwepheshe wezolimo we-United States Environmental Protection Agency, wabhala esihlokweni se-Newsweek, November 8, 1971, ukuthi ukugcwala kwemfucumfucu ewuketshezi neqinile emanzini ezigidi zezilwane ezigcinwe emapulazini angu-206 e-United States. Amazwe “… inqwaba, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namakhulu ezikhathi eziphakeme kunezinkomba ezifanayo zamanzi angcolile aqukethe imfucuza yomuntu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlobi uyabhala: “Lapho amanzi angcolile agcwele kanjalo engena emifuleni nasemachibini (okuvame ukwenzeka ngokoqobo), lokhu kuholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele. Inani le-oxygen equkethwe emanzini lehla kakhulu, kuyilapho okuqukethwe kwe-ammonia, i-nitrate, i-phosphates nama-bacteria e-pathogenic kudlula yonke imingcele evumelekile.
Kufanele kukhulunywe nangendle ephuma ezilaheni. Ucwaningo lwemfucumfucu yokupakishwa kwenyama e-Omaha lwathola ukuthi izindawo zokuxhelwa zilahla ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-100 (amakhilogremu angu-000) wamafutha, imfucumfucu yasebhula, ukushaywa, okungaphakathi kwamathumbu, i-rumen, nendle isuka emathunjini aphansi iye emiseleni yendle (futhi ukusuka lapho ukuya eMfuleni iMissouri) nsuku zonke. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi umnikelo wemfucuza yezilwane ekungcolisweni kwamanzi mkhulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kunayo yonke imfucumfucu yabantu kanye nemfucuza yezimboni ngokuphindwe kathathu ihlangene.
Inkinga yendlala yomhlaba iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele futhi ibanzi, futhi sonke, ngandlela thile noma enye, ngokuqaphela noma ngokungazi, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, sifaka isandla ezingxenyeni zayo zezomnotho, zezenhlalo nezombusazwe. Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu okungenhla akwenzi ukuthi kungafaneleki kangako ukuthi, inqobo nje uma isidingo senyama sizinzile, izilwane zizoqhubeka zisebenzisa amaprotheni aphindwe kaningi kunalawo eziwakhiqizayo, zingcolise imvelo ngodoti wazo, ziqede futhi zibe nobuthi emhlabeni. imithombo yamanzi eyigugu. . Ukwenqatshwa kokudla kwenyama kuzosivumela ukuthi siphindaphinde umkhiqizo wezindawo ezitshaliwe, sixazulule inkinga yokuhlinzeka abantu ngokudla, nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo yoMhlaba.