Ngokubamba ukushisa okuvela elangeni, amagesi abamba ukushisa agcina uMhlaba ukwazi ukuphila kubantu nezinye izigidi zezilwane. Kodwa manje inani lala magesi selilikhulu kakhulu, futhi lokhu kungathinta kakhulu ukuthi yiziphi izinto eziphilayo nokuthi yiziphi izifunda ezingaphila emhlabeni wethu.
Amazinga omoya osemkhathini wamagesi abamba ukushisa manje asephakeme kunanoma isiphi isikhathi eminyakeni engu-800 edlule, futhi lokhu ngokuyinhloko kungenxa yokuthi abantu bawakhiqiza ngamanani amakhulu ngokushisa izinto ezimbiwa phansi. La magesi amunca amandla elanga futhi agcine ukushisa eduze nomhlabathi, avimbele ukuthi ungaphunyuki emkhathini. Lokhu kugcina ukushisa kubizwa ngokuthi i-greenhouse effect.
Inkolelo-mbono ye-greenhouse effect yaqala ukwakheka ngekhulu le-19. Ngo-1824, isazi sezibalo esingumFulentshi uJoseph Fourier sabala ukuthi uMhlaba wawuzobanda kakhulu uma ungekho umkhathi. Ngo-1896, usosayensi waseSweden uSvante Arrhenius waqala ukuhlobana phakathi kokwanda kokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ekushisweni kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi kanye nomphumela wokufudumala. Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, isazi sesimo sezulu saseMelika uJames E. Hansen satshela iCongress ukuthi “umphumela we-greenhouse usutholakele futhi ususishintsha kakade isimo sethu sezulu.”
Namuhla, “ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu” igama ososayensi abalisebenzisayo ukuchaza izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibangelwa ukugcwala kwamagesi abamba ukushisa okuthinta isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu seplanethi yethu. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu akuhlanganisi nje kuphela izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo, esikubiza ngokuthi ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kodwa nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, ukuguquka kwenani labantu kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zezilwane zasendle, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, kanye nenani lezinye izenzakalo.
Emhlabeni wonke, ohulumeni nezinhlangano ezifana ne-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene egcina umkhondo wesayensi yakamuva ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ikala ukukhishwa kwezisi ezingcolisa umoya, ihlola umthelela wayo emhlabeni, futhi iphakamisa nezixazululo. esimweni sezulu samanje. izimo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamagesi abamba ukushisa kanye nemithombo yawo
I-Carbon dioxide (CO2). I-Carbon dioxide iwuhlobo oluyinhloko lwamagesi abamba ukushisa - yenza cishe u-3/4 wakho konke ukukhishwa. I-carbon dioxide ingahlala emkhathini izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ngo-2018, indawo yokubuka isimo sezulu ephezu kwentaba-mlilo yaseMauna Loa yaseHawaii yaqopha izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lenyanga le-carbon dioxide lezingxenye ezingu-411 esigidini ngasinye. Ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukushiswa kwezinto eziphilayo: amalahle, uwoyela, igesi, izinkuni kanye nemfucuza eqinile.
I-Methane (CH4). I-Methane iyingxenye eyinhloko yegesi yemvelo futhi ikhishwa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, izimboni zegesi namafutha, kanye nezolimo (ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokugaya izilwane ezidla uhlaza). Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-carbon dioxide, ama-molecule e-methane ahlala emkhathini isikhathi esifushane - cishe iminyaka engu-12 - kodwa asebenza ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-84. I-Methane yenza cishe u-16% wayo yonke intuthu ekhishwa yigesi ebamba ukushisa.
I-Nitrous oxide (N2O). I-nitric oxide yenza ingxenye encane yokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa emhlabeni wonke—cishe u-6%—kodwa inamandla aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-264 kune-carbon dioxide. Ngokwe-IPCC, ingahlala emkhathini iminyaka eyikhulu. Ukulima nokufuywa kwezilwane, okuhlanganisa umanyolo, umquba, ukushiswa kwemfucuza yezolimo, kanye nokushiswa kukaphethiloli kuyimithombo emikhulu yokukhishwa kwe-nitrogen oxide.
amagesi ezimboni. Iqembu lamagesi ezimboni noma ane-fluorinated lihlanganisa izingxenye ezifana nama-hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) kanye ne-nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Lawa magesi enza u-2% kuphela wazo zonke izinto ezikhishwayo, kodwa anamandla okubamba ukushisa aphindwe kazinkulungwane kune-carbon dioxide futhi ahlala emkhathini amakhulu nezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Amagesi ane-fluorinated asetshenziswa njengamapholisa, izincibilikisi futhi ngezinye izikhathi atholakala njengemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza.
Amanye amagesi abamba ukushisa ahlanganisa umhwamuko wamanzi kanye ne-ozone (O3). Umhwamuko wamanzi empeleni uyigesi ebamba ukushisa evame kakhulu, kodwa awugadwa ngendlela efanayo namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa ngoba awukhishwa ngenxa yomsebenzi oqondile womuntu futhi umthelela wawo awuqondwa ngokugcwele. Ngokufanayo, i-ozone yezinga eliphansi (aka tropospheric) ayikhiphi ngokuqondile, kodwa ivela ekuphenduleni okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinto ezingcolile emoyeni.
IGreenhouse Gas Effects
Ukunqwabelana kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kunemiphumela yesikhathi eside emvelweni nempilo yabantu. Ngaphezu kokubangela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, amagesi abamba ukushisa nawo anesandla ekusakazekeni kwezifo zokuphefumula ezibangelwa intuthu nomoya ongcolile.
Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukuphazamiseka kokutholakala kokudla kanye nokwanda kwemililo nakho kuyimiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa amagesi abamba ukushisa.
Esikhathini esizayo, ngenxa yamagesi abamba ukushisa, izimo zezulu esizijwayele zizoshintsha; ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zizoshabalala; abanye bazofuduka noma bakhule ngamanani.
Indlela yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa
Cishe yonke imikhakha yomnotho womhlaba, kusukela kwezokukhiqiza kuye kwezolimo, kusukela kwezokuthutha kuya kugesi, ikhiphela amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Uma sizogwema imiphumela emibi kakhulu yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, zonke zidinga ukushintsha emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ziye emithonjeni yamandla ephephile. Amazwe emhlabeni jikelele abone leli qiniso ku-2015 Paris Climate Agreement.
Amazwe angama-20 omhlaba, aholwa yiChina, iMelika kanye ne-India, akhiqiza okungenani izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zesisi esingcolisa umoya emhlabeni. Ukuqaliswa kwezinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kulawa mazwe kuyadingeka ikakhulukazi.
Eqinisweni, ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa vele bukhona. Lokhu kubandakanya ukusebenzisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo esikhundleni sezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi, ukuthuthukisa ukonga kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngokuwakhokhisa.
Eqinisweni, iplanethi yethu manje ine-1/5 kuphela "yesabelomali sekhabhoni" (i-2,8 trillion metric tons) esele - inani eliphakeme le-carbon dioxide elingangena emkhathini ngaphandle kokubangela ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa okungaphezu kwamadigri amabili.
Ukumisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke okuqhubekayo, kuzothatha okungaphezu nje kokushiya izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Ngokusho kwe-IPCC, kufanele kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezindlela zokumuncwa isikhutha emkhathini. Ngakho-ke, kudingekile ukutshala izihlahla ezintsha, ukulondoloza amahlathi akhona nezindawo ezinotshani, futhi kuthathwe isikhutha ezitshalweni nasezimbonini zikagesi.