Autism: kuyini?

Autism: kuyini?

I-Autism ingenye yeqembu le- iziyaluyalu ezikhulayo zentuthuko (TED), ebonakala ebuntwaneni obusencane, imvamisa ingakabi neminyaka engu-3. Noma izimpawu nobukhulu behlukahluka, zonke lezi zinkinga zithinta ikhono lengane noma lomuntu omdala ukuxhumana futhi uhlanganyele nabanye.

Ama-TED ajwayelekile kakhulu yilawa:

  • autism
  • I-Asperger's syndrome
  • Isifo sikaRett
  • Ama-TED angacacisiwe (TED-NS)
  • Ukuphazamiseka kokuhlukaniswa kobuntwana

Ukuhlukaniswa okusha kwama-PDD

Ohlelweni olulandelayo (oluzoshicilelwa ngo-2013) lwe-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), i-American Psychiatric Association (APA) iphakamisa ukuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo ze-autism esigabeni esisodwa esibizwa nge- “autism spectrum disorders ”. Amanye ama-pathologies atholakale ngokuhlukile ngokuhlukile, njenge-Asperger's syndrome, isifo sokukhula esigcwele esingacacisiwe nesifo sokuhlakazeka ebuntwaneni, ngeke sisathathwa njengezifo ezithile kepha njengezihlukile ze-autism.16. Ngokusho kwe-APA, izindlela ezintsha ezihlongozwayo zizoholela ekutholeni ukuxilongwa okunembile futhi zisize odokotela ukuhlinzeka ngemithi engcono. Abanye odokotela bathi lesi sigaba esisha singabakhipha ngaphandle abantu abanezifo ezingekho emandla njenge-Asperger's syndrome13 futhi ngalokho kubaphuca ukufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zomphakathi, zezokwelapha nezemfundo eziyinzuzo kubo. Umshuwalense wezempilo nezinhlelo zomphakathi ikakhulu kusekelwe encazelweni yezifo ezisungulwe yiAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA).

EFrance, iHaute Autorité de Santé (HAS) incoma ukusetshenziswa koHlelo Lwamazwe Ngamazwe Lwezifo - uhlelo lwesi-10 (CIM-10) njengesigaba sokubhekisela.17.

 

Izimbangela ze-autism

I-Autism kuthiwa iyisifo esithuthukisayo okungakaziwa izimbangela zaso ngqo. Abaphenyi bayavuma ukuthi izinto eziningi zisemvelaphi yama-PDD, kufaka phakathi izici zofuzo et kwezemvelo, ukuthonya ukukhula kobuchopho ngaphambi nangemva kokuzalwa.

Abaningi Genoa izobandakanyeka ekuqaleni kwe-autism enganeni. Lokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi kudlala indima enkulu ekukhuleni kwengqondo yomntwana. Izici ezithile zokuqalwa kofuzo zingakhuphula ingozi yengane yokuba ne-autism noma i-PDD.

Izici zemvelo, njengokuchayeka ku- izinto ezinobuthi ngaphambi noma ngemuva kokuzalwa, izinkinga ngesikhathi sokubeletha noma ngezifo ngaphambi kokuzalwa nazo zingabandakanyeka. Kunoma ikuphi, imfundo noma indlela yokuziphatha yabazali enganeni inesibopho se-autism.

Ngo-1998, isifundo saseBrithani1 kuchazwe ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-autism nokuchayeka emithini yokugoma ethile, ikakhulukazi ukugoma ngokumelene nesimungumungwane, i-rubella kanye ne-mumps (i-MMR eFrance, i-MMR eQuebec). Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisile ukuthi akukho hlangana phakathi kokugoma kanye ne-autism² Umbhali omkhulu wocwaningo manje usolwa ngokukhwabanisa. (Bheka umqulu kuwebhusayithi yePasipoti Yezempilo: I-Autism nokugoma: umlando wengxabano)

 

Izinkinga ezihlanganisiwe

Izingane eziningi ezine-autism nazo zihlushwa ezinye izifo zemizwa6, njenge :

  • Isifo sokuwa (sithinta izingane ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-25% ezine-autism18)
  • Ukubambezeleka kwengqondo (kulinganiselwa ukuthi kungathinta izingane ezingama-30% ezine-PDD19).
  • IBourneville tuberous sclerosis (kufika ku-3,8% wezingane ezine-autism20).
  • I-Fragile X syndrome (kufika ku-8,1% wezingane ezine-autism20).

Abantu abane-autism kwesinye isikhathi bane:

  • Izinkinga ze ubuthongo (ukulala noma ukuhlala elele).
  • Izinkinga emathunjini noma komzimba.
  • izinzuzo izinkinga zokudlikizela eziqala ebuntwaneni noma ebusheni. Lokhu kuquleka kungaholela ekuqulekeni, ukudlikizela, okungukuthi, ukuzamazama okungalawuleki komzimba wonke noma ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile.
  • Izinkinga zengqondo ezifanaukukhathazeka (ikhona kakhulu futhi ihlobene nobunzima bokuzivumelanisa nezinguquko, noma ngabe zinhle noma zimbi), ama-phobias kanye ukucindezeleka.
  • izinzuzo ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ukuphazamiseka kokunaka, ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza okuphezulu, ukuphazamiseka kwememori, njll.)

Ukuhlala nengane ene-autism kuletha izinguquko eziningi ekuhlelweni kwempilo yomndeni. Abazali nezingane zakini kumele babhekane nalokhu kuhlolisiswa kanye nenhlangano entsha ye impilo yansuku zonke, okungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Konke lokhu kungakhiqiza okuningi ukucindezeleka okwendlu yonke.

 

Ukuvama

Cishe abantu abayisithupha kuya kwabayisikhombisa kwabangu-6 bane-PDD kulabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-7, noma oyedwa ezinganeni eziyi-1000. I-Autism ithinta izingane ezi-20 kwezingama-150 ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyi-2. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezingane ezine-PDD zikhona ezinomlingani wokulibala ngokomqondo. (Idatha ka-20 evela ku-Haute Autorité de Santé - HAS, France)

EQuebec, ama-PDD athinta cishe izingane ezingama-56 ezinesikole kwezingu-10, noma i-000 ezinganeni ezi-1. (Idatha ye-178-2007, i-Fédération québécoise de l'Autisme)

Ingane eyodwa kwezingu-110 e-United States inesifo i-autism spectrum disorder2.

Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, inani lamacala e-autism lenyukile ngokumangazayo futhi manje sekungenye yokukhubazeka okwaziwa kakhulu ezikoleni. Izindlela zokuxilonga ezingcono, ukukhonjwa okuthuthukayo kwezingane ezine-PDD, kanye nokwaziswa kochwepheshe kanye nenani labantu ngokungangabazeki kube nomthelela ekwandeni kokuxhaphaka kwama-PDD emhlabeni wonke.

 

Ukuxilongwa kwe-autism

Yize izimpawu ze-autism zivame ukuvela ezinyangeni ezineminyaka eyi-18, ukuxilongwa okucacile kwesinye isikhathi akunakwenzeka kuze kube yiminyaka yobudala iminyaka 3, lapho ukubambezeleka kolimi, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuxhumana komphakathi kubonakala kakhulu. Lapho ingane itholakala kusenesikhathi, singasheshe singenelele.

Ukwenza ukuxilongwa kwe-PDD, kufanele kuhlonishwe izici ezahlukahlukene ekuziphatheni kwengane, emakhonweni olimi nasekuxhumaneni nomphakathi. Ukuxilongwa kwe-PDD kwenziwa ngemuva kwe- uphenyo oluningi. Kudingeka izivivinyo eziningi nokuhlolwa.

ENyakatho Melika, ithuluzi elijwayelekile lokuhlola i- Incwajana Yokuhlola Nezibalo Yezinkinga Zengqondo (DSM-IV) eshicilelwe yi-American Psychiatric Association. EYurophu nakwezinye izindawo emhlabeni, ochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngokuvamile basebenzisa Ukwahlukaniswa Kwezifo Komhlaba Wonke (ICD-10).

EFrance, kunezikhungo ze-Autism Resource Centers (ARCs) ezihlomula ngamaqembu ahlukahlukene enza ngokukhethekile ukuxilonga i-autism nama-PDD.

shiya impendulo