I-Anhedonia isibonakaliso esichazwa ukwehla okuzenzakalelayo kwamandla wokuthola injabulo, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo okwakubonwa njengokujabulisayo esikhathini esedlule. I-Anhedonia uphawu olujwayelekile lokudangala kanye nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Sekukonke, i-anhedonia ihlala iyisifo esinzima ukwelashwa, futhi izindlela zokwelashwa zomugqa wokuqala azanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuyilungisa.

Kwenzenjani ?

I-Anhedonia iyisifo esichazwa ukwehla okuzenzakalelayo kwekhono lokuzwa ubumnandi, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlangenwe nakho okufanayo okwakubonwa njengokumnandi esikhathini esedlule. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo saseFrance uThéodule Ribot owadala, ngo-1896, i-neologism "anhédonie" evela esiGrekini "a", "ngaphandle" no "hêdonê", "injabulo". Kuyisibonakaliso esivamile sokudangala kanye nokunye ukuphazamiseka kwempilo yengqondo.

I-Anhedonia isibonakaliso esiqhubekayo. Kuya ngomqondo wenjabulo, ofaka imikhakha eminingi kanye neziqu ezahlukahlukene, ezingachazwa futhi zilinganiswe. Ngakho-ke, njengomqondo wenjabulo, i-anhedonia ingazibonakalisa ngezindlela eziningana:

• I-anhedonia engokomzimba isho ukwehla kwekhono lokuthola ubumnandi lapho uzibandakanya emisebenzini yomzimba njengokudla, ukuthinta, nokuya ocansini;
• I-anhedonia yezenhlalo ibhekisa ekwehleni kwekhono lokuthola injabulo ekusebenzisaneni nezinye izinto eziphilayo njengokukhuluma nokuxhuma nabangani kanye nomndeni.

Kodwa-ke, umqondo wenjabulo uyinkimbinkimbi futhi ufaka, ngaphezu kokuthambekela kwenjabulo okwenziwayo, izingxenye ezihlukile: ukuqiniswa okuhle, isifiso kanye nogqozi, amandla okuqonda okulindela ukuba wusizo kokuziphatha, ukucutshungulwa komvuzo kanye nenkumbulo yokuziphatha. wazibonela ngenjabulo. Le mininingwane emisha muva nje iholele ekucacisweni kwezigaba ezimbili ezintsha ze-anhedonia:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwe-anhedonia noma ukusebenzisa i-anhedonia - ukwazisa okwenzayo;
• I-anhedonia ekhuthazayo noma i-anhedonia elindelekile - efuna ukukwenza.

Ungayibona kanjani i-anhedonia

Izimpawu zokuqala ze-anhedonia ezizovela kaningi:

• Ukungabi nandaba kweziguli ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi;
• Ukungabikho kwemizwa;
• Ukuqedwa kothando lomndeni nabangane;
• Ukulahlekelwa kokwaneliseka emisebenzini ehlukahlukene.

Ukuthola i-anhedonia, kufanele kuhlangatshezwane nezindlela ezimbili:

• Umuntu umemezela ukwehla kobumnandi ngenkathi kwenziwa imisebenzi ethile, ngokomzimba kanye / noma kwezenhlalo;
• Umuntu uthole ubumnandi, noma ubumnandi obuningi kunamanje, kule misebenzi.

Lapho kunezinye izimpawu ezingokwengqondo noma zomzimba, i-anhedonia ingacatshangwa njengesibonakaliso sokugula sesimo sokuqala, esifana nokudangala noma i-schizophrenia.

Izici zengozi

Izici ezinobungozi ezingadala i-anhedonia yilezi ezilandelayo:

• Ukudangala;
• Ischizophrenia;
• Ukuthembela kwezidakamizwa (imilutha yezidakamizwa);
• Ukukhathazeka;
• Imicimbi ehlobene nokuzibulala;
• Ukucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele;
• I-Autism spectrum disorder;
• Isifo sikaParkinson;
• Unhlangothi;
• Izifo ezithile ezingamahlalakhona.

Ukuguqulwa komvuzo namasekethe wenjabulo

Intuthuko ku-neuroscience iguqule ukuqonda kwethu ngezinqubo ezixhunywe kumjikelezo womvuzo nowenjabulo. Njengamanje, ukwakhiwa kwe-anthonia kwe-clinico-biological kuhlobene kakhulu nemibono yokuhlolwa komvuzo, ukwenza izinqumo, ukulindela kanye nogqozi. Lezi zinqubo ezihlukile zokuqonda zisekelwa yimijikelezo ye-neural ikakhulukazi etholakala ezingeni le-ventral striatum kanye nezifunda zangaphambili zekortical.

Ukuguqulwa kohlelo lwe-dopaminergic

Ezingeni lobuchopho, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi simo singenxa yokuguqulwa kwesistimu ye-dopaminergic, indlela i-dopamine - ikhemikhali etholakala ebuchosheni - eveza ngayo imizwa yenjabulo nokwaneliseka. Sishintshiwe, lolu hlelo ngeke lusakwazi ukuveza ubumnandi, ukwaneliseka kanye nenhlalakahle ezimeni ezinjengokudangala, i-schizophrenia kanye nesikhathi sokuhoxa semilutha yezidakamizwa.

Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zezinzwa ezithintekayo

Imibhalo yangaphambi kokuchazwa ichaza ubudlelwano phakathi kokudla i-anhedonia ne-anhedonia ekhuthazayo ngokuthi "ukunambitha" kanye "nesifiso", ngokulandelana. Imibhalo eyandulelayo ibuye iphakamise ukuthi lezi zici ezahlukahlukene zobumnandi zibandakanya izindlela ezahlukahlukene ze-neurobiological. I-anhedonia yezidakamizwa, ebhekisa ekushodeni "kokunambitha", kungenzeka ifake izinguquko ekusebenzeni kwe-opioid. I-anhedonia ekhuthazayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ebhekisa "ekusweleni" kokulangazelela, kungenzeka ukuthi ibandakanya ushintsho ekusebenzeni kwe-dopamine. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kufanele lunqume ukuthi uhlobo lwe-anhedonia luhluke kanjani, noma aluhlukile, ukusuka kwesinye isifo kuya kwesinye.

Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomzimba

Ucwaningo lwango-2005 lukhombisile ukuthi abantu abane-anhedonia babenezindlela zokuhamba kwegazi lobuchopho elifana nezilawuli ekuphenduleni isikhuthazi esiphikisayo, kepha esihlukile kuzilawuli ekuphenduleni inkuthazo enothisayo. Izifundo ezinjalo zengeza ekukhuleni kwemfundiso ye-anhedonia, kusekela umbono wokuthi i-anhedonia ibhekisa ekushodweni okuthile ekhonweni lokuthola injabulo futhi akuthinti ikhono lokuzwa ubuhlungu noma ukudabuka. .

Izidakamizwa zokwelapha

Endabeni yokulahlekelwa yisifiso sobulili, i-anhedonia ingabangelwa ukuthatha imishanguzo ethile noma imishanguzo ye-schizophrenia - i-antipsychotic - nezinye izidakamizwa - njenge-benzodiazepines kanye nezikhuthazi.

Ukulahlekelwa yimizwa emihle

I-Anhedonia ayihlali iyinkinga emnyama nomhlophe. Yize isiguli sisengakujabulela ukudla u-ayisikhilimu noma ukulalela i-jazz, ngeke sisathola injabulo efanayo noma imizwa emihle efanayo ngenkathi sizijwayeza ukwenza le misebenzi, ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuzichazela yona.

Ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi

I-Anhedonia yenza ubudlelwano, kubandakanya nalabo abanomndeni nomndeni, bube nzima futhi bungaholela ekuhlukaneni nasekukhathazekeni komphakathi. Lapho umvuzo wokuzijabulisa usuphelile, kunzima ukuzikhuthaza ukuthi uchithe isikhathi nabanye. Ubudlelwano bukhula nempendulo enhle futhi, futhi ngaphandle kwabo, bungabuna.

Ukulahlekelwa kwe-libido

I-Anhedonia ingadala ukulahleka kwe-libido futhi iphazamise ubudlelwane bezothando.

Ukuzibulala

I-Anhedonia ibhekwa njengengozi yokuzibulala ezigulini ezinenkinga enkulu yokuphazamiseka.

Ukwelapha i-anhedonia, kufanele ubheke imbangela. Ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuxilonga lesi sifo esidala uphawu njengokucindezeleka, i-schizophrenia, ukuphazamiseka okuthile kobuntu, isifo sangemva kokuhlukumezeka noma ukuphazamiseka okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa.

Ezimweni lapho ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kubonakala kuyimbangela, i-anhedonia ingelashwa ngokushintsha umthamo, ukumisa umuthi owonayo, noma ngokushintsha uhlobo lokwelashwa.

Ngokucindezeleka, abantu abane-anti-depressants - i-serotonin reuptake inhibitors ekhethiwe (i-SSRIs) - bangathola ukuthi i-anhedonia ithuthuka nazo zonke izimpawu zabo zokudangala, kepha lokhu akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kwesinye isikhathi le mithi idambisa imizwa futhi yenze inkinga ibe yimbi kakhulu.

Ososayensi basebenzela izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha. I-Ketamine, isidakamizwa se-psychotropic esisetshenziswa njenge-anesthetic jikelele kanye ne-anti-depressant e-United States, kubonakala njengesidakamizwa esithembisayo.

Sekukonke, i-anhedonia ihlala iyisifo esinzima ukwelapheka, kanti ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa zomugqa wokuqala akwanele ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuyilungisa.

Olunye ucwaningo lubheka nokwelashwa okususelwa ekwakhiweni kabusha kokuhlanekezelwa kwengqondo - ukuhlanekezelwa kwangempela - okubangelwa yi-anhedonia yokugqugquzela. Lokhu kwelashwa kubandakanya ukwelashwa kokuziphatha kanye nokuqonda. Inhloso ukusiza umuntu ukuthi abone izindlela ezisuselwa ezinkingeni zakhe futhi athathe izindlela ezintsha zokuziphatha ukuze akwazi ukuphuma kancane kancane ekuhluphekeni kwakhe kwengqondo.

Ekugcineni, amanye amathiphu angasiza ukunciphisa uphawu lwe-anhedonia:

• Thatha uhambo emvelweni, ezindaweni zobuntwana ezigcwele izinkumbulo ezijabulisayo;
• Hlonipha ukulala kwakho, nobusuku okungenani bamahora ayi-8,
• Sebenzisa ukudla okunempilo, ikakhulukazi izithelo;
• Zijwayeze umdlalo njalo;
• Futhi okuningi okuningi