Umuntu ojwayelekile e-UK udla izilwane ezingaphezu kuka-11 empilweni yakhe. Ngasinye salezi zilwane ezifuywayo sidinga isamba esikhulu sendawo, uphethiloli namanzi. Sekuyisikhathi sokucabanga hhayi ngathi kuphela, kodwa nangemvelo esizungezile. Uma ngempela sifuna ukunciphisa umthelela womuntu endaweni ezungezile, indlela elula (futhi eshibhile) yokwenza lokhu ukudla inyama encane.
Inyama yenkomo nenkukhu etafuleni lakho iyimfucuza emangalisayo, imfucuza yomhlaba kanye nemithombo yamandla, ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi, ukungcoliswa kwezilwandle, izilwandle nemifula. Ukuzalaniswa kwezilwane ngezinga lezimboni namuhla kuqashelwa yi-UN njengembangela eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwemvelo, okuholela esixukwini semvelo kanye nezinkinga zomuntu nje. Eminyakeni engu-50 ezayo, inani labantu emhlabeni lizofinyelela ezigidini ezi-3, futhi-ke kuzodingeka sibuyekeze isimo sethu sengqondo ngenyama. Ngakho-ke, nazi izizathu eziyishumi zokucabanga ngakho kusenesikhathi.
1. Ukufudumala emhlabeni
Umuntu ngokwesilinganiso udla amathani angama-230 enyama ngonyaka: ngokuphindwe kabili kunaseminyakeni engama-30 edlule. Amanani andayo okudla namanzi ayadingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe inani elikhulu kangaka lenkukhu, inyama yenkomo kanye nengulube. Futhi izintaba zemfucuza… Sekuvele kuyiqiniso elamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi imboni yenyama ikhiqiza ukukhishwa kweCO2 okukhulu kakhulu emkhathini.
Ngokombiko omangalisayo wezi-2006 weNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokudla Nezolimo (i-FAO), imfuyo yenza u-18% wesisi esingcolisa umoya esihlobene nabantu, ngaphezu kwazo zonke izindlela zokuthutha zihlangene. Lokhu kukhishwa kuhlotshaniswa, okokuqala, nemikhuba yezolimo edinga amandla amandla okudla okukhulayo: ukusetshenziswa komanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane, imishini yasensimini, ukuchelela, ukuthutha, njalonjalo.
Ifolishi elikhulayo alihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphela, kodwa futhi nokugawulwa kwamahlathi: 60% wamahlathi acekelwa phansi ngo-2000-2005 endaweni yomfula i-Amazon, okuphambene nalokho, ekwazi ukumunca i-carbon dioxide emkhathini, agawulelwa amadlelo, okunye - ukutshala ubhontshisi wesoya kanye nommbila wokuphakela imfuyo. Nezinkomo, uma ziphakelwa, ziyaphuma, ake sithi, i-methane. Inkomo eyodwa emini ikhiqiza amalitha angaba ngu-500 e-methane, umphumela wayo obamba ukushisa ophindwe izikhathi ezingu-23 kune-carbon dioxide. Isakhiwo semfuyo sikhiqiza u-65% we-nitrous oxide emissions, ephakeme izikhathi ezi-2 kune-CO296 ngokomphumela we-greenhouse, ikakhulukazi kusuka kumquba.
Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa ngonyaka odlule eJapane, i-carbon dioxide engu-4550 kg ingena emkhathini phakathi nomjikelezo wokuphila wenkomo eyodwa (okungukuthi, inkathi yesikhathi ededelwa kuyo ngokufuywa kwezimboni). Le nkomo, kanye nabangane bayo, bese kudingeka ithuthelwe esilaheni, okusho ukukhishwa kwesikhutha esihlobene nokusebenza kwamadela kanye nezindawo zokucubungula inyama, ukuthutha kanye nokubanda. Ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kungabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokwemvelo, ukudla kwemifino kuphumelela kakhulu kulokhu: kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa okuhlobene nokudla ngethani elilodwa nesigamu ngomuntu ngamunye ngonyaka.
Isiphetho: leso sibalo sika-18% sabuyekezwa ngo-2009 safinyelela ku-51%.
2. Futhi umhlaba wonke awanele ...
Inani labantu emhlabeni maduze lizofinyelela inani labantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-3 ... Emazweni asathuthuka, bazama ukuhlangana neYurophu mayelana nesiko labathengi - sebeqala ukudla inyama eningi. Ukudla inyama kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi “unkulunkulukazi” wenkinga yokudla esizobhekana nayo, njengoba abadla inyama bedinga umhlaba omningi kakhulu kunabantu abadla imifino. Uma eBangladesh efanayo umndeni okudla kwawo okuyinhloko irayisi, ubhontshisi, izithelo nemifino, ihektare elilodwa lezwe lanele (noma ngaphansi), khona-ke umMelika ovamile, odla amakhilogremu angu-270 enyama ngonyaka, udinga izikhathi ezingu-20 ngaphezulu. .
Cishe u-30% wendawo engenaqhwa kule planethi okwamanje isetshenziselwa ukufuya - ikakhulukazi ukutshala ukudla kwalezi zilwane. Abantu abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane emhlabeni babulawa indlala, kuyilapho inani elikhulu lezitshalo zethu lidliwa izilwane. Ngokombono wokuguqula amandla asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ukudla kube amandla agcinwe kumkhiqizo wokugcina, okungukuthi inyama, ukufuywa kwezimboni kuwukusebenzisa amandla ngendlela engafanele. Isibonelo, izinkukhu ezikhuliselwe ukuhlatshwa zidla u-5-11 kg wokudla ngekhilogremu ngayinye yesisindo ezifinyelela kuyo. Izingulube ngokwesilinganiso zidinga 8-12 kg wokudla.
Awudingi ukuba usosayensi ukubala: uma lokhu okusanhlamvu kungaphakelwa izilwane, kodwa kwabalambileyo, inani labo eMhlabeni lingancipha kakhulu. Okubi nakakhulu, ukudla utshani bezilwane noma nini lapho kungenzeka khona kuye kwaholela ekugugulekeni okukhulu komhlabathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, umhlaba ube ugwadule. Ukuklaba eningizimu yeGreat Britain, ezintabeni zaseNepal, ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseTopiya, kubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwenhlabathi evundile. Ngobulungisa, kufanelekile ukusho: emazweni aseNtshonalanga, izilwane zifuywa inyama, zizama ukukwenza ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Khula futhi ngokushesha ubulale. Kodwa emazweni ampofu, ikakhulukazi e-Asia eyomile, ukuzalanisa izinkomo kuwumgogodla wokuphila komuntu kanye nesiko labantu. Lokhu kuvame ukuba wumthombo wokudla kanye nemali engenayo yamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu emazweni abizwa ngokuthi “amazwe anemfuyo”. Laba bantu bahlale bezulazula, benikeza inhlabathi nezimila ezikuyo isikhathi sokusimama. Lokhu kuyindlela esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ecabangelayo yokuphatha, kodwa sinamazwe "ahlakaniphile" anjalo ambalwa kakhulu.
3. Ukufuya izilwane kuthatha amanzi amaningi okuphuza
Ukudla isiteki noma inkukhu yisidlo esingasebenzi kahle kakhulu mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi emhlabeni. Kudingeka amalitha angu-450 amanzi ukuze kukhiqizwe iphawundi elilodwa (cishe amagremu angu-27) kakolweni. Kuthatha amalitha ama-2 amanzi ukukhiqiza iphawundi elilodwa lenyama. Ezolimo, ezithatha u-500% wawo wonke amanzi ahlanzekile, sezingenele ukuncintisana okukhulu nabantu ngemithombo yamanzi. Kodwa, njengoba isidingo senyama sikhula, kusho ukuthi kwamanye amazwe amanzi angeke afinyeleleke kalula ukuze aphuzwe. ISaudi Arabia, iLibya, iGulf States entula amanzi njengamanje icabanga ukuqasha izigidi zamahektha omhlaba e-Ethiopia nakwamanye amazwe ukuze izwe lawo lithole ukudla. Ngandlela thize banamanzi abo anele izidingo zabo, abakwazi ukwabelana ngawo nezolimo.
4. Ukunyamalala kwamahlathi emhlabeni
Ibhizinisi lezolimo elikhulu nelisabekayo seliphendukele emahlathini emvula iminyaka engama-30, hhayi nje ukwenza izingodo, kodwa nomhlaba ongasetshenziselwa ukuklama. Izigidi zamahektha ezihlahla zigawulwe ukuze kuhlinzekwe amabhega ase-United States kanye nokudla kwamapulazi emfuyo eYurophu, China naseJapan. Ngokwezilinganiso zakamuva, indawo elingana nendawo yeLatvia eyodwa noma amaBelgium amabili igawulwa amahlathi emhlabeni minyaka yonke. Futhi lawa maBelgium amabili - ngokwengxenye enkulu - anikelwa ezilwaneni eziklabile noma ezitshala izitshalo ukuze zondle.
5. Ukuhlukumeza Umhlaba
Amapulazi asebenza ngezinga lezimboni akhiqiza udoti omningi njengedolobha elinezakhamuzi eziningi. Kulelo nalelo khilogremu lenyama yenkomo, kunamakhilogremu angama-40 emfucuza (umquba). Futhi lapho lezi zinkulungwane zamakhilogremu emfucuza ziqoqwa endaweni eyodwa, imiphumela yendawo ezungezile ingaba mikhulu kakhulu. Ama-Cesspool aseduze namapulazi emfuyo ngesizathu esithile avame ukuchichima, avuze kuwo, angcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha emifula e-United States, eYurophu nase-Asia ayangcoliswa minyaka yonke. Ukuchitheka okukodwa okuvela epulazini lemfuyo eNyakatho Carolina ngo-1995 kwakwanele ukubulala izinhlanzi ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-10 nokuvala cishe amahektha angama-364 ogwini. Banoshevu ongenathemba. Inani elikhulu lezilwane ezifuywe umuntu ukuze nje zidle kuphela lisongela ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Ingaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezindawo ezivikelwe emhlabeni wonke eziqokwe i-World Wildlife Fund zisengozini yokushabalala ngenxa yemfucumfucu yezilwane zezimboni.
6.Ukonakala kwezilwandle Inhlekelele yangempela yokuchitheka kwamafutha eGulf of Mexico ikude kakhulu neyokuqala futhi, ngeshwa, akuyona yokugcina. "Izindawo ezifile" emifuleni nasezilwandle zenzeka lapho inani elikhulu lemfucuza yezilwane, amapulazi ezinkukhu, indle, izinsalela zikamanyolo ziwela kuzo. Bathatha umoya-mpilo emanzini - kangangokuthi akukho lutho olungaphila kulawa manzi. Manje kukhona "izindawo ezifile" ezingaba ngu-400 emhlabeni - kusukela kumakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingu-70.
Kukhona “izindawo ezifile” kumafjord aseScandinavia naseNingizimu China Sea. Kunjalo, icala lalezi zindawo akuyona imfuyo kuphela - kodwa ingeyokuqala.
7. Ukungcoliswa komoya
Labo “abanenhlanhla” yokuhlala eduze kwepulazi elikhulu lemfuyo bayazi ukuthi iphunga elibi elibi kangakanani. Ngaphezu kokukhishwa kwe-methane okuvela ezinkomeni nasezingulubeni, kunenqwaba yamagesi angcolisayo kulo mkhiqizo. Izibalo azikakatholakali, kodwa cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokukhishwa kwezinhlanganisela zesulfure emkhathini - enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zemvula ene-asidi - futhi kungenxa yokufuywa kwezimboni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezolimo zinesandla ekuncipheni kongqimba lwe-ozone.
I-8. Izifo ezahlukahlukene
Imfucuza yezilwane iqukethe amagciwane amaningi (salmonella, E. coli). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigidi zamakhilogremu emithi elwa namagciwane yengezwa ekudleni kwezilwane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula. Okuyinto, yebo, ayikwazi ukuba wusizo kubantu. 9. Ukumoshwa kwezinqolobane zikawoyela emhlabeni Inhlalakahle yomnotho wemfuyo yaseNtshonalanga isekelwe kuwoyela. Yingakho kwaba nezibhelu zokudla emazweni angu-23 emhlabeni jikelele ngesikhathi intengo kawoyela ifinyelela phezulu ngo-2008.
Zonke izixhumanisi zalolu chungechunge lwamandla okukhiqiza inyama—kusukela ekukhiqizeni umanyolo wendawo okutshalwa kuyo ukudla, kuye ekumpompeni amanzi emifuleni nasezindleleni zangaphansi kuya kuphethiloli odingekayo ukuze kuthunyelwe inyama ezitolo ezinkulu—konke kunezela ezindlekweni ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngokocwaningo oluthile, ingxenye yesithathu yamafutha ensalela akhiqizwa e-US manje isizokhiqizwa imfuyo.
10. Inyama iyabiza, ngezindlela eziningi.
Ucwaningo lwemibono yomphakathi lukhombisa ukuthi u-5-6% wabantu abayidli nhlobo inyama. Abanye abayizigidi ezimbalwa banciphisa ngamabomu inani lenyama abayidlayo ekudleni kwabo, bayidla ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngo-2009, sadla inyama engaphansi ngo-5% uma kuqhathaniswa neyango-2005. Lezi zibalo zivele, phakathi kokunye, ngenxa yomkhankaso wolwazi owembuleka emhlabeni mayelana nengozi yokudla inyama empilweni yonke emhlabeni.
Kodwa kusesekuseni kakhulu ukujabula: inani lenyama edliwayo lisamangalisa. Ngokwezibalo ezinikezwe iBritish Vegetarian Society, umuntu ovamile waseBrithani odla inyama udla izilwane ezingaphezu kuka-11 ekuphileni kwakhe: ihansi elilodwa, unogwaja oyedwa, izinkomo ezi-4, izingulube ezingu-18, izimvu ezingu-23, amadada angu-28, amaturkey angu-39, izinkukhu ezingu-1158, 3593 i-shellfish nezinhlanzi ezingu-6182.
Baqinisile abantu abadla imifino uma bethi: labo abadla inyama bandisa amathuba okuba nomdlavuza, isifo senhliziyo, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile, kanye nokuba nembobo ephaketheni labo. Ukudla kwenyama, njengomthetho, kubiza izikhathi ezingu-2-3 ngaphezu kokudla kwemifino.