Imishini eyisipesheli yokuthola nokumba indawo engaphansi kolwandle neyolwandle idlula i-blue whale engamathani angu-200, isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke esake sasaziwa emhlabeni. Le mishini ibukeka yethuka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yomshini wayo omkhulu wokusika ama-spiked, oklanyelwe ukugaya indawo eqinile.
Njengoba unyaka ka-2019 uqhubeka, amarobhothi amakhulu alawulwa kude azozulazula ngaphansi koLwandle iBismarck ngasogwini lwasePapua New Guinea, aluhlafune efuna izinqolobane zethusi ezicebile negolide zeNautilus Minerals yaseCanada.
Izimayini ezijulile zasolwandle zizama ukugwema izingibe ezibizayo zemvelo nezenhlalo zokumbiwa phansi komhlaba. Lokhu kuye kwashukumisela iqembu labakhi bezinqubomgomo nososayensi bocwaningo ukuba basungule imithetho abathemba ukuthi inganciphisa ukulimala kwemvelo. Baphakamise ukuthi kuhlehliswe ukuthungatha amaminerali kuze kube sekuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe ukuze kuncishiswe inani lemvula ngesikhathi sokusebenza olwandle.
"Sinethuba lokucabangisisa kahle kusukela ekuqaleni, sihlaziye umthelela futhi siqonde ukuthi singawuthuthukisa kanjani noma sinciphise umthelela," kusho uJames Hine, usosayensi omkhulu e-USGS. “Kufanele kube ngokokuqala ukuthi sisondele egoli kusukela esinyathelweni sokuqala.”
I-Nautilus Minerals ithembise ukuthutha ezinye izilwane endle ngesikhathi somsebenzi.
“AbakwaNautilus bathi bangavele basuse izingxenye ze-ecosystem besuka kwenye baye kwenye abanasisekelo sesayensi. Kunzima kakhulu noma akunakwenzeka,” kuphawula uDavid Santillo, Umlingani Omkhulu Wocwaningo eNyuvesi yase-Exeter e-UK.
Iphansi lolwandle lidlala indima ebalulekile ku-Biosphere Yomhlaba - lilawula amazinga okushisa embulunga yonke, ligcina ikhabhoni futhi lihlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ososayensi nezazi zemvelo besaba ukuthi izenzo ezithathwe emanzini ajulile ngeke nje zibulale izilwane zasolwandle, kodwa zingase zicekele phansi izindawo ezibanzi, ezibangelwa umsindo nokungcoliswa kokukhanya.
Ngeshwa, ukumba izimayini ezijulile zasolwandle akunakugwenywa. Isidingo sezimbiwa sikhula kuphela ngenxa yokuthi sikhula isidingo samaselula, amakhompyutha nezimoto. Ngisho nobuchwepheshe obuthembisa ukunciphisa ukuncika kuwoyela nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi budinga ukuhlinzekwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, kusukela ku-tellurium yamaseli elanga kuya ku-lithium ezimotweni zikagesi.
Ithusi, i-zinc, i-cobalt, i-manganese amagugu angakaze athintwe phansi olwandle. Futhi-ke, lokhu akukwazi kodwa ukuthakazelisa izinkampani zezimayini emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Clariton-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) iyindawo yezimayini edume kakhulu etholakala phakathi kweMexico neHawaii. Ilingana cishe nalo lonke izwekazi lase-United States. Ngokwezibalo, okuqukethwe kwamaminerali kufinyelela cishe amathani angama-25,2.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke la madini akhona emazingeni aphezulu, futhi izinkampani zezimayini zicekela phansi inqwaba yamahlathi nezintaba ukuze zikhiphe amatshe aqinile. Ngakho, ukuze kuqoqwe amathani angu-20 ethusi lasezintabeni e-Andes, kuzodingeka kususwe amathani angu-50 amatshe. Cishe u-7% walesi samba ungatholakala ngokuqondile olwandle.
Ezivumelwaneni zocwaningo ezingama-28 ezisayinwe yi-International Seabed Authority, elawula izimayini ezingaphansi kolwandle emanzini omhlaba, eziyi-16 ezezimayini e-CCZ.
Ukumba izimayini ezijulile zasolwandle kuwumsebenzi obizayo. INautilus isivele isebenzise u-$480 million kanti idinga ukuhlanganisa enye i-$150 million kuya ku-$250 million ukuze iqhubekele phambili.
Umsebenzi omkhulu uyaqhubeka emhlabeni wonke ukuhlola izindlela zokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokumbiwa kwezimayini ezijulile zolwandle. E-United States, i-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration yenza umsebenzi wokuhlola nokwenza amamephu ngasogwini lwaseHawaii. I-European Union inikele ngezigidi zamaRandi ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne-MIDAS (Deep Sea Impact Management) kanye neBlue Mining, inhlanganisela yamazwe ngamazwe yezimboni ezingu-19 nezinhlangano zocwaningo.
Izinkampani zimatasa zithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wezimayini kwezemvelo. Isibonelo, i-BluHaptics ithuthukise isofthiwe evumela irobhothi ukuthi likhulise ukunemba kwalo ekuqondiseni nasekunyakazeni ukuze lingaphazamisi amanani amakhulu olwandle.
"Sisebenzisa ukuhlonza into yesikhathi sangempela kanye nesoftware yokulandelela ukusiza ukubona okuphansi ngokuna kwemvula nokuchitheka kukawoyela," kusho isikhulu se-BluHaptics uDon Pickering.
Ngo-2013, ithimba lososayensi eliholwa uprofesa wesayensi yezolwandle eNyuvesi yaseManoa lancoma ukuthi cishe ingxenye yesine ye-CCZ iqokwe njengendawo evikelekile. Alukaxazululwa lolu daba njengoba kungase kuthathe iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu.
Umqondisi weNyuvesi yaseDuke eNyakatho Carolina, uDkt. Cindy Lee Van Dover, uphikisa ngokuthi ngandlela thize, abantu basolwandle bangalulama ngokushesha.
“Nokho, kukhona umxwayo,” uyanezela. “Inkinga yemvelo ukuthi lezi zindawo ezihlala kuzo azivamile uma ungaphansi kolwandle, futhi zonke zihlukene ngenxa yokuthi izilwane zijwayele uketshezi oluhlukene. Kodwa asikhulumi ngokumisa ukukhiqiza, kodwa sicabanga nje ngendlela yokwenza kahle. Ungaqhathanisa zonke lezi zindawo futhi ubonise lapho ukuminyana okuphezulu kwezilwane kukuphi ukuze ugweme ngokuphelele lezi zindawo. Lena indlela enengqondo kakhulu. Ngikholwa ukuthi singathuthukisa imithethonqubo yezemvelo.”