Ibhalwe nguFrans BM de Waal, i-Emory University.
Umthombo: Isingeniso sencwadi yePsychology. Ababhali - RL Atkinson, RS Atkinson, EE Smith, DJ Boehm, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Ngaphansi komhleli jikelele we-VP Zinchenko. Uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-15, i-St. Petersburg, i-Prime Eurosign, ngo-2007.
â € ​ â € ‹â€‹ â € ‹â€‹ â € ‹Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu angase acatshangelwe ukuthi unobugovu kangakanani, ngokungangabazeki kunezimiso ezithile emvelweni yakhe ezimenza abe nesithakazelo empumelelweni yomunye umuntu, kanye nenjabulo yomunye umuntu edingekayo kuye, nakuba engazuzi noma iyiphi inzuzo kulesi simo, ngaphandle kwenjabulo yomunye umuntu. ukukubona. (U-Adam Smith (1759))
Lapho uLenny Skatnik etshuza ePotomac eneqhwa ngo-1982 ukuze akhulule isisulu sokuphahlazeka kwendiza, noma lapho amaDashi evikela imikhaya yamaJuda phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, abeka ukuphila kwawo engozini kubantu angabazi nhlobo. Ngokufanayo, uBinti Jua, i-gorilla e-Brookfield Zoo yaseChicago, wahlenga umfana owayequlekile futhi wawela endaweni ebiyelwe kuyo, enza izenzo ayengafundiswe muntu.
Izibonelo ezinjengalezi zenza umbono ohlala njalo ikakhulukazi ngoba zikhuluma ngezinzuzo zamalungu ohlobo lwethu. Kodwa ngokutadisha ukuvela kozwela nokuziphatha, ngithole ingcebo yobufakazi bokukhathazeka kwezilwane komunye nomunye kanye nokusabela kwazo enhlekeleleni yabanye, okuye kwangiqinisekisa ukuthi ukusinda ngezinye izikhathi akuxhomekile ekunqobeni ukulwa kuphela, kodwa futhi ukusebenzisana nokuthakasela (de Waal, 1996). Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwezimfene, kuvamile ukuba umuntu obukele aye kuye isisulu sokuhlaselwa futhi asibeke kahle isandla ehlombe laso.
Naphezu kwalokhu kuthambekela kokukhathalela, abantu nezinye izilwane njalo izazi zezinto eziphilayo zichazwa njengabanobugovu obuphelele. Isizathu salokhu sithiyori: konke ukuziphatha kuthathwa njengokuthuthukisiwe ukuze kwanelise izintshisekelo zomuntu. Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezingakwazi ukunikeza inzuzo kumthwali wazo ziyaqedwa ngenqubo yokukhethwa kwemvelo. Kodwa ingabe kulungile ukubiza isilwane ngobugovu ngenxa nje yokuthi ukuziphatha kwaso kuhloselwe ukuthola izinzuzo?
Inqubo ukuziphatha okuthile kwavela ngayo eminyakeni eyizigidi iseduze nephuzu lapho umuntu ecabangela ukuthi kungani isilwane siziphatha ngaleyo ndlela lapha namanje. Izilwane zibona kuphela imiphumela esheshayo yezenzo zazo, futhi ngisho nale miphumela ayihlale icace kuzo. Singase sicabange ukuthi isicabucabu sisonta iwebhu ukuze sibambe izimpukane, kodwa lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela ezingeni lokusebenza. Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi isicabucabu sinomqondo othile ngenjongo yewebhu. Ngamanye amazwi, imigomo yokuziphatha ayisho lutho ngezisusa eziwumsuka wayo.
Muva nje umqondo othi «egoism» udlulele ngale kwencazelo yawo yasekuqaleni futhi ususetshenziswe ngaphandle kwengqondo. Nakuba leli gama ngezinye izikhathi libhekwa njengelihlobene nokuzicabangela wena, ubugovu busho inhloso yokusebenzela izidingo zethu, okungukuthi, ulwazi lwalokho esizokuthola ngenxa yokuziphatha okuthile. Umvini ungase ufeze izithakazelo zawo ngokuhlanganisa isihlahla, kodwa njengoba izitshalo zingenanhloso futhi zingenalo ulwazi, ngeke zibe nobugovu, ngaphandle uma kuqondwe umqondo ongokomfanekiso wegama.
UCharles Darwin akazange adidanise ukuzivumelanisa nezinjongo zomuntu ngamunye futhi waqaphela ukuba khona kwezisusa zokuzicabangela. Ugqugquzelwe kulokhu ngu-Adam Smith, isazi sokuziphatha kanye noyise wezomnotho. Kuye kwaba nezingxabano eziningi mayelana nomehluko phakathi kwezenzo zenzuzo nezenzo eziqhutshwa izisusa zobugovu kangangokuthi uSmith, owaziwa ngokugcizelela kwakhe ubugovu njengesimiso esiqondisayo sezomnotho, wabhala futhi mayelana nekhono lomuntu wendawo yonke lokuzwelana.
Umsuka waleli khono awuyona imfihlakalo. Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane lapho ukubambisana kuthuthukiswa khona kubonisa ukuzinikela eqenjini kanye nokuthambekela ekusizeni ngokubambisana. Lokhu kuwumphumela wokuphila komphakathi, ubuhlobo obuseduze lapho izilwane zisiza izihlobo nozakwethu abakwazi ukubuyisela umusa. Ngakho-ke, isifiso sokusiza abanye asikaze sibe yize ngokombono wokusinda. Kodwa lesi sifiso asisahlotshaniswa nemiphumela esheshayo, ezwakalayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba sibonakale ngisho nalapho imivuzo ingenakwenzeka, njengalapho abantu abangabazi bethola usizo.
Ukubiza noma yikuphi ukuziphatha ngobugovu kufana nokuchaza zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni njengamandla elanga aguquliwe. Zombili izitatimende zinenani elifanayo, kodwa azikwazi neze ukuchaza ukwehluka esikubonayo esisizungezile. Kwezinye izilwane ukuncintisana okunonya kuphela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuphila, kwabanye kuwukusizana kuphela. Indlela enganaki lobu budlelwano obungqubuzanayo ingase ibe usizo kusazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa ayinayo indawo kupsychology.