Ngamunye wethu okungenani wake wabhekana ne-epiphany engazelelwe: wonke amaqiniso aziwayo, njengeziqephu zendida, ahlanganisa isithombe esisodwa esikhulu ebesingakaze sisibone ngaphambilini. Umhlaba awukona neze lokho ebesikucabanga. Futhi umuntu oseduze ungumkhohlisi. Kungani singaqapheli amaqiniso asobala futhi sikholelwe kuphela lokho esifuna ukukukholelwa?
Ukuqonda kuhlotshaniswa nokutholwa okungajabulisi: ukukhashelwa kothandekayo, ukukhashelwa umngane, ukukhohliswa kothandekayo. Siphenya ezithombeni zesikhathi esedlule futhi futhi futhi siyadideka - wonke amaqiniso abephambi kwamehlo ethu, kungani ngingazange ngiqaphele lutho ngaphambili? Sizisola ngokunganaki nokunganaki, kodwa azihlanganise lutho nakho. Isizathu sisezinhlelweni zobuchopho bethu kanye nengqondo yethu.
Ubuchopho be-Clairvoyant
Imbangela yobumpumputhe bolwazi ilele ezingeni le-neuroscience. Ubuchopho bubhekene nenani elikhulu lolwazi lwezinzwa oludinga ukucutshungulwa kahle. Ukuze athuthukise inqubo, uhlala eklama amamodeli omhlaba omzungezile ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini. Ngakho, izinsiza ezilinganiselwe zobuchopho zigxile ekucubunguleni ulwazi olusha olungangeni emfanekisweni walo.1.
Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zaseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia zenze ucwaningo. Abahlanganyeli bacelwe ukuthi bakhumbule ukuthi ilogo ye-Apple ibukeka kanjani. Amavolontiya anikezwe imisebenzi emibili: ukudweba uphawu kusuka ekuqaleni nokukhetha impendulo efanele ezintweni ezimbalwa ongakhetha kuzo ezinomehluko omncane. Oyedwa kuphela kwabangu-85 ababambiqhaza ocwaningweni oqede umsebenzi wokuqala. Umsebenzi wesibili waqedwa ngendlela efanele ngezifundo ezingaphansi kwengxenye2.
Ama-logo ahlala ebonakala. Kodwa-ke, abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni abakwazanga ukukhiqiza kabusha ilogo ngendlela efanele, naphezu kokuthi iningi labo lisebenzisa imikhiqizo ye-Apple ngenkuthalo. Kodwa uphawu luvame ukubamba amehlo ethu kangangokuthi ubuchopho buyeka ukukunaka nokukhumbula imininingwane.
"Sikhumbula" ukuthi yini enenzuzo kithi ukuthi siyikhumbule okwamanje, futhi kalula nje "sikhohlwe" ulwazi olungalungile.
Ngakho siphuthelwa imininingwane ebalulekile yokuphila komuntu siqu. Uma othandekayo evame ukufika sekwephuzile emsebenzini noma ehamba ohambweni lwebhizinisi, ukuhamba okwengeziwe noma ukubambezeleka akuzivusi izinsolo. Ukuze ubuchopho bunake lolu lwazi futhi bulungise imodeli yalo yeqiniso, kufanele kwenzeke okuthile okungavamile, kuyilapho kubantu abavela ngaphandle, izimpawu ezesabekayo ziye zabonakala isikhathi eside.
Ukuhlanganisa amaqiniso
Isizathu sesibili sobumpumputhe bolwazi sisengqondweni. Uprofesa wezengqondo waseHarvard University uDaniel Gilbert uyaxwayisa - abantu bathambekele ekuguquleni amaqiniso ukuze balondoloze isithombe abasifisayo somhlaba. Yile ndlela indlela yokuzivikela yengqondo yethu esebenza ngayo.3. Uma sibhekene nolwazi olungqubuzanayo, senza singanakile sibeka amaqiniso afana nesithombe sethu somhlaba futhi silahle idatha ephikisana nawo.
Abahlanganyeli batshelwe ukuthi abenzanga kahle ekuhlolweni kwezobunhloli. Ngemva kwalokho, banikezwa ithuba lokufunda izihloko ezikhuluma ngalesi sihloko. Izihloko zichithe isikhathi esiningi zifunda izindatshana ezingangabazi amandla azo, kodwa ukufaneleka kokuhlolwa okunjalo. Izihloko eziqinisekisa ukwethembeka kokuhlolwa, ababambiqhaza banqatshelwe ukunakwa4.
Izifundo zazicabanga ukuthi zihlakaniphile, ngakho indlela yokuzivikela yabaphoqa ukuthi bagxile kudatha emayelana nokungathembeki kokuhlolwa - ukuze kugcinwe isithombe esijwayelekile somhlaba.
Amehlo ethu abona kuphela lokho ubuchopho obufuna ukukuthola.
Uma sesenze isinqumo—ukuthenga uhlobo oluthile lwemoto, sibe nomntwana, siyeke umsebenzi wethu—siqala ukutadisha ngenkuthalo ulwazi oluqinisa ukuzethemba kwethu esinqumweni futhi singazinaki izihloko ezikhomba ubuthakathaka esinqumweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sikhetha ngokukhetha amaqiniso abalulekile hhayi kumajenali kuphela, kodwa futhi enkumbulweni yethu. "Sikhumbula" ukuthi yini enenzuzo kithi ukuthi siyikhumbule okwamanje, futhi kalula nje "sikhohlwe" ulwazi olungalungile.
Ukwenqaba okusobala
Amanye amaqiniso asobala kakhulu ukuba ungawanaki. Kodwa indlela yokuzivikela ibhekana nalokhu. Amaqiniso ayimibono kuphela ehlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile zokuqiniseka. Uma siphakamisa izinga lokwethembeka phezulu kakhulu, ngeke kuze kwenzeke ngisho nokufakazela iqiniso lobukhona bethu. Leli iqhinga esilisebenzisayo uma sibhekene namaqiniso angajabulisi esingeke sagejwa.
Abahlanganyeli ocwaningweni baboniswe izingcaphuno ezivela ezifundweni ezimbili ezihlaziya ukusebenza kwesigwebo sokufa. Ucwaningo lokuqala luqhathanise amazinga obugebengu phakathi kwezifunda ezinesigwebo sentambo nalezo ezingenaso. Ucwaningo lwesibili luqhathanise amazinga obugebengu esifundeni esisodwa ngaphambi nangemva kokwethulwa kwesigwebo sentambo. Abahlanganyeli babheke ucwaningo olunembile kakhulu, imiphumela yalo eqinisekisa imibono yabo siqu. Ucwaningo Oluphikisanayo Lugxekwe Izifundo Zendlela Engalungile5.
Uma amaqiniso ephikisana nesithombe esifiselekayo somhlaba, siyawatadisha ngokucophelela futhi siwahlole ngokuqinile. Uma sifuna ukukholelwa kokuthile, ukuqinisekiswa okuncane kwanele. Lapho singafuni ukukholelwa, kudingeka ubufakazi obengeziwe ukuze sikholwe. Uma kuziwa ekuguquleni amaphuzu empilweni yomuntu siqu - ukukhashelwa kothandekayo noma ukukhashelwa othandekayo - ukwenqatshwa kokusobala kukhula ngezilinganiso ezimangalisayo. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo uJennifer Freyd (Jennifer Freyd) noPamela Birrell (Pamela Birrell) encwadini ethi "The Psychology of Betrayal and Treason" banikeza izibonelo zomkhuba womuntu siqu we-psychotherapeutic lapho abesifazane benqaba ukuqaphela ukungathembeki komyeni wabo, okwenzeka cishe phambi kwamehlo abo. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zabiza lesi simo - ubumpumputhe ukukhaphela.6.
Indlela eya ekuqondeni
Ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa komuntu kuyethusa. Asikwazi ngokoqobo ukukholelwa ngisho namehlo ethu - aqaphela kuphela lokho ubuchopho obufuna ukukuthola. Kodwa-ke, uma siqaphela ukuhlanekezelwa kombono wethu wezwe, singenza isithombe sangempela sicace futhi sithembeke.
Khumbula - ubuchopho bumodeli bangempela. Umbono wethu ngezwe elisizungezile uyingxube yezinto ezingokoqobo ezinokhahlo kanye nokukhohlisa okujabulisayo. Akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa omunye komunye. Umbono wethu weqiniso uhlala uhlanekezelwe, noma ngabe ubukeka uzwakala.
Hlola izindawo zokubuka eziphikisayo. Asikwazi ukushintsha indlela ubuchopho obusebenza ngayo, kodwa singashintsha ukuziphatha kwethu okuqaphela. Ukuze wakhe umbono onenjongo kakhudlwana kunoma iyiphi inkinga, unganciki ekuphikisaneni kwabasekeli bakho. Kungcono ubhekisise imibono yabaphikisi.
Gwema izindinganiso ezikabili. Sizama ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthethelela umuntu esimthandayo noma ukuphika amaqiniso esingawathandi. Zama ukusebenzisa indlela efanayo lapho uhlola kokubili abantu abathandekayo nabangemnandi, izehlakalo nezimo.
1 Y. Huang kanye no-R. Rao «Predictive coding», Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2011, vol. 2, №5.
2 A. Blake, M. Nazariana kanye no-A. Castela «I-Apple yeso lengqondo: Ukunaka kwansuku zonke, inkumbulo, kanye nenkumbulo eyakhayo yelogo ye-Apple», I-Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2015, vol. 68, №5.
3 D. Gilbert "Ukukhubeka Enjabulweni" (Izincwadi Zakudala, 2007).
4 D. Frey kanye no-D. Stahlberg «Ukukhethwa Kolwazi Ngemva Kokuthola Ulwazi Oluningi Noma Olungathembekile Oluzisongelayo», Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1986, vol. 12, №4.
5 C. Lord, L. Ross kanye no-M. Lepper «I-Biassed Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of. Imibono Yangaphambili Ngobufakazi Obucatshangelwa Ngokulandelayo», Ijenali Yobuntu Nenhlalakahle Yengqondo, 1979, vol. 37, №11.
6 J. Freud, P. Birrell «Psychology of betrayal and betrayal» (Peter, 2013).