Okuqukethwe
Ukwesaba leli gciwane, ukuthola amafomu acishe abe yinkolelo-ze, kungaholela ekwenqatshweni kwabantu abalitholile. Kunomkhuba omubi emphakathini wokucwasa ngokwenhlalo labo abanaleli gciwane noma abake bahlangana nabagulayo. Iluphi ubandlululo olubangela lesi simo, yiziphi izingozi esinazo nokuthi singakuqeda kanjani ukucwaswa okunjalo, kuchaza isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uPatrick Corrigan.
Kumuntu wesimanje ojwayele indlela yokuphila esebenzayo, usongo olubangelwa ubhadane nesidingo sokuhlala ekhaya kuyinto ethusayo futhi engokoqobo. Okwenezela ekudidekeni izindaba nemibono yozungu ehunyushwa ku-inthanethi, eminye yayo eyenza kube nokungabaza okungokoqobo. Futhi akulula ukujwayela iqiniso ngokwalo.
Umuntu akasona isifo
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nomcwaningi uPatrick Corrigan, umhleli we-American Psychological Association's Journal of Stigma and Health, uthi sisendaweni engakaziwa uma kukhulunywa ngezinkinga zobhubhane kanye nokucwaswa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isimo sengqondo esingesihle, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokucwaswa emphakathini kwalabo abagula ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo akuzange kufundwe yisayensi yesimanje. Uhlola udaba bese ehlanganyela nokuhlola kwakhe isimo.
Ngokubona kwakhe, ukudideka okuvamile kuba yindawo yokuzalanisa imibono, ubandlululo kanye nokucwasa. Izici ezingavamile ze-psyche zisinikeza isidingo sokuqonda izenzakalo, ikakhulukazi ezisongelayo nezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili. Kungani ubhubhane lwe-coronavirus luthinta isintu? Yini okufanele isolwe?
Leli gciwane lalibizwa ngokuthi "amaShayina", futhi le ncazelo ayifaki isandla ekuqondeni usongo nhlobo
Impendulo esobala igciwane ngokwalo. Thina njengomphakathi singahlangana ukuze silwe nosongo, silwele ukunqanda ukusakazeka kwalo ngokuzihlukanisa sodwa.
Inkinga yokucwaswa iphakama lapho igciwane kanye nomuntu ogulayo kuxubana emiqondweni yethu. Kulokhu, sishintsha umbuzo othi «Yini okufanele isolwe?» ukuze "Ubani okufanele asolwe?" Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engu-20 yocwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukucwaswa, ukulebula emphakathini kwabantu abanezifo ezithile, kungaba yingozi njengesifo ngokwaso.
USolwazi Corrigan ukhuluma ngezibonelo ezingenangqondo zokusabalala kokukhathazeka nge-coronavirus. Isibonelo, yayibizwa ngokuthi "amaShayina", futhi le ncazelo ayifaki nhlobo isandla ekuqondeni usongo, kodwa ibhebhethekisa umlilo wokushisekela ubuzwe. Lokhu, kubhala umcwaningi, ingozi yokucwaswa: igama elifanayo lixhumanisa ngokuphindaphindiwe isipiliyoni sobhubhane nokucwasa.
Izisulu ezicwaswa ngokomphakathi zaleli gciwane
Ubani ongathinteka ekucwasweni kwe-coronavirus? Izisulu ezisobala kakhulu abantu abanezimpawu noma umphumela wokuhlolwa oqondile. Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu u-Irving Hoffman singasho ukuthi ngenxa yaleli gciwane, ubunikazi babo “bonakele”, “bungcolisiwe,” okubonakala sengathi, emehlweni abanye, buthethelela ubandlululo abanalo. Umndeni kanye nendilinga yabajwayele bazokwengezwa kwabagulayo - nabo bazocwaswa.
Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi omunye wemiphumela yokucwaswa wukuqhela emphakathini. Abantu abacwaswa ngokwenhlalo, "abakhohlakele" bayagwenywa ngumphakathi. Umuntu angadlulwa njengomuntu onochoko, noma aqhelelane ngokwengqondo.
Ingozi yokucwaswa kwenzeka lapho ibanga negciwane lihlangana nebanga ukusuka kwabathelelekile
UCorrigan, ocwaninga ngokucwaswa kwabantu abanezifo zengqondo, ubhala ukuthi lokhu kungazibonakalisa ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ngokusho kwakhe, umuntu “onenhlamba” yezifo ezithile angase agwenywe othisha, angaqashwa abaqashi, abanikazi bezindlu banqatshelwe indawo yokuhlala, izinhlangano zezenkolo zingamamukeli ezikhundleni zabo, nodokotela bangase banganakwa.
Esimeni se-coronavirus, lokhu kubekwe phezulu esidingweni sangempela sokuhamba ibanga ukuze kwehliswe izinga lokutheleleka. Izinhlangano zezempilo zinxusa, uma kungenzeka, ukuthi zingasondeli kwabanye abantu ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-1,5-2. "Ingozi yokucwaswa iphakama lapho ibanga negciwane lixutshwa nebanga nomuntu onaleli gciwane," kubhala uCorrigan.
Akakaze aphakamise ukuthi izincomo zokuncishiswa komphakathi zinganakwa futhi kuqashelwe isidingo salesi sinyathelo sokunciphisa ukusabalala kwe-coronavirus, unxusa ngasikhathi sinye ukuthi akhumbule inhlamba engasakazekela kumuntu onegciwane.
Ukucwaswa kwezingozi
Ngakho-ke yini okufanele uyenze mayelana nokucwaswa ngesikhathi sobhadane? Okokuqala, kusho uCorrigan, udinga ukubiza i-spade nge-spade. Yazi ukuthi kunenkinga. Abantu abagulayo bangacwaswa futhi bangahlonishwa, futhi lokhu akulungile njenganoma yiluphi uhlobo lokucwasa ngokwebala, ukucwasa ngokobulili nokucwasa ngokweminyaka. Kodwa isifo asifani nomuntu esimthelelayo, futhi kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa omunye komunye.
Ukucwaswa emphakathini kwabagulayo kubalimaza ngezindlela ezintathu. Okokuqala, wukucwaswa komphakathi. Lapho abantu bebona abantu abagulayo ngokuthi “bonakele”, lokhu kungaholela ohlotsheni oluthile lokucwaswa nokulimala.
Okwesibili, wukuzicwasa. Abantu abangenwe yileli gciwane noma abavezwe yileli gciwane bafaka ngaphakathi imibono ebekwe ngumphakathi futhi bazibheke “njengabonakele” noma “abangcolile”. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi isifo ngokwaso kunzima ukulwa, abantu kusafanele babe namahloni ngokwabo.
Amalebula avame ukuvela ngokuphathelene nokuhlolwa noma ukuzizwisa ngokwelashwa
Okwesithathu ukugwema amalebula. U-Irving Goffman uthe ukucwaswa kuhlotshaniswa nesibonakaliso esisobala futhi esibonakalayo: umbala wesikhumba uma kuziwa ekucwaseni ngokobuhlanga, ukwakheka komzimba ngobulili, noma, isibonelo, izinwele ezimpunga ekugugeni. Kodwa-ke, esimweni sezifo, konke kuhlukile, ngoba kufihliwe.
Akekho owaziyo ukuthi yimuphi kubantu abayikhulu ababuthene egumbini ophethe i-COVID-19, kubandakanya, mhlawumbe, naye uqobo. Ukucwaswa kwenzeka lapho kuvela ilebula: "Lona nguMax, unegciwane." Futhi amalebula avame ukuvela ngokuphathelene nolwazi lokuhlolwa noma ukwelashwa. “Ngisanda kumbona uMax ephuma elabhorethri lapho eyohlolelwa khona i-coronavirus. Kumele abe negciwane!»
Ngokusobala, abantu bazogwema ukufakwa ilebula, okusho ukuthi bangahle bakugweme ukuhlolwa noma ukuzihlukanisa uma betholakala benegciwane.
Indlela yokushintsha isimo?
Ezincwadini zesayensi, izindlela ezimbili zokushintsha ukucwaswa zingatholakala: imfundo kanye nokuxhumana.
Imfundo
Isibalo sezinganekwane ngalesi sifo siyehla lapho abantu befunda amaqiniso mayelana nokudluliselwa kwaso, ukubikezelwa kanye nokwelashwa kwaso. Ngokusho kukaCorrigan, wonke umuntu angafaka isandla ngokusiza ukufundisa umphakathi jikelele ngalezi zindaba. Izingosi zezindaba ezisemthethweni zivame ukushicilela ulwazi oluwusizo ngalesi sifo.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukungasekeli ukusakazwa kolwazi olungaqinisekisiwe futhi ngokuvamile olungamanga. Kuye kwaba namacala amaningi anjalo, futhi umzamo wokubhekana nemiphumela yokwaziswa okungelona iqiniso kungase kubangele izingxabano nokuthukana—okungukuthi, impi yemibono, hhayi ukucobelelana ngolwazi. Esikhundleni salokho, uCorrigan ukhuthaza ukwabelana ngesayensi ngemuva kwalolu bhubhane futhi akhuthaze abafundi ukuthi bacabange.
Oxhumana naye
Ngokubona kwakhe, lena indlela engcono kakhulu yokulungisa imizwa engemihle kumuntu oke wacwaswa. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu abanjalo nomphakathi kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuqeda imiphumela eyingozi yokucwaswa.
Umkhuba kaCorrigan uhlanganisa amakhasimende amaningi agula ngengqondo ukuxhumana nabanye okuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokususa ukucwasa nokucwasa ngemibono yokwethembeka nenhlonipho. Le nqubo iphumelela kakhulu esimweni sokuxhumana nontanga, abantu abanesimo esifanayo senhlalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana phakathi kwalabo “abamakwe” nge-coronavirus kanye nomphakathi kuzosiza ukususa isigcwagcwa kokwangaphambili futhi kwenze umehluko.
Isiguli singase sichaze imizwa yaso, ukwesaba, ukwesaba nokuhlangenwe nakho kwaso phakathi nokugula, noma sikhulume ngokugula, njengoba sesiluleme kakade, sijabule kanye nezilaleli ezinozwela noma abafundi ngokululama kwaso. Kokubili ogulayo nolulama, uhlala efana nawo wonke umuntu, umuntu onesithunzi nelungelo lokuhlonishwa nokwamukelwa.
Kuphinde kube nomthelela omuhle ekutheni osaziwayo bangesabi ukuvuma ukuthi banegciwane.
Ezimweni ezinezinye izifo, ukuthintana bukhoma kuphumelela kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuvalelwa, vele, kuzoba yimidiya naku-inthanethi. "Amabhulogi namavidiyo womuntu wokuqala lapho abantu abane-COVID-19 bexoxa ngezindaba zokutheleleka, ukugula, kanye nokululama kuzoba nomthelela omuhle emibonweni yomphakathi futhi kunciphise ukucwaswa," kusho uCorrigan. “Mhlawumbe amavidiyo esikhathi sangempela azoba nomthelela omkhulu nakakhulu, ikakhulukazi lawo lapho ababukeli bengazibonela khona umthelela walesi sifo empilweni yomuntu othile.”
Kuthinta kahle isimo kanye neqiniso lokuthi osaziwayo abesabi ukuvuma ukuthi banegciwane. Abanye bachaza imizwa yabo. Lokhu kunikeza abantu umuzwa wokuba ngabangane futhi kunciphisa ukucwaswa. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amagama ezinkanyezi anomthelela omncane kunokuxhumana nomuntu ojwayelekile futhi oseduze nathi - uzakwethu, umakhelwane noma umfundi ofunda naye.
Ngemva kobhubhane
Umkhankaso wokulwa nokucwaswa kumele uqhubeke ngemuva kokuphela kwalolu bhubhane, uchwepheshe ukholelwa ukuthi. Eqinisweni, umphumela oqhubekayo wokutheleleka komhlaba wonke kungaba isimo sengqondo esingesihle kubantu abeluleme ku-coronavirus. Esimeni sokwesaba nokudideka, bangahlala becwaswa emehlweni omphakathi isikhathi eside.
“Ukuxhumana kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nalokhu,” kuphinda uPatrick Corrigan. “Ngemuva kwalolu bhubhane, kumele siyibeke eceleni imibono ekhona yokuhlukaniswa nomphakathi ngenxa yezimo futhi sikhuthaze ukuxhumana ubuso nobuso. Kuyadingeka ukuthi kubizwe imihlangano yomphakathi lapho abantu abadlule kulesi sifo bezokhuluma ngolwazi lwabo kanye nokululama kwabo. Umphumela omkhulu utholakala lapho bebingelelwa ngenhlonipho, ngobuqotho abantu ababalulekile, kuhlanganise nalabo abanegunya elithile.
Ithemba nesithunzi yimithi ezosisiza ukuthi sibhekane nalolu bhubhane. Bazosiza nasekubhekaneni nenkinga yokucwaswa okungenzeka ivele esikhathini esizayo. “Asisinakekele isixazululo sawo ndawonye, sihlanganyele lezi zindinganiso,” kunxusa uSolwazi Corrigan.
Mayelana Nombhali: UPatrick Corrigan unguchwepheshe wezengqondo nomcwaningi ogxile ekuhlalisaneni kwabantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.