Ukutheleleka ngegciwane kuvamile futhi kuyathathelana kakhulu. Zenza ukubonakaliswa okuhlukahlukene. Izibonelo zokutheleleka ngegciwane yi-nasopharyngitis, iningi le-tonsillitis nomkhuhlane.

I-virosis yisifo esibangelwa igciwane. Ama-virus yizinto ezincane kakhulu ezenziwa nge-genetic material (i-RNA noma i-DNA nucleic acid) ezungezwe yi-capsid eyenziwe ngamaprotheni futhi kwesinye isikhathi imvilophu. Azikwazi ukuzondla nokuziphindaphinda ngokwazo ngokuhlukanisa (kanti amabhaktheriya ayizinto ezincane ezineseli elilodwa eziphilayo ezingondla futhi zande).

Amagciwane adinga iseli elibamba ukuze lisinde futhi likhule. Amagciwane e-Pathogenic amagciwane akwazi ukudala izifo ezinezimpawu.

Amagciwane awakwazi ukuthelela zonke izinhlobo zamaseli. Igciwane ngalinye linokucaciswa okubanzi okucishe kubanzi okuchazwa ngokuthi yi-tropism. Kunamagciwane ane-tropism yokuphefumula, yokugaya ukudla, eyezitho zangasese, e-hepatic neye-neurological. Kodwa-ke, amanye amagciwane anama-tropism amaningi.

Izibonelo zezitho ezibhekiswe kuma-virus ahlukene:

• Isistimu yezinzwa emaphakathi: igciwane le-herpes simplex (HSV), i-cytomegalovirus (CMV), i-enterovirus, isimungumungwane, uqwilikana, amarabi, i-arbovirus;
• Iso: isimungumungwane, i-rubella, i-HSV, i-varicella zoster virus (VZV), i-CMV;
• I-Oropharynx nemigwaqo yomoya engenhla: i-rhinovirus, umkhuhlane, i-adenovirus, i-coronavirus, igciwane le-parainfluenza, i-HSV, i-CMV;
• Indlela yokuphefumula engezansi: umkhuhlane, isimungumungwane, i-adenovirus, i-CMV;
• Ipheshana lesisu: i-enterovirus, i-adenovirus, i-rotavirus; 
• Isibindi: igciwane le-hepatitis A, B, C, D ne-E;
• Izitho zangasese: i-papillomavirus, i-HSV;
• Isinye: adenovirus 11;
• I-Peau: VZV, poxvirus, papillomavirus, HSV.

Ukutheleleka ngamagciwane okuthe ngqo (okuvame kakhulu) kuphulukisa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuze kufike kumaviki ambalwa. Amanye amagciwane, njengegciwane le-hepatitis B ne-hepatitis C, angaqhubeka nokutheleleka okungamahlalakhona (ukutholwa okuqhubekayo kwegciwane). Amagciwane omndeni we-Herpesviridae (HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV) aqhubeka ngendlela ehlala isikhathi eside emzimbeni (ukungabikho kokuphindaphindeka kwegciwane elibonakalayo) ngakho-ke angasebenza kabusha (ukukhiqizwa okusha kwezinhlayiya zegciwane) esimweni esikhulu. ukukhathala, ingcindezi noma i-immunosuppression (ukufakelwa izitho, ukutheleleka nge-HIV noma umdlavuza).

I-bronchiolitis

EFrance, unyaka nonyaka, izinsana ezingama-500 (isib. 000% sabantwana) zithinteka i-bronchiolitis. I-Bronchiolitis yisifo sofuba esivela kakhulu ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili ubudala.

Ihambisana nokuvuvukala kwama-bronchioles, imigudu emincane yokuphefumula yamaphaphu. Ukuvinjelwa kwabo kuhambisana nokushaywa yisimo okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphefumula okubizwa ngokuthi yi-wheezing. I-bronchiolitis ivela ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya ku-Ephreli. Kuthatha cishe isonto, ukukhwehlela kungaqhubeka isikhashana. Ezimweni ezingaphezu kwezingu-70%, igciwane elibhekene ne-RSV, i-Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Uyathathelana kakhulu. Isakazeka kusuka osaneni kuye kosana noma komdala kuye kosana ngezandla, amathe, ukukhwehlela, ukuthimula nezinto ezingcolisiwe. Ukutheleleka nge-RSV kuveza izingozi ezimbili eziyinkimbinkimbi: ubungozi obukhulu bokuthuthukisa uhlobo olunzima lwesifo oludinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela kanye nengozi yesikhathi eside yokuthola i- "post-virus bronchial hyperresponsiveness". Lokhu kuboniswa iziqephu eziphindaphindwayo ezinamasondo ngesikhathi sokuphefumula.

Umkhuhlane

Umkhuhlane ukutheleleka ngegciwane okubangelwa igciwane i-Influenza, okubandakanya izinhlobo ezintathu: A, B no-C. Izinhlobo kuphela A no-B kuphela ezinganikeza izinhlobo zomtholampilo ezinzima.

Umkhuhlane wonyaka uvela ngohlobo lwezifo ezisezweni laseFrance. Abantu abayizigidi ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha bathinteka umkhuhlane unyaka nonyaka. Umkhuhlane wonyaka womkhuhlane uvame ukwenzeka phakathi kwezinyanga zikaNovemba no-Ephreli. Kuthatha isilinganiso samasonto ayi-2.

Umkhuhlane ungadala izinkinga ezinkulu kubantu abasengozini (abantu asebekhulile noma izifundo ezibuthakathaka ngenxa yezifo ezingapheli). Umkhuhlane wonyaka ubhekene nokufa kwabantu abayi-10 ngonyaka eFrance.

Ukutheleleka ngegciwane kuyathathelana kakhulu. Amagciwane adluliselwa ngu: 

• Amathe: Igciwane le-CMV ne-Epstein Barr (EBV);
• Uketshezi lokuphefumula ngesikhathi sokukhwehlela noma ukuthimula: amagciwane okuphefumula (i-rhinovirus, igciwane lomkhuhlane, i-RSV), isimungumungwane, i-VZV;
• Isikhumba ngomzila odlulayo, ngokulunywa, ngokulunywa noma ngenxeba: igciwane le-rabies, i-HSV, i-VZV;
• Izindle: ngokudla noma ngezandla ezingcoliswe indle (ukudluliswa kwamanzi ngomlomo). Kunamagciwane amaningi wokugaya ukudla asebenza esitokisini (adenovirus, rotavirus, coxsackievirus, poliovirus, coronavirus, enterovirus);
• Izinto ezingcolile (ukudluliswa ngesandla): Igciwane le-Influenzae, i-coronavirus;
• Umchamo: Izindunduma, i-CMV, isimungumungwane;
• Ubisi lwebele: i-HIV, i-HTLV, i-CMV;
• Iminikelo yegazi neyomzimba: i-HIV, igciwane lesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B (HBV), igciwane le-hepatitis C (HCV), i-CMV…;
• Ukwemfihlo kwezitho zobulili: i-HSV 1 ne-HSV 2, i-CMV, i-HBV, i-HIV;

I-vector: igciwane lidluliswa ngokulunywa okuvela esilwaneni esinegciwane (i-yellow fever, i-dengue fever, i-encephalitis yaseJapan, i-West Nile virus encephalitis namanye ama-arboviruses).

Izifo eziningi ezibucayi ezibangelwa amagciwane azinazimpawu (azikho izimpawu) noma zinezimpawu ezijwayelekile ezifana nomkhuhlane, ukukhathala nokuba khona kwama-lymph node. Lokhu kunjalo, isibonelo, nge-rubella, i-CMV noma i-EBV.

Izimpawu zokutheleleka ngegciwane zincike esithombeni esinegciwane. Ukutheleleka ngegciwane okuningi futhi kuphakamisa izimpawu zesikhumba (ama-macule, ama-papules, ama-vesicles, ukuqubuka kwesikhumba (ububomvu): lokhu kunjalo ngokwesibonelo se-HSV, VZV, rubella.

Umkhuhlane, ngokwesibonelo, ubonakala ngemfiva ephezulu, ukugodola, ukuthimula, ukukhwehlela, ikhala eligobayo, ukukhathala okukhulu, ubuhlungu bomzimba, ikhanda elibuhlungu. I-Nasopharyngitis (ebandayo) ikhonjiswa umkhuhlane, ikhala eligcwele, uketshezi lwamakhala, ukukhwehlela.

Ukutheleleka ngegciwane akunakwelashwa ngama-antibiotic. Izinkinga zebacteria kuphela zokutheleleka ngegciwane ezidinga ama-antibiotic. Ama-virus alashwa ngezimpawu (imfiva, ubuhlungu, ukukhwehlela) ngama-antipyretics noma ama-painkillers, noma izindlela zokwelashwa zezimpawu ezithile: anti-emetics uma kwenzeka uhlanza, ukhilimu opholisayo noma othambisa futhi, kwesinye isikhathi, i-antihistamine yomlomo yokulunywa okubangelwa ukuqubuka okuthile kwesikhumba.

Imishanguzo inganikezwa ezimweni ezinzima zomkhuhlane, ukwelapha i-HIV, isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B noma C, noma i-herpesviruses ethile.