Okuqukethwe
Ukukhula kwamakhowe ebhotela esikalini sezimboni kugcwele ubunzima obuthile, ngoba indawo evulekile iyadingeka ukuze kutholwe isivuno esikhulu. Kodwa ukuze kukhule izimvemvane ezweni, njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, azikho izithiyo. Ngemuva kokuthola i-mycelium ezinhlamvu zamakhowe wasendle, ungahlwanyela indawo elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile futhi uthole isivuno sokuqala ngonyaka.
Amakhowe ebhotela angowomndeni wakwaBoletov, onezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-250 zamakhowe esigqoko. Ngokwemvelo, izinhlobo eziningana zamafutha zivamile, okuyizinto ezivame kakhulu i-oiler ephuzile noma yangempela, i-larch butterdish, i-soft butterdish, i-oiler ephuzi-brown kanye ne-butterdish granular. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zingatshalwa ezindaweni zasendlini noma emapulazini amakhowe ahlelwe ngokukhethekile, kuye ngezimo ezidalwe, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuba khona kwezihlahla ezisingathwayo lapho lezi zinhlobo zesikhunta zakha i-mycorrhiza.
Endle, i-butterdish ikhula ikakhulukazi endaweni yehlathi enesimo sezulu esishisayo emaphethelweni kanye nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi e-coniferous, eceleni kwemigwaqo, ekutshalweni okuncane kwamaphayini kanye nezihlahla ze-spruces; i-larch butterdish itholakala kuma-larch. I-oiler isatshalaliswa kabanzi eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, ihlala e-Asia nase-Australia. Ezweni Lethu, i-butterdish ihlala yonke indawo: kusukela e-Arkhangelsk naseVologda enyakatho kuya endaweni yehlathi-steppe yezifunda zaseSaratov naseVoronezh engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwe; kuvamile e-Urals, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Amakhowe e-Butter ngokuvamile abhekwa njengamakhowe ehlobo, akhula emahlathini e-coniferous kusukela ngoJuni kuya ku-Okthoba, futhi ekwindla efudumele ezindaweni eziseningizimu atholakala kuze kube sekuqaleni kukaNovemba.
Uzofunda mayelana nokuthi amakhowe ebhotela abukeka kanjani nokuthi ungawakhulisa kanjani ngendlela efanele kulesi sihloko.
Incazelo yamakhowe ebhotela
Ngokwesimo sokudla kwabo, izimvemvane ziyingxenye yesikhunta se-mycorrhizal, noma isikhunta se-symbiont esakha i-mycorrhiza ngezimpande zezihlahla ezincane ze-coniferous. Emvelweni, i-mycelium ikhula iminyaka engaba ngu-13-15 kuze kube yilapho isithela kakhulu, ithanda inhlabathi enesihlabathi esilula ngesakhiwo, iphezulu nge-limestone futhi inothile ngezinto eziphilayo, futhi ikhula ikakhulukazi kudoti we-coniferous.
Ukuchazwa kwamafutha kuyisici kangangokuthi adidaniswa nanoma yimaphi amanye amakhowe ngenxa yesigqoko esinamafutha, esimbozwe ngongqimba olunamathelayo phezulu, kanye ne-pulp ephuzi. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ifilimu enamafutha ihlukana kalula ne-pulp.
Bona ukuthi izimvemvane zibukeka kanjani kulezi zithombe - umbala wekepisi lamakhowe unsundu; kuye ngohlobo lwazo kanye nezici zenhlabathi, ingahluka ukusuka kokuphuzi-nsundu ukuya kokubomvu-nsundu noma umnqumo onsundu:
I-cap yamakhowe ngokwesilinganiso ifinyelela ububanzi obuyi-5-6 cm, kodwa ngokuvamile kungenzeka ukuthola amakhowe ane-cap diameter ka-8-12 cm. Esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula komzimba othela izithelo, i-cap ingaba yi-hemispherical noma i-convex, futhi njengoba isikhunta sikhula, siyaqonda futhi sibe flatter. Ukuphakama kwesikhunta ngokwesilinganiso ku-6-10 cm, isiqu sivame ukubukeka njenge-cylindrical, kwezinye izinhlobo singaba yiklabhu.
Ikhowe linokunambitheka okuvumelanayo, inani eliphezulu lokudla okunomsoco, futhi lingafakwa ngaphansi kwanoma iyiphi indlela yokucubungula: ukusuka omisweni ukuya ekubilisweni, ukugazinga noma ukucwiliswa.
Ezinye izinhlobo zikawoyela, njenge-larch ne- graceful, ziqukethe izinto zokwelapha ezingaletha impumuzo ekhanda elibuhlungu futhi zidambise isifo sohudo. Lezi zakhiwo zamafutha zisetshenziswa kakhulu emithini yesintu.
Lokhu kukhetha kwezithombe kubonisa ukuthi izimvemvane zezinhlobo ezahlukene zibukeka kanjani:
Zikhula kanjani izimvemvane ezweni
Ekukhuleni kwamakhowe ezimbonini, ama-oilers afuywa ngokwezinga elilinganiselwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kobuchwepheshe obunenzuzo enkulu ukuze kulinywe kakhulu ezindaweni ezivalekile, ngakho-ke izindawo ezinkulu ezinokutshalwa kwe-coniferous ziyadingeka ukuze kwakhiwe iziza zezimboni. Kodwa-ke, ukutshalwa kukawoyela kujwayelekile ekukhuleni kwamakhowe angamateur ngenxa yezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zamakhowe, kanye nokuzala okuphezulu kwe-mycelium.
Kuze kube manje, kusiko lwembewu yamafutha kutshalwa abalimi bamakhowe abangama-amateur besebenzisa indlela ebanzi eseduze kakhulu nemvelo.
Ngenxa yesici sesici samakhowe ukwenza i-mycorrhiza ngezimpande zezihlahla ezincane ze-coniferous, amasimu kawoyela akhetha isiza esinamaphayini amancane, imisedari, ama-larch noma ama-spruces, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwesitsha sebhotela nezimo ezikhulayo ze-mycelium okuvela kuyo. i-mycelium yatholwa. Iminyaka efiselekayo yezihlahla isukela eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kweyi-15, isendaweni enjalo ukuthi i-mycelium yamakhowe ikhula ngamandla ngangokunokwenzeka, njengoba izihlahla ezincane zithatha izakhi ezincane emhlabathini nasemanzini, zishiya ukudla okwengeziwe kwamakhowe. Ezinye izinhlobo zikawoyela ezithathwe emahlathini axubile zingatshalwa ngaphansi kwezihlahla ezivuthulukayo ezikwaziyo ukwenza i-symbiosis. Ama-butterflies athanda umthunzi omncane okhanyayo, kodwa angakhula nasezindaweni ezinelanga, athande inhlabathi ene-asidi, futhi ayakwazi ukukhula ezindaweni ezicebile.
Ngaphambi kokutshala i-boletus, udinga ukususa ungqimba olungaphezulu lomhlaba endaweni ekhethiwe ukujula okungama-20 cm. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze udale inhlabathi efanelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-mycelium. Umhlabathi onomsoco webhotela wakhiwe ngezingqimba eziningana. Isendlalelo sokuqala, esiphansi senziwe ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zemifino - singagundwa utshani, amaqabunga awile, izinkuni eziqoshiwe, izinaliti. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukudala ungqimba lwesibili emhlabeni oluqoqwe endaweni lapho amakhowe ekhula khona - kulokhu, ibhalansi ye-acid-base yayo izoba eduze nokuhle ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa ungayifaka esikhundleni senhlabathi evamile yengadi. Inhlabathi engadini enciphile kufanele ivuthwe nge-humus. I-Mycelium yamakhowe ihlwanyelwa emhlabathini olungisiwe.
Kuze kube manje, abalimi abaningi bamakhowe bakhetha ukusebenzisa izinhlamvu zamakhowe avuthiwe aqoqwe ehlathini ukuze atshalwe, naphezu kokuthi izitolo ezikhethekile eziku-inthanethi manje zinikeza uwoyela we-mycelium okhuliswe elabhorethri. Lokhu kungenxa yesimo somsoco wesikhunta, esithola ingxenye enkulu yezinto eziphilayo esihlahleni esenza ngaso i-symbiosis. Ngokudla okunjalo, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, kanye nohlobo lwezihlahla lapho i-oiler yakha i-symbiosis, kubaluleke kakhulu. Njengomthetho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke kakhulu kunezemvelo lapho i-mycelium ithuthukiswe khona ngaphambili, imizimba ye-fruiting ayikhiwanga, naphezu kokuthuthukiswa kwayo okuphumelelayo.
I-mycelium esakazwayo yengezwa ezihlahleni entwasahlobo. I-substrate egcwele i-mycelium isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo endaweni encane phezu kwendawo elungiselelwe, emva kwalokho imbozwe ngendwangu yezitshalo ezivela emaqabunga noma otshanini, ungqimba lwensimu noma inhlabathi yehlathi yengezwe phezulu. Indawo etshaliwe iphuziswa ngokufafazwa ngokufafaza okuhle noma indlela yokuconsa kuze kumanziswe ungqimba lomhlabathi ongaphezulu. Kusukela phezulu, isayithi lingabuye limbozwe ngongqimba oluncane lwamaqabunga avikela inhlabathi ekumisweni. Njengoba inhlabathi yoma, kufanele ifakwe emanzini.
Izithelo zenzeka ngonyaka ngemuva kokuhlwanyela, ziqhubeka endaweni eyodwa kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15. Ekwindla, imibhede ehlwanyelwe nge-mycelium kufanele futhi imbozwe ngotshani, utshani namaqabunga. Entwasahlobo, ungqimba oluvikelayo luyasuswa, lushiye ungqimba oluncane lwezitshalo.
Ngokungafani namafutha asehlathini, uwoyela wengadi cishe awusoze waba yizibungu, ngoba azikho izinambuzane zemvelo zefungal ezitholakala ehlathini enhlabathini engadini.
Njengomthetho, ukuvuna akubalulekile eminyakeni yokuqala, njengoba i-mycelium iqhubeka nokukhula eminye iminyaka engu-5-7, emva kwalokho inani lemizimba ye-fruiting lizokhula kakhulu. Izimvemvane zivunwa ngesandla, ukusonta amakhowe noma ukuwasika ezimpandeni. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10-15, ngokuncipha kwe-fruiting, i-mycelium ingashintshwa. Ukuze uthole isivuno esizinzile emasimini, kwakhiwa iziza eziningana ezineminyaka ehlukene ye-mycelium, ekuvumela ukuthi uqoqe isivuno esiningi samakhowe njalo ngonyaka. Amakhowe e-Butter emva kokusika angasetshenziswa kokubili ukupheka nokuvuna esikhathini esizayo - amakhowe adinga omisiwe noma afakwe emanzini.
Indlela yokukhulisa amafutha e-mycelium ekhaya
Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, kungenzeka ukukhulisa i-mycelium enamafutha ekhaya. Ukuze wenze lokhu, amakhowe aqoqwe kufanele ahlanganiswe ne-substrate ekhethiwe ngokukhethekile. I-substrate yokuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium ilungiswa ngesisekelo se-peat kanye ne-coniferous sawdust, esiza ukwakha i-nutrient medium eduze nemvelo. Ukuze uthole ama-sawdust, kuyinto efiselekayo ukusebenzisa lezo zinhlobo zezihlahla eduze nalapho amakhowe aqoqwa ukuze alinywe akhule khona. Ukuze kusatshalaliswe i-mycelium, izimbiza ezijwayelekile zamalitha amathathu zifaneleka kangcono. I-substrate eyomile ngokucophelela ibekwe embizeni, i-tamped kancane kuze kube yilapho isitsha sesigcwele cishe uhhafu.
Umsoco owengeziwe we-mycelium unikezwa isisombululo esikhethekile somsoco, esilungiselelwe ngesisekelo isiraphu yeshukela ngokufaka ukumiswa kwemvubelo ngesilinganiso: ku-litre lamanzi ngalinye, i-1 tsp. ushukela kanye nemvubelo efanayo. Ebhodweni ngalinye lamalitha amathathu, amalitha ayi-1,5 esixazululo sezakhi kufanele alungiswe. Ilethwa ngamathumba, emva kwalokho i-peat ebekwe ezitsheni ithululelwa phezu kwayo. Khona-ke i-sawdust eyomile yengezwa kuze kube yilapho yonke ivolumu yembiza igcwaliswa, ivalwe ngokuqinile ngesembozo futhi ishiywe amahora angu-5 ukuze igcwalise i-substrate ngezakhi. Khona-ke amanzi asele akhishwa, i-substrate ixutshwe kahle, ama-punctures ayenziwa ngenduku encane ezindaweni eziningana futhi izingcezu zamakhowe anezinhlamvu zifakwa emigodini eyenziwe.
Imbiza ivalwe ngokuqinile ngesivalo esinembobo engu-1,5 cm ububanzi eyenziwe kuyo, exhunywe ngesivalo senjoloba esiyigwebu futhi sishiywe izinyanga ezi-3, sigcina izinga lokushisa ekamelweni ku-23-25 ° C. ukuthuthukiswa kwe-hyphae, i-substrate ene-mycelium isuswa ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela ekamelweni elibandayo elimnyama elinokushisa okungaba ngu-6 ° C.
