I-Truffle

Incazelo

I-Truffle (Tuber) iyikhowe elibiza kakhulu emhlabeni, isibiliboco esingajwayelekile futhi esimnandi esinambitheka eyingqayizivele nephunga elithile eliqinile. Ikhowe laqanjwa igama ngenxa yokufana komzimba walo othelayo ngezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane noma izigaxa (ibinzana lesiLatini elithi terrae tuber lihambisana nomqondo “wezigaxa zobumba”).

I-mushroom truffle ingeyomnyango we-ascomycetes, ukuhlukaniswa kweziqephu zePezizomycotina, isigaba se-pec, ukuhleleka kwe-pec, umndeni we-truffle, uhlobo lwe-truffle.

I-truffle yamakhowe: incazelo nezici. Ngabe i-truffle ibukeka kanjani?

Ezimweni eziningi, ikhowe le-truffle likhulu kancane kunenathi, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zingaba zikhulu kune-tuber enkulu yamazambane futhi zibe nesisindo esingaphezu kwekhilogremu elilodwa.

I-truffle uqobo ibukeka njengezambane. Isendlalelo sangaphandle (i-peridium) esimboza ukhunta singaba nobuso obushelelezi noma imifantu eminingana, futhi singambozwa nezimpawu zensumpa enezici eziningi.

Isigaba esiphambanweni samakhowe sinokutholakala kwemabula okuhlukile. Kwakhiwa ngokushintshana kwemithambo ekhanyayo "yemithambo yangaphakathi" kanye "nemithambo yangaphandle" yomthunzi omnyama, lapho kunezikhwama ze-spore, ezinobujamo obuhlukahlukene.

Umbala we-truffle pulp uncike ezinhlotsheni: kungaba mhlophe, mnyama, ushokoledi, mpunga.

Izinhlobo zama-truffle, amagama nezithombe

Uhlobo lwe-truffles lubandakanya izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu eziyikhulu zamakhowe, ezihlukaniswa zombili ngokuya ngeqembu lazo lezinto eziphilayo kanye nangokwenani le-gastronomic (omnyama, omhlophe, obomvu).

Ama-truffle adume kakhulu yilawa:

I-truffle yasehlobo emnyama (i-Russian truffle) (iTuber aestivum)

Ifinyelela ku-10 cm ububanzi futhi inesisindo esingu-400 gram. Izinguquko ezihlobene nobudala enyameni ye-truffle zivezwa ngokushintshwa kombala kusuka kumathoni amhlophe kuya kozotho ophuzi nsundu nonsundu ngokumpunga. Ukungaguquguquki kwayo futhi kuyashintsha kusuka kokuminyene kwamakhowe amancane kuya kokukhululekile kokudala. I-truffle yaseRussia inokunambitheka okumnandi kwamantongomane nephunga elicashile le-algae.

Lolu hlobo lwe-truffle lukhula eTranscaucasia naseCrimea, engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia naseYurophu. Itholakala ngaphansi kwezihlahla ezinjenge-oki, uphayini, ihazel. Izithelo kusuka ngoJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba.

I-Black Autumn Burgundy Truffle (iTuber mesentericum)

Amakhowe ayindilinga futhi anesisindo esifinyelela ku-320 g, engeqi ku-8 cm ngosayizi. I-pulp ye-truffle evuthiwe inombala ushokoledi wobisi, ungene ngemithambo emhlophe. Iphunga le-truffle linomthunzi ocacile we-cocoa, amakhowe ngokwawo anambitheka obabayo.

I-truffle yasebusika emnyama (iTuber brumale)

Isimo semizimba yezithelo singaba yindilinga ngokungajwayelekile noma sicishe sibe yindilinga. Ubukhulu be-truffle buhluka kusuka ku-8 kuye ku-15-20 cm, futhi isisindo singafinyelela ku-1.5 kg. Ubuso obubomvu-violet besikhunta buhlanganiswe nezinsumpa eziningi. Ngokukhula, umbala we-peridium uphenduka umnyama, futhi inyama emhlophe iba mpunga-nsomi. I-truffle yasebusika inephunga elimnandi, elibiziwe le-musky.

Lolu hlobo lwe-truffle lukhula kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuJanuwari-Februwari emhlabathini omanzi ngaphansi kwe-hazel noma i-linden. Ingatholakala eFrance, e-Italy, eSwitzerland nase-our country.

IBlack Perigord (French) Truffle (iTuber melanosporum)

Izithelo azijwayelekile noma ziyindilinga kancane, zifinyelela ku-9 cm esigabeni. Ubuso besikhunta, obumbozwe yizinsumpa ezine noma ezinamacala ayisithupha, bashintsha umbala waso kusuka konsundu ngokubomvu kuya kumnyama wamalahle ngobudala. Inyama ekhanyayo ye-truffle kwesinye isikhathi enombala opinki iba mnyama nsundu noma imnyama-nsomi njengoba iguga.

Kuthela kusukela ngoDisemba kuya ngasekupheleni kukaMashi. Iyatshalwa eYurophu naseCrimea, e-Australia, eNew Zealand, eChina, eNingizimu Afrika. Phakathi kwama-truffle amnyama, lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengeligugu kakhulu; ibizwa nangokuthi "idayimane elimnyama". Inephunga elinamandla nokunambitheka okumnandi. Igama lekhowe livela egameni lesifunda sasePerigord eFrance.

I-Black Himalayan Truffle (iTuber himalayensis)

Ikhowe elinemizimba emincane yezithelo nesisindo esifinyelela ku-50 g. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane, le truffle kunzima ukuyithola.

I-White Piedmont (Italian) Truffle (Tuber magnatum)

Izithelo zezithelo zinesimo se-tuberous esingajwayelekile futhi zifinyelela ku-12 cm ububanzi. Ngokuyinhloko, isisindo se-truffle asidluli ku-300 g, kepha ama-specimens angavamile angaba nesisindo esingu-1 kilogram. IPeridium ibomvu ngombala ophuzi noma umbala onsundu. I-pulp imhlophe noma i-creamy, kwesinye isikhathi ine-tint ebomvu encane.

I-Piedmont truffle iyigugu kunawo wonke ama-truffle amhlophe futhi ithathwa njengekhowe elibiza kakhulu emhlabeni. I-truffle yase-Italy inambitheka kahle futhi iphunga likhumbuza ushizi nogalikhi. Ikhowe likhula enyakatho ye-Italy.

I-White Oregon (American) truffle (iTuber oregonense)

Isikhunta sifinyelela ku-5-7 cm ububanzi futhi sinesisindo esifinyelela ku-250 g. Ikhula ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-United States. Imvamisa itholakala kungqimba lwenhlabathi, oluqukethe izinaliti eziwohlokayo. Ngalesi sizathu, iphunga le-truffle linamanothi ezimbali namakhambi.

I-Truffle ebomvu (iTuber rufum)

Unephunga lamakhambi kakhukhunathi elinambitheka yewayini. Ubukhulu bamakhowe abudluli ku-4 cm, kanti isisindo singama-80 g. I-pulp iminyene. Ikhula ikakhulukazi eYurophu emahlathini ahlabayo futhi aqinile. Isikhathi sokudla siqala ngoSepthemba kuya kuJanuwari.

I-red glitter truffle (iTuber nitidum)

Le truffle inephunga elimnandi lewayini-eliphakathi-likakhukhunathi. Imizimba efaka izithelo ifinyelela ku-3 cm ububanzi futhi inesisindo esifinyelela ku-45 g. Ikhula emahlathini ahlabayo futhi aqinile. Isikhathi sokuthela kusuka ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti (kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, sithela izithelo kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba).

I-Autumn Truffle (iBurgundy) (iTuber uncinatum)

Olunye uhlobo lwe-truffle emnyama yaseFrance. Ikhula ikakhulu ezifundeni ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeFrance, itholakala e-Italy, kuyaqabukela e-UK. Amakhowe anephunga elimnandi le-hazelnut elinenothi elikhanyayo elithi "chocolate", aziswa kakhulu ngama-gourmets ngezici zawo ezinhle kakhulu ze-gastronomic kanye nentengo "engabizi" uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-truffles: intengo ye-truffle ingaphakathi kwama-euro angama-600 ngekhilogremu elilodwa .

Lolu hlobo lwe-truffle luvuthwa ngoJuni-Okthoba, kuya ngezimo zezulu. I-pulp yamakhowe iminyene impela, futhi ukungaguquguquki kwayo akuguquki phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokuvuthwa, inombala onsundu onsundu ngokufakwe njalo ngemithambo ekhanyayo "yemabula".

I-Chinese (Asia) Truffle (Tuber sinensis, Tuber indicum)

Naphezu kwegama layo, ikhowe lokuqala lale nhlobo alitholakali eChina, kodwa emahlathini aseHimalaya, futhi kuphela ikhulu leminyaka kamuva, i-truffle yase-Asia yatholakala eChina.

Ngokuphathelene nokunambitheka nokushuba kwephunga, leli khowe liphansi kakhulu kunomfowabo - i-truffle emnyama yaseFrance, noma kunjalo, ibaluleke kakhulu kubathandi bokudla okunjalo. Inyama yekhowe imnyama nsundu, kwesinye isikhathi imnyama, inezintambo eziningi zombala ompunga ngokumpunga.

I-truffle yamaShayina ayikhuli kuphela endaweni yamaShayina: itholakala eNdiya, emahlathini aseKorea, futhi ekwindla ka-2015, esinye sezakhamuzi zedolobha laseRussia i-Ussuriisk sathola i-truffle khona lapho esizeni sayo, ingadi ngaphansi kwesihlahla esincane se-oki.

Ama-truffle akhula kuphi futhi kanjani?

Amakhowe e-Truffle akhula ngaphansi komhlaba ngamaqembu amancane, lapho kukhona khona imizimba yezithelo evela ku-3 kuye ku-7, enokuqina okufana nokukhanya noma okunenyama.

Indawo yokwabiwa kwama-truffle ibanzi kakhulu: lokhu kudla okumnandi kuvunwa emahlathini aqinile futhi aqinile aseYurophu nase-Asia, eNyakatho Afrika nase-United States of America.

Isibonelo, i-mycelium ye-Piedmontese truffle, ekhula enyakatho ye-Italy, yakha i-symbiosis nezimpande ze-birch, i-poplar, i-elm ne-linden, kanti izidumbu zezithelo ze-black Perigord truffle zingatholakala eSpain, eSwitzerland naseningizimu yaseFrance ezihlahleni ezinesihlahla se-oki, i-hornbeam noma i-beech.

I-truffle emnyama yasehlobo ithanda amahlathi ahlabayo noma axubekile nenhlabathi enamakhasi aseCentral Europe, eScandinavia, ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama lwaseCaucasus, e-our country, kanye nasezifundeni ezithile zase-Asia Ephakathi.

I-truffle yasebusika ayikhuli kuphela ezigodini zaseSwitzerland naseFrance, kodwa futhi nasemahlathini asezintabeni eCrimea. Izidumbu zezithelo ze-truffle emhlophe yaseMoroccan zingatholakala emahlathini asogwini lwaseMedithera naseNyakatho Afrika. Leli khowe le-truffle likhula eduze kwezimpande zomsedari, i-oki nophayini.

Amila kuphi ama-truffle eRussia?

Ama-truffle asehlobo (ama-black Russian truffle) akhula eRussia. Atholakala eCaucasus, ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama, eCrimea emahlathini ahlabayo futhi axubekile. Kungcono ukuwafuna ngaphansi kwezimpande ze-hornbeam, beech, oki. Zivamile emahlathini e-coniferous.

Ungathola futhi ama-truffle asebusika eCrimea. Leli khowe likhula kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuFebhuwari-Mashi.

Ama-truffle amhlophe (ama-truffle egolide), okuyizinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu, nawo akhula eRussia. Zitholakala eVladimir, Oryol, Kuibyshev, Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk naseSamara. Ama-truffle amhlophe nawo akhula endaweni yesifunda saseMoscow (esifundeni saseMoscow) nasendaweni yaseLeningrad.

Ama-truffle akhula ekhaya

Abantu abaningi babuza lo mbuzo ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukutshala ama-truffle uwedwa, indlela yokutshala leli khowe futhi yiziphi izimo zama-truffle akhulayo. Ngokwemvelo, ukusakazeka kwalawa makhowe kwenzeka ngenxa yabahlali behlathi abathola amakhowe avuthiwe bese bewadla.

Izinhlamvu zama-truffle, kanye nendaba yendle ekhishwe emzimbeni wesilwane, zingena ezimpandeni zesihlahla bese zakha ukuhlangana nazo. Kodwa-ke, emazweni amaningi aseYurophu nasePRC, ukutshalwa kokuzenzela kwama-truffle amnyama sekusakazeke iminyaka eminingi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ama-truffle amhlophe awazitshaleli ekulimeni.

Ukuzalisa i-truffle ngempumelelo kudinga izinto eziningana ukuqondana: izimo zezulu ezifanele, inhlabathi efanelekile nezihlahla ezifanele. Namuhla, ukwakha amasimu e-truffle, izihlahla ze-oki ezenziwe ngabantu zitshalwe kusuka emithini yesihlahla lapho kutholakala khona amakhowe.

Enye indlela ukuthelela izimpande zezithombo nge-truffle mycelium elungiselelwe ngokukhethekile. Ukutshala ama-truffle inqubo ende futhi ebiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke intengo ye-truffle ekhulele ekhaya ihluke kancane kunentengo ye-truffle yemvelo, yize ukunambitheka kwamakhowe okufakelwa kuncane.

Ungawathola kanjani ama-truffle? Izilwane ukucinga amakhowe

Ukufuna nokuqoqa ama-truffle akulula: abathandi "bokuzingela buthule" basebenzisa ubuqili obuningi nobuqili ukuze babuye ekhaya nesilwane abasifunayo. Indawo lapho ungathola khona ama-truffle imvamisa ihlukaniswa ngohlaza oluthile, umhlabathi unombala ompunga nomlotha.

Ukhunta akuvamile ukuthi uphumele ebusweni bomhlaba, kaningi ucasha emhlabathini, kepha kufanele unake ama-hillocks: uma kubonakala kuwe ukuthi indawo lapha iyi "truffle", ungavilaphi ukumba amagquma ambalwa - ungazithela phezu komndeni wamakhowe amnandi.

Abaqoqi bamakhowe abangochwepheshe bangempela ngenkathi bezingela ama-truffle bangakwazi ukunquma “ukususwa” kwamakhowe ngokumane nje athephe phansi ngenduku, kodwa lokhu sekuvele kungokuhlangenwe nakho okutholakele eminyakeni edlule. Imvamisa, ama-midge azungeza ama-truffle avuthiwe, angasiza futhi ekufuneni isibiliboco sehlathi.

I-truffle yamakhowe iwumthombo wephunga elinamandla kakhulu, futhi uma kungenakwenzeka ukuthi umuntu ayibambe ngaphansi kwenhlabathi, khona-ke izilwane ziyayizwa ikude. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi le ndlela isuselwe, lapho izilwane zaziqeqeshelwe ngokukhethekile ukucinga ama-truffles: izinja ngisho nezingulube!

Ngokumangazayo, ingulube iyakwazi ukuhogela i-truffle ebangeni lamamitha angama-20-25. Ngemuva kwalokho uqala ngentshiseko ukumba okumnandi, ngakho-ke umsebenzi omkhulu wokucosha amakhowe ukuphazamisa isilwane lapho nje "sesimile" kumakhowe.

Ezinja, i-truffle uqobo aluthokozisi maqondana nokudla, kepha laba "abaseshi" abanemilenze emine kufanele baqeqeshwe isikhathi eside ukuze babaqeqeshele ukuhogela i-truffle.

Ngendlela, inja enhle yokukha amakhowe namuhla ingabiza ngaphezu kwama-euro angama-5,000.

Izakhiwo eziwusizo zama-truffle

Izici eziyingqayizivele zokupheka kwama-truffles kudala zaziwa. Zifanele zombili ukwenza ophaya, amasoso nokugcwaliswa kophayi, futhi njengengezo ezinkukhu nasekudleni kwasolwandle. Kwesinye isikhathi zingakhonzwa njengesitsha esihlukile. Ama-truffle angavunwa ukuze asetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo ngokubanda noma ukuwafaka ku-cognac esezingeni eliphakeme.

I-truffle iqukethe amaprotheni yemifino, ama-carbohydrate, amavithamini eqembu B, PP no-C, amaminerali ahlukahlukene, ama-antioxidants, ama-pheromones, asiza ukuthuthukisa isimo somzwelo somuntu, nenani elikhulu le-fiber.

Ijusi le-truffle lilungele ezinye izifo zamehlo, futhi uginindela wekhowe uletha ukukhululeka kubantu abaphethwe i-gout. Akukho ukuphikisana okukhethekile kokudla lawa makhowe, isimo esiyinhloko ukusha kwamakhowe nokungabikho kokungezwani komzimba ne-penicillin ebantwini.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nge-truffle

1. Ama-truffle avuthiwe akholelwa ukuthi aqukethe i-anandamide, into esebenza ohlelweni lwezinzwa zomuntu ngendlela efanayo nensangu.
2. Ama-truffle azingelwa ebusuku ngenxa yokuthi emoyeni opholile, izinja ezisesha noma izingulube zibamba kangcono iphunga lamakhowe.
3. Phambilini e-Italy, izingulube eziqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile zazibandakanyekile ekuseshweni nasekuqoqweni kwama-truffle. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi abonakalisi kakhulu kuphela ungqimba lwenhlabathi ephezulu, kepha futhi bazama nokudla inyamazane, bathathelwa indawo yizinja.
4. ERussia, ngaphambi kwenguquko ka-1917, kwakusetshenziswa amabhere ukufuna ama-truffle ngemuva kokususwa kwamazinyo.
5. I-Truffle ibhekwa njenge-aphrodisiac enamandla.