Okuqukethwe
Ingxenye yebhayoloji efunda ukwakheka, umsoco kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesikhunta ibizwa nge-mycology. Le sayensi inomlando omude futhi ngokwemibandela ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu (ezindala, ezintsha nezakamuva). Imisebenzi yokuqala yesayensi mayelana nesakhiwo nokusebenza kwesikhunta esisekhona kuze kube namuhla sisukela maphakathi no-150 BC. e. Ngezizathu ezisobala, le datha yabuyekezwa izikhathi eziningi phakathi nocwaningo oluqhubekayo, futhi ulwazi oluningi lwaphikiswa.
Incazelo yesakhiwo sesikhunta, kanye nezici eziyinhloko zokukhula kwabo nokudla, kuvezwe ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.
Izici ezijwayelekile zesakhiwo se-mycelium ye-fungus
Wonke amakhowe anomzimba wemifino obizwa nge-mycelium, okungukuthi, i-mycelium. Isakhiwo sangaphandle se-mycelium yamakhowe sifana nenqwaba yemicu emincane esontekayo, ebizwa ngokuthi “hyphae”. Njengomthetho, i-mycelium yesikhunta esivamile esidliwayo ikhula enhlabathini noma okhunini olubolayo, kanti i-mycelium ye-parasitic ikhula ezicutshini zesitshalo esiphethe. Imizimba ethela izithelo yamakhowe ikhula ku-mycelium enezinhlamvu ezikhiqiza isikhunta. Kodwa-ke, kunenqwaba yesikhunta, ikakhulukazi ama-parasitic, ngaphandle kwemizimba yezithelo. Ubuhle besakhiwo saleso sikhunta siseqinisweni lokuthi izinhlamvu zazo zikhula ngqo ku-mycelium, kubathwali bezinhlamvu ezikhethekile.
I-mycelium encane ye-oyster mushroom, i-champignon namanye amakhowe asekhulile iyintambo emhlophe emincane ebukeka njengengubo emhlophe, empunga-emhlophe noma emhlophe-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ku-substrate, efana ne-cobweb.
Isakhiwo se-mycelium yesikhunta siboniswa kulo mdwebo:
Ngenqubo yokuvuthwa, umthunzi we-mycelium uba ukhilimu futhi kuvela imicu emincane yezintambo eziphothiwe. Uma ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-mycelium etholiwe yesikhunta (etsheni lengilazi noma esikhwameni) ebusweni be-substrate (okusanhlamvu noma umquba kungasebenza njengendima yayo), imicu cishe i-25-30% (efakwe iso) , khona-ke lokhu kusho ukuthi impahla yokutshala yayisezingeni eliphezulu. Izintambo ezimbalwa kanye ne-mycelium elula, encane futhi ngokuvamile ikhiqiza kakhulu. I-mycelium enjalo izokhula ngaphandle kwezinkinga futhi izokhula ku-substrate ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo kanye nezindawo zokugcina izithombo.
Uma sikhuluma ngesakhiwo sesikhunta, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinga lokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwe-oyster mushroom mycelium likhulu kakhulu kunele-champignon mycelium. Kumakhowe ama-oyster, izinto zokutshala ziba phuzi ngemva kwesikhathi esifushane futhi zibe nenani elikhulu lezintambo.
Lesi sibalo sibonisa ukwakheka kwe-oyster mushroom:
Umthunzi okhilimu we-oyster mushroom mycelium awubonisi neze ikhwalithi ephansi. Kodwa-ke, uma izintambo nezintambo zinsundu ngamaconsi ansundu oketshezi ebusweni bazo noma esitsheni esine-mycelium, lokhu kuwuphawu lokuthi i-mycelium isikhule, isikhulile noma iye yachayeka ezicini ezingezinhle (ngokwesibonelo, i-mycelium). iqandisiwe noma yashisisa ngokweqile). Kulokhu, akufanele uthembele ekusindeni okuhle kwezinto zokutshala kanye nasekuvuneni.
Lezi zimpawu zizosiza ekunqumeni ukuthi i-mycelium ikhula kanjani ku-substrate. Ukwakheka kwemicu esakhiweni esijwayelekile sesikhunta kukhombisa ukulungela kwe-mycelium ukuthela izithelo.
Uma kukhona amabala noma ama-plaque e-pink, ephuzi, eluhlaza, emnyama, enemibala emnyama esitsheni esine-mycelium noma ku-substrate ehlwanyelwe (embhedeni wengadi, ebhokisini, esikhwameni sepulasitiki), kungashiwo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi i-substrate liyakhunta, ngamanye amazwi, limbozwe isikhunta esincanyana, uhlobo “lwezimbangi” zamashampeni atshaliwe namakhowe ooyster.
Uma i-mycelium ithelelekile, ngakho-ke ayifanele ukutshala. Lapho i-substrate itheleleke ngemva kokutshalwa kwe-mycelium kuyo, izindawo ezinegciwane zisuswa ngokucophelela futhi esikhundleni se-substrate entsha.
Okulandelayo, uzofunda ukuthi yiziphi izici zesakhiwo sezinhlamvu ze-fungus.
Isakhiwo somzimba othelayo wesikhunta: ukwakheka nezici zezinhlamvu
Nakuba edume kakhulu isimo somzimba we-fruiting we-fungus ngesimo sesigqoko esihlahleni, akude neyodwa kuphela futhi ingenye yezibonelo eziningi zokuhlukahluka kwemvelo.
Emvelweni, uvame ukubona imizimba yezithelo efana nenselo. Okunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, isikhunta esikhula ezihlahleni. Ifomu elifana ne-coral liyisici samakhowe anezimpondo. Ema-marsupials, ukwakheka komzimba we-fruiting kufana nesitsha noma ingilazi. Izinhlobo zemizimba ye-fruiting zihluke kakhulu futhi azijwayelekile, futhi umbala ucebile kangangokuthi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuchaza amakhowe.
Ukuze ucabange kangcono ukwakheka kwesikhunta, bheka le midwebo nemidwebo:
Imizimba yezithelo iqukethe ama-spores, ngosizo lwazo isikhunta sande ngaphakathi nangaphezulu kwalezi zidumbu, kumapuleti, amashubhu, i-spines (amakhowe we-cap) noma emakamelweni akhethekile (ama-raincoats).
Ukuma kwezinhlamvu esakhiweni sesikhunta kuyi-oval noma i-spherical. Ubukhulu bawo buhluka kusuka ku-0,003 mm kuya ku-0,02 mm. Uma sihlola ukwakheka kwezinhlamvu zesikhunta ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, sizobona amaconsi kawoyela, okuyisakhi esigciniwe esiklanyelwe ukwenza kube lula ukuthi izinhlamvu ziqhume ku-mycelium.
Lapha ungabona isithombe sesakhiwo somzimba we-fruiting we-fungus:
Umbala wezinhlamvu uyahlukahluka, kusukela komhlophe kanye ne-ocher-brown kuya konsomi kanye nomnyama. Umbala ubekwe ngokuvumelana namapuleti ukhunta omdala. I-Russula ibonakala ngamapuleti amhlophe kanye nezinhlamvu, kuma-champignon anombala onsundu-violet, futhi ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kanye nokwanda kwenani lamapuleti, umbala wawo ushintsha usuka ku-pink ophuzi ube nsomi omnyama.
Ngenxa yendlela esebenza kahle kangaka yokukhiqiza kabusha njengokusabalalisa izigidigidi zezinhlamvu, amakhowe abelokhu exazulula ngempumelelo inkinga yokuzala iminyaka engaphezu kwesigidi. Njengoba isazi sezinto eziphilayo esaziwayo nesazi sezakhi zofuzo, uProfesa AS Serebrovsky akubeka ngendlela engokomfanekiso encwadini yakhe ethi “Biological Walks”: “Phela, njalo ekwindla, amakhanda abomvu e-fly agaric avela ngapha nangapha ngaphansi komhlaba futhi, ememeza ngombala wawo obomvu. : “Yeyi, ngena ungangithinti, nginoshevu! ”, Izigidi zezinhlamvu zazo ezingasho lutho zisakazeka emoyeni othule wasekwindla. Futhi ubani owaziyo ukuthi zingaki izinkulungwane zeminyaka lawa makhowe egcina uhlobo lwawo lwe-fly agaric ngosizo lwezinhlamvu njengoba axazulula izinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu zempilo ... "
Eqinisweni, inani lezinhlamvu ezikhishwa ukhunta emoyeni likhulu kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-beetle encane, i-cap yayo ingu-2-6 cm kuphela ububanzi, ikhiqiza izinhlamvu ezingu-100-106, futhi i-mushroom enkulu ngokwanele ene-cap 6-15 cm ububanzi ikhiqiza izinhlamvu ezingu-5200-106. Uma sicabanga ukuthi wonke lo mqulu wezinhlamvu wahluma futhi wavela imizimba evundile, khona-ke ikoloni yesikhunta esisha izothatha indawo engu-124 km2.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lezinhlamvu ezikhiqizwa isikhunta esiyisicaba esinobubanzi obungama-25-30 cm, lezi zibalo ziyaphela, njengoba zifinyelela ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30, futhi kusikhunta somndeni we-puffball inani lezinhlamvu alicabangeki futhi akulona ize. ukuthi lezi sikhunta ziphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezanda kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ikhowe elibizwa ngokuthi i-giant langermannia livame ukusondela kusayizi wekhabe futhi likhiqize izinhlamvu ezifika ku-7,5 trillion. Ngisho nasephupho elibi, awukwazi ukucabanga ukuthi bekuzokwenzekani uma zonke zihluma. Amakhowe avelayo ayezohlanganisa indawo enkulu kuneyaseJapane. Ake sivumele umcabango wethu ugijime futhi sicabange ukuthi bekuzokwenzekani uma izinambuzane zalesi sizukulwane sesibili sesikhunta zimila. Imizimba yezithelo ngomthamo ingaba izikhathi ezingu-300 umthamo woMhlaba.
Ngenhlanhla, imvelo yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi akukho ukugcwala kwamakhowe. Lesi sikhunta siyivelakancane kakhulu ngakho-ke inani elincane lezinhlamvu zalo lithola izimo ezingaphila futhi ziqhume kuzo.
Izinhlamvu zindiza emoyeni noma kuphi emhlabeni. Kwezinye izindawo kukhona abambalwa babo, isibonelo, esifundeni sezigxobo noma phezu kolwandle, kodwa akukho gumbi lapho bebengeke babe khona nhlobo. Lesi sici kufanele sinakwe futhi izici zesakhiwo somzimba wesikhunta kufanele zicatshangelwe, ikakhulukazi lapho kuzalela amakhowe oyster endlini. Lapho amakhowe eqala ukuthela izithelo, iqoqo labo nokunakekelwa (ukuchelela, ukuhlanza igumbi) kufanele kwenziwe kumshini wokuphefumula noma okungenani ngebhandeshi le-gauze elivala umlomo nekhala, njengoba izinhlamvu zalo zingabangela ukungezwani komzimba kubantu abazwelayo.
Awukwazi ukwesaba usongo olunjalo uma ukhula ama-champignon, ama-ringworms, amakhowe asebusika, amakhowe ehlobo, njengoba amapuleti awo embozwe ifilimu encane, ebizwa ngokuthi isembozo sangasese, kuze kube yilapho umzimba we-fruiting usuvuthwe ngokugcwele. Lapho amakhowe evuthwa, isembozo siyaphuka, futhi kusele umkhondo wezinyawo omise okwendandatho kuphela kuwo, futhi izinhlamvu ziphonswa emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, ngalokhu kuthuthukiswa kwezenzakalo, kusenezingxabano ezimbalwa, futhi aziyona ingozi kakhulu ngokubangela ukungezwani komzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isivuno samakhowe anjalo sivunwa ngaphambi kokuba ifilimu iphulwe ngokuphelele (ngasikhathi sinye, ikhwalithi yokuhweba yomkhiqizo iphakeme kakhulu).
Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni sesakhiwo samakhowe oyster, awanayo indawo yokulala yangasese:
Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-spores kuma-oyster amakhowe akhiwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwamapuleti futhi adedelwa emoyeni kukho konke ukukhula komzimba wezithelo, kusukela ekubukeni kwamapuleti futhi kuphele ngokuvuthwa okugcwele nokuvuna (lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka 5- Ezinsukwini eziyisi-6 ngemuva kokwakheka komzimba wezithelo).
Kuvela ukuthi izinhlamvu zalesi sikhunta zihlala zikhona emoyeni. Mayelana nalokhu, iseluleko: imizuzu engu-15-30 ngaphambi kokuvuna, kufanele uphuze umoya omncane ekamelweni ngebhodlela le-spray (amanzi akufanele athole amakhowe). Kanye namaconsi oketshezi, izinhlamvu nazo zizohlala phansi.
Manje njengoba usujwayele izici zesakhiwo sesikhunta, sekuyisikhathi sokufunda ngezimo eziyisisekelo zokuthuthukiswa kwazo.
Izimo eziyisisekelo zokuthuthukiswa kwesikhunta
Kusukela ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwama-rudiments kuze kube ukuvuthwa okugcwele, ukukhula komzimba we-fruiting ngokuvamile akuthathi izinsuku ezingaphezu kwe-10-14, yiqiniso, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo: izinga lokushisa elivamile kanye nomswakama womhlabathi nomoya.
Uma sikhumbula ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezitshalwe ezweni, khona-ke ama-strawberries kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kuya ekuvuthweni okugcwele enkabeni yeZwe Lethu kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-1,5, ezinhlotsheni zokuqala zama-apula - cishe izinyanga ezi-2, ebusika lesi sikhathi sifika. 4 izinyanga.
Emasontweni amabili, amakhowe e-cap akhula ngokugcwele, kuyilapho ama-puffballs angakhula aze afike ku-50 cm ububanzi noma ngaphezulu. Kunezizathu eziningana zomjikelezo wokukhula okusheshayo kwesikhunta.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esimweni sezulu esivumayo, singachazwa yiqiniso lokuthi ngaphansi kwe-mycelium kunemizimba eminingi enezithelo ezakhiwe, okuthiwa i-primordia, equkethe izingxenye ezigcwele zomzimba wesikhathi esizayo: isiqu, i-cap. , amapuleti.
Kuleli qophelo lokuphila kwayo, isikhunta sidonsa kakhulu umswakama wenhlabathi kangangokuthi okuqukethwe kwamanzi emzimbeni wezithelo kufinyelela ku-90-95%. Ngenxa yalokho, ukucindezela kokuqukethwe kwamaseli kulwelwesi lwawo (turgor) kuyanda, okubangela ukwanda kokunwebeka kwezicubu zefungal. Ngaphansi kwethonya lalokhu kucindezela, zonke izingxenye zomzimba we-fruiting we-fungus ziqala ukwelula.
Kungashiwo ukuthi umswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa kunikeza umfutho ekuqaleni kokukhula kwe-primordia. Ngemva kokuthola idatha yokuthi umswakama ufinyelele izinga elanele, futhi izinga lokushisa lihlangabezana nezimo zokuphila, amakhowe alula ngokushesha ubude futhi avule ama-caps awo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesivinini esisheshayo, ukubukeka nokuvuthwa kwezinhlamvu.
Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona komswakama okwanele, isibonelo, ngemva kwemvula, akuqinisekisi ukuthi amakhowe amaningi azokhula. Njengoba kwenzeka, esimweni sezulu esishisayo, esinomswakama, ukukhula okujulile kubonakala kuphela ku-mycelium (nguye okhiqiza iphunga elimnandi lamakhowe elijwayelekile kwabaningi).
Ukuthuthukiswa kwemizimba ye-fruiting ngenani elikhulu lesikhunta kwenzeka ekushiseni okuphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amakhowe adinga umehluko wokushisa ngaphezu komswakama ukuze akhule. Isibonelo, izimo ezivumayo kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa kwamakhowe e-champignon yizinga lokushisa lika-+24-25 ° C, kuyilapho ukuthuthukiswa komzimba we-fruiting kuqala ku-+15-18 ° C.
Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, i-autumn honey agaric ibusa kakhulu emahlathini, ethanda amakhaza futhi isabela ngokuphawulekayo kunoma yikuphi ukuguquka kwezinga lokushisa. Ukushisa kwayo "i-corridor" kungu-8-13 ° С. Uma lokhu kushisa kungu-August, khona-ke i-honey agaric iqala ukuthela izithelo ehlobo. Lapho nje izinga lokushisa likhuphuka libe ngu-+15 ° C noma ngaphezulu, amakhowe ayeka ukuthela futhi anyamalale.
I-mycelium ye-flammulina velvet-legged iqala ukuhluma ekushiseni okungama-20 ° C, kuyilapho isikhunta ngokwaso sivela ngokwesilinganiso ekushiseni kuka-5-10 ° C, noma kunjalo, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lehle liye ku-minus nalo liyilungele.
Izici ezifanayo zokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwesikhunta kufanele zicatshangelwe lapho zifuywa endaweni evulekile.
Amakhowe anesici sokuthela ngesigqi phakathi nenkathi yokukhula. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile kumakhowe we-cap, athela izithelo ngezingqimba noma amagagasi. Mayelana nalokhu, kunenkulumo phakathi kwabakha amakhowe: “Ungqimba lokuqala lwamakhowe lwahamba” noma “Ungqimba lokuqala lwamakhowe lwehla.” Leli gagasi aliningi kakhulu, isibonelo, ku-boletus emhlophe, liwela ekupheleni kukaJulayi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusika isinkwa kwenzeka, yingakho amakhowe abizwa nangokuthi "ama-spikelets".
Ngalesi sikhathi, amakhowe atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho kukhula khona ama-oki nama-birches. Ngo-Agasti, ungqimba lwesibili luyavuthwa, ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, futhi ngasekupheleni kwehlobo - ekuqaleni kwekwindla, isikhathi se-autumn layer sifika. Amakhowe akhula ekwindla abizwa ngokuthi amakhowe aluhlaza. Uma sicabangela inyakatho yeZwe Lethu, i-tundra kanye nehlathi-tundra, khona-ke kukhona ungqimba lwekwindla kuphela - okusele kuhlangana kube munye, Agasti. Isimo esifanayo sijwayelekile emahlathini asezintabeni eziphakeme.
Isivuno esicebile ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esivumayo siwela ezingqimbeni zesibili noma zesithathu (ekupheleni kuka-Agasti - Septhemba).
Iqiniso lokuthi amakhowe avela kumagagasi achazwa ngokucaciswa kokukhula kwe-mycelium, lapho amakhowe e-cap eqala ukuthela izithelo isizini yonke esikhundleni senkathi yokukhula kwezitshalo. Lesi sikhathi sezinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhowe sihluka kakhulu futhi sinqunywa izimo zezulu.
Ngakho-ke, ku-champignon etshalwe ku-greenhouse, lapho kwakhiwa khona indawo ekahle, ukukhula kwe-mycelium kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-10-12, emva kwalokho izithelo ezisebenzayo ziqhubeka izinsuku ezingama-5-7, kulandelwa ukukhula kwe-mycelium izinsuku eziyi-10. Bese umjikelezo uphinda futhi.
Isigqi esifanayo sitholakala kwamanye amakhowe atshaliwe: isikhunta sasebusika, i-oyster mushroom, i-ringworm, futhi lokhu akukwazi kodwa ukuthinta ubuchwepheshe bokutshalwa kwawo kanye nemininingwane yokunakekelwa kwawo.
I-cyclicity esobala kakhulu ibonwa lapho kukhula amakhowe endlini ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo. Emhlabathini ovulekile, izimo zezulu zinethonya elinamandla, ngenxa yokuthi izingqimba ze-fruiting zingahamba.
Okulandelayo, uzofunda ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwamakhowe anomsoco nokuthi le nqubo yenzeka kanjani.
Isebenza kanjani inqubo yokondla amakhowe: izinhlobo zesici nezindlela
Indima yesikhunta ochungechungeni lokudla olujwayelekile lomhlaba wezitshalo ayinakulinganiswa ngokweqile, njengoba ibola izinsalela zezitshalo futhi ngaleyo ndlela ibambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo emjikelezweni ongaguquki wezinto zemvelo.
Izinqubo zokubola kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-organic, njenge-cellulose ne-lignin, yizinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-biology nesayensi yenhlabathi. Lezi zinto ziyizingxenye eziyinhloko zodoti wezitshalo kanye nezinkuni. Ngokubola kwabo, banquma umjikelezo we-carbon compounds.
Kuye kwasungulwa ukuthi kwakheka amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50-100 wezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu minyaka yonke, iningi lawo eliyinhlanganisela yezitshalo. Minyaka yonke esifundeni se-taiga, izinga likadoti liyahlukahluka kusuka kumathani ama-2 kuye kwayi-7 ngehektha ngalinye, emahlathini amaqabunga le nombolo ifinyelela amathani angama-1-5 ngehektare eli-13, futhi ezimfundeni - amathani angama-1-5 ngehektare eli-9,5.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokubola kwezitshalo ezifile wenziwa yisikhunta, imvelo enikezwe amandla okubhubhisa i-cellulose. Lesi sici singachazwa ngokuthi isikhunta sinendlela engavamile yokondla, ibhekisela ezintweni eziphilayo ze-heterotrophic, ngamanye amazwi, ezintweni eziphilayo ezingenalo ikhono elizimele lokuguqula izinto ezingaphili zibe yizinto eziphilayo.
Enqubweni yokudla okunomsoco, isikhunta kufanele simunce izakhi eziphilayo esezivele zenziwe ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Lona kanye umehluko oyinhloko nobaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwesikhunta nezitshalo eziluhlaza, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-autotrophs, okungukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezizenzelayo ngosizo lwamandla elanga.
Ngokohlobo lokudla okunomsoco, isikhunta singahlukaniswa sibe ama-saprotroph, aphila ngokudla izinto eziphilayo ezifile, nama-parasites, asebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ukuze athole izinto eziphilayo.
Uhlobo lokuqala lwesikhunta luhluke kakhulu futhi lusakazeke kakhulu. Zihlanganisa kokubili isikhunta esikhulu kakhulu - ama-macromycetes, nama-micromycetes amancane. Indawo eyinhloko yalezi sikhunta inhlabathi, equkethe cishe inqwaba yezinhlamvu kanye ne-mycelium. Okunye okujwayelekile yisikhunta se-saprotrophic esikhula endaweni esehlathini.
Izinhlobo eziningi zesikhunta, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-xylotroph, zikhethe ukhuni njengendawo yazo yokuhlala. Lezi zingaba ama-parasites (i-autumn honey agaric) nama-saprotrophs (isikhunta esivamile se-tinder, i-honey agaric yasehlobo, njll.). Kulokhu, ngendlela, singaphetha ngokuthi kungani kungafaneleki ukutshala ama-agarics oju lwasebusika engadini, endaweni evulekile. Naphezu kobuthakathaka bayo, akuyeki ukuba yi-parasite ekwazi ukuthelela izihlahla esizeni ngesikhathi esifushane, ikakhulukazi uma zibuthakathaka, isibonelo, ngobusika obungathandeki. I-agaric ye-honey agaric, njenge-oyster mushroom, i-saprotrophic ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukulimaza izihlahla eziphilayo, ezikhula kuphela okhunini olufile, ukuze ukwazi ukudlulisa ngokuphepha i-substrate nge-mycelium kusuka endlini ukuya engadini ngaphansi kwezihlahla nezihlahla.
Idume kakhulu phakathi kwabaqoki bamakhowe, i-autumn honey agaric iyi-parasite yangempela elimaza kakhulu izimpande zezihlahla nezihlahla, okubangela ukubola kwezimpande. Uma kungekho zinyathelo zokuvimbela ezithathwayo, khona-ke i-honey agaric egcina ingadi ingalimaza ingadi iminyaka embalwa nje.
Amanzi ngemva kokugeza amakhowe akufanele neze athululwe engadini, ngaphandle uma enqwabeni yomquba. Iqiniso liwukuthi iqukethe izinhlamvu eziningi ze-parasite futhi, lapho zingene emhlabathini, ziyakwazi ukusuka ebusweni bayo ziye ezindaweni ezisengozini yezihlahla, ngaleyo ndlela zibangele isifo sabo. Ingozi eyengeziwe ye-autumn honey agaric yukuthi i-fungus, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ingaba i-saprotroph futhi iphile ngokhuni olufile kuze kube yilapho kukhona ithuba lokufika esihlahleni esiphilayo.
I-autumn honey agaric nayo ingatholakala emhlabathini eduze kwezihlahla. Imicu ye-mycelium yalesi sitshalo ixhumene kakhulu kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-rhizomorphs (imicu emnyama enombala onsundu), ekwazi ukusabalala ngaphansi komhlaba isuka esihlahleni iye kwesinye, ibopha izimpande zayo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-honey agaric ibathelela endaweni enkulu yehlathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imizimba ye-fruiting ye-parasite yakheka emicu ekhula ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngenxa yokuthi itholakala kude nezihlahla, kubonakala sengathi i-agaric ye-honey ikhula emhlabathini, noma kunjalo, izintambo zayo kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana nesistimu yezimpande noma isiqu somuthi.
Lapho uzalanisa amakhowe ekwindla, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi la makhowe ondliwe kanjani: ngesikhathi sokuphila, izinhlamvu nezingxenye ze-mycelium ziqoqana, futhi uma zidlula umkhawulo othile, zingabangela ukutheleleka kwezihlahla, futhi akukho zinyathelo zokuphepha ezizokwenza. siza lapha.
Ngokuqondene namakhowe anjenge-champignon, i-oyster mushroom, ama-ringworm, angama-saprotrophs futhi awabeki usongo lapho ekhule ngaphandle.
Okungenhla kubuye kuchaze ukuthi kungani kunzima kakhulu ukuzalanisa amakhowe asehlathini abalulekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenziwa (ikhowe le-porcini, i-boletus, i-camlina, i-butterdish, njll.). I-mycelium yamakhowe ama-cap amaningi ibopha ezimpandeni zezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izihlahla, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwempande yesikhunta, okungukuthi i-mycorrhiza. Ngakho-ke, isikhunta esinjalo sibizwa ngokuthi "mycorrhizal".
I-Mycorrhiza ingenye yezinhlobo ze-symbiosis, evame ukutholakala ezikhunjini eziningi futhi kuze kube muva nje isalokhu iyimfihlakalo kososayensi. I-Symbiosis enesikhunta ingakha izitshalo eziningi ezinokhuni nezine-herbaceous, futhi i-mycelium etholakala emhlabathini inesibopho sokuxhuma okunjalo. Ikhula kanye nezimpande futhi yakha izimo ezidingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo eziluhlaza, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ithola ukudla okulungele okwenziwe yona kanye nomzimba wezithelo.
I-Mycelium imboza impande yesihlahla noma isihlahlana esinesembozo esiminyene, ikakhulukazi sisuka ngaphandle, kodwa singena kancane ngaphakathi. Amagatsha amahhala e-mycelium (hyphae) asuka kukhava futhi, aphambukele ezinhlangothini ezihlukene emhlabathini, ashintshe izinwele zezimpande.
Ngenxa yemvelo ekhethekile yokudla okunomsoco, ngosizo lwe-hyphae, isikhunta sidonsa amanzi, usawoti wamaminerali nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikayo, ikakhulukazi i-nitrogenous, emhlabathini. Inani elithile lezinto ezinjalo lingena empandeni, kanti okunye kuya kusikhunta ngokwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe imizimba ye-mycelium ne-fruiting. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impande inikeza ukhunta ukudla okune-carbohydrate.
Isikhathi eside, ososayensi abakwazanga ukuchaza isizathu sokuthi kungani i-mycelium yamakhowe amaningi e-cap ehlathini ingakhuli uma zingekho izihlahla eduze. Kuphela kuma-70s. Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX kwavela ukuthi amakhowe awagcini nje ngokuhlala eduze kwezihlahla, kubo le ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu. Iqiniso eliqinisekisiwe ngokwesayensi libonakala emagameni amakhowe amaningi - i-boletus, i-boletus, i-cherry, i-boletus, njll.
I-mycelium yesikhunta se-mycotic ingena enhlabathini yehlathi endaweni yezimpande zezihlahla. Kusikhunta esinjalo, i-symbiosis ibalulekile, ngoba uma i-mycelium isengakwazi ukukhula ngaphandle kwayo, kodwa umzimba wezithelo awunakwenzeka.
Previously, the characteristic way of feeding mushrooms and mycorrhiza was not given much importance, because of which there were numerous unsuccessful attempts to grow edible forest fruit bodies in artificial conditions, mainly boletus, which is the most valuable of this variety. White fungus can enter into a symbiotic relationship with almost 50 tree species. Most often in forests there is a symbiosis with pine, spruce, birch, beech, oak, hornbeam. At the same time, the type of tree species with which the fungus forms mycorrhiza affects its shape and color of the cap and legs. In total, approximately 18 forms of white fungus are isolated. The color of the hats ranges from dark bronze to almost black in oak and beech forests.
I-boletus yakha i-mycorrhiza ngezinhlobo ezithile zama-birches, kuhlanganise ne-dwarf birch, etholakala e-tundra. Lapho ungathola ngisho nezihlahla ze-boletus, ezinkulu kakhulu kunamabhishi ngokwawo.
Kunamakhowe ahlangana nohlobo oluthile lwesihlahla kuphela. Ikakhulukazi, i-larch butterdish idala i-symbiosis kuphela nge-larch, ebonakala egameni layo.
Ezihlahleni ngokwazo, ukuxhumana okunjalo nesikhunta kubaluleke kakhulu. Uma sibheka umkhuba wokutshala iziqephu zehlathi, kungashiwo ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-mycorrhiza, izihlahla zikhula kabi, ziba buthakathaka futhi zingaphansi kwezifo ezihlukahlukene.
I-Mycorrhizal symbiosis iyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izilinganiso ezinjalo zesikhunta nezitshalo eziluhlaza ngokuvamile zinqunywa izimo zemvelo. Lapho izitshalo zintula ukudla okunomsoco, "zidla" amagatsha acutshungulwe kancane we-mycelium, ukhunta, nawo, abhekana "nendlala", aqala ukudla okuqukethwe kwamaseli ezimpande, ngamanye amazwi, izindawo zokungcebeleka ku-parasitism.
Indlela yobudlelwano be-symbiotic icashile futhi izwela kakhulu ezimweni zangaphandle. Cishe kusekelwe ku-parasitism evamile kusikhunta ezimpandeni zezitshalo eziluhlaza, okwathi, ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okude, kwaphenduka i-symbiosis ezuzisayo. Amacala okuqala aziwayo e-mycorrhiza yezinhlobo zezihlahla ezinesikhunta atholakala ezindaweni ezihlala e-Upper Carboniferous cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-300 ubudala.
Naphezu kobunzima bokutshala amakhowe e-mycorrhizal asehlathini, kusenengqondo ukuzama ukuwafuya ezindlini zasehlobo. Ukuthi uyaphumelela noma awuphumeleli kuncike ezintweni ezahlukahlukene, ngakho impumelelo ayinakuqinisekiswa lapha.