Imaphi amakhowe angatshalwa ezweni nokuthi angayenza kanjani

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhowe ongazitshala endaweni yakho. Uhlu oludume kakhulu luhlanganisa ama-champignon, ama-shiitake, amakhowe e-oyster namakhowe oju. Ubuchwepheshe bokutshala ama-morels, ama-ringworms, ama-flammulin kanye nama-truffles amnyama nawo athuthukiswe kahle. Kwabanye, kusetshenziswa indlela ejulile, futhi ukuzalanisa ezinye imizimba yezithelo kungenzeka kuphela ngendlela ebanzi.

Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-10 zamakhowe adliwayo atshalwe ngokuzenzela, kanti ezinye ezingaba yi-10 zisesigabeni sokufunda nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokulima obufanele.

Mayelana nokuthi yiziphi amakhowe angatshalwa ezweni, futhi yiziphi izindlela zokwenza, kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe kule ndaba.

Indlela yokukhulisa i-mycelium yamakhowe e-shiitake ezweni

Ikhowe elidala elaziwayo elilinywayo elitshalwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenziwa i-shiitake (“ikhowe lehlathi elimnyama”), elaqala ukufuywa ngokhuni eJapane, eKorea, eChina naseTaiwan eminyakeni engu-2000 edlule (ngokwenye inguqulo, ngo-1000). - Iminyaka eyi-1100.) Emvelweni, lesi sikhunta esicekela phansi izinkuni sisatholakala eChina, eJapane, eMalaysia nasePhilippines ezihlahleni ezinjenge-oki, i-hornbeam, ne-beech. Umthamo wokutshalwa kwezimboni zamakhowe uyanda minyaka yonke.

Lesi sikhunta sekuyisikhathi eside siyinto ebalulekile yezolimo eJapane amashumi eminyaka. Yileli lizwe elihamba phambili ekukhiqizweni kweshiitake. Ziyomiswa futhi zithunyelwe eFrance, eJalimane, e-USA, eGreat Britain, lapho amakhowe amnandi adingeka kakhulu. EYurophu naseMelika, benza ucwaningo futhi bahlole ukutshalwa kwalesi sikhunta.

Ngaphambi kokutshala i-mycelium yamakhowe e-shiitake ezweni, udinga ukuthatha isihlahla sokhuni oluqinile esiwile usibone kabili. Ama-halves abekwe ngokukhululekile futhi i-mycelium itshalwe kuwo, "ehlanganisa" izinkuni. Uma kunomswakama owanele (imvula nokunisela), khona-ke imizimba yezithelo yakhiwa ngokhuni emva kweminyaka emi-2. Sekukonke, ubude bokukha amakhowe iminyaka engu-6, kanti cishe i-1 kg yamakhowe amasha avunwa ku-2 m240 wokhuni.

Ukuze kutshalwe ngempumelelo lawa makhowe engadini, kuyadingeka ukunikeza izinga lokushisa ebangeni lika-12-20 ° C nomswakama ophezulu. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje, lokhu akunzima ukukufeza.

Ukuze ukhulise isitshalo samakhowe e-shiitake ezindaweni zokwenziwa ngobuningi ngangokunokwenzeka, udinga ukuhlela ipulazi endaweni evulekile endaweni enomthunzi. Kukhona nemiphumela ekhuthazayo yokutshala le mizimba yezithelo ezindlini zokugcina izithombo. Yiqiniso, ukusetshenziswa kwekamelo elikhethekile kwandisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, kodwa inqubo ayixhomeki esimweni sezulu futhi iqinisekisa isivuno esizinzile.

Okulandelayo, uzothola ukuthi yimaphi amanye amakhowe atshalwa ngokwenziwa.

Ukutshala amakhowe e-flammulin endaweni yomuntu siqu

EJapane nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia, ukutshalwa kwezimboni kwe-flammulina velvet-legged ecekela phansi izinkuni kuyathandwa. Lokhu kwenziwa ngamapulazi amakhowe akhethekile, abuye abizwe ngokuthi amakhowe asebusika.

Ngokulinywa kwayo, kusetshenziswa indlela ejulile futhi ngaphakathi endlini kuphela, ngoba i-flammulina iyakwazi ukukhula njenge-parasite ezitshalweni eziphilayo, ngakho-ke ukuzala kwayo okuvulekile kungaba yingozi engadini, amapaki namahlathi.

Izimo lapho lawa makhowe angatshalwa khona zazivele zaziwa ngo-800-900. Ekuqaleni, i-flammulina, njenge-shiitake, yayizaliswa ngokhuni. Futhi kanjani ukukhulisa lawa makhowe endaweni engadini ezimweni zanamuhla? Manje ingilazi noma izimbiza zepulasitiki zisetshenziselwa lokhu, lapho kufakwa khona i-substrate, okuyingxube ye-sawdust notshani enezithako zamaminerali. Zonke izinqubo, kusukela ekuxubeni i-substrate kuya ekutshaleni i-mycelium kuyo, zenziwa ngomshini.

Amabhange afakwe emakamelweni akhethekile e-thermostatic anezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo, umswakama womoya, nezinga lokukhanya. Imilenze emide ngokwanele yemizimba yezithelo elunguza embizeni iyanqunywa, futhi ngokushesha kuvela amakhowe amasha endaweni yawo.

Ukuhlolwa kokutshalwa kwe-flammulina kwenziwa naseYurophu. Abalimi basekhaya bamakhowe bathole ukuthi i-substrate engcono kakhulu yalesi sikhunta ingxube yama-sawdust angama-70% kanye no-30% webran yerayisi. Lapho kukhona i-substrate enjalo nezinye izimo ezidingekayo, isivuno sivunwa amasonto angama-2-3 ngemuva kokutshala i-mycelium.

Buka ividiyo yokuthi ungatshala kanjani amakhowe e-shiitake esizeni:

Ungatshala kanjani amakhowe eVolvariella endlini yasehlobo

Amanye amakhowe atshalwa emazweni ase-Asia yi-volvariella, ebizwa nangokuthi amakhowe otshani noma ama-champignon we-herbal. Nokho, zifana namakhowe ayimpukane namakhowe antantayo. Baqala ukuzalanisa cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-champignon, okungukuthi cishe ngo-1700, okungenzeka kakhulu eChina.

Okwamanje, emazweni aseMpumalanga Ekude naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-volvariella ikhuliswa ngenkuthalo endaweni evulekile emagqumeni otshani berayisi. Inhlanganisela efaneleke kakhulu yokushisa nomswakama womoya ukuze kutshalwe lesi sikhunta ngu-28 ° C kanye nomswakama ongu-80%. Embhedeni wotshani ngokwawo, izinga lokushisa kufanele lihluke kusuka ku-32 kuya ku-40 ° C.

Mayelana nokukhiqizwa nokuthandwa, yiqiniso, umholi yi-champignon (i-champignon ephindwe kabili), eyaqala ukutshalwa eFrance cishe ngo-1600, mayelana nokuthi amakhowe abizwa ngokuthi i-champignon yaseFrance isikhathi eside.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, cishe wonke amakhowe angenhla ahlala ngokhuni. Phakathi kotshani obusemhlabeni, ungabona kuphela i-volvariella, futhi i-champignon ihlala emqubeni obolile noma i-humus.

Emazweni ashisayo nashisayo, amakhowe angatshalwa ngaphandle, okunciphisa izindleko zawo ngezinga elithile. Ezindaweni ezipholile, amakhowe atshalwa endlini, okubandakanya izindleko ezinkulu, ngakho-ke ukutshalwa kwe-volvariella akuvamile kakhulu kulezi zindawo. Isixazululo esihle sokutshala lawa makhowe ezweni ukusebenzisa izindlu zokugcina izithombo. Isibonelo, imifino ayikhuliswa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo e-dacha ehlobo, ngakho-ke indawo yabo ingase ithathwe i-mushroom ethanda ukushisa.

Kutholwe imiphumela emihle lapho kutshalwa amakhowe ezindlini kusetshenziswa i-substrate evela ezikhwebu zommbila. Kwesinye isikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi ukhuphuke ufike ku-160 kg ukusuka ku-1 m2 ngonyaka.

Ngokusho kwesakhiwo nokunambitheka kwayo, i-Volvariella iyikhowe elithambile kakhulu. Isignali yokuvuthwa yilapho ifinyelela isisindo sika-30-50 g. Njengomthetho, idliwa ihlanzekile, futhi ngenxa yokuthungwa kwayo okubucayi, i-herbal champignon ayikwazi ukuthuthwa.

Kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi ase-Asia, i-volvariella isinesikhathi eside ilinywa, kodwa ezweni Lethu isanda kufika kulokhu.

Ukutshala amakhowe e-truffle engadini

Eyokuqala yamakhowe atshaliwe ayeyiwona acekela phansi izinkuni, ngoba kuphakathi kwawo wonke amakhowe we-cap ukuthi kulula kakhulu ukuthola imizimba yezithelo kuwo. Kusikhunta se-humic kanye ne-mycorrhizal, ngobudlelwane babo obuyinkimbinkimbi nezimila, lokhu kunzima kakhulu ukukwenza.

Amakhowe e-Mycorrhizal asefundwe iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, kodwa izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa zokuwakhulisa azikakathuthukiswa, ngakho-ke kufanele ukopishe imvelo futhi, ngemva kokumba i-mycelium ehlathini, uyidlulisele ngaphansi kwesihlahla ehlathini noma ehlathini. ingadi yakho, ungakwazi futhi nje ukuhlwanyela ezinhlamvu.

Okuwukuphela kwesikhunta se-mycorrhizal esifundwe kancane kancane yi-truffle emnyama, esisatshalaliswe kabanzi eFrance kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Yaze yabizwa ngokuthi i-French, noma i-Perigord, i-truffle yokuhlonipha isifundazwe esihambisanayo, lapho amasimu amakhulu ayekhona. Khona-ke i-truffle yaseFrance yaqala ukukhula ngamanani amancane eningizimu yeJalimane.

I-mushroom ibonakala ngephunga elinamandla, eliqhubekayo futhi elimnandi kanye nokunambitheka okubucayi, yingakho kwaziswa kakhulu.

Okwamanje, i-mushroom ibhekwa ngokufanelekile njengento ewusizo kakhulu, izindleko zazo emakethe yomhlaba ziphakeme kakhulu.

Imizimba ethela izithelo ye-truffle emnyama ingaphansi komhlaba futhi, njengomthetho, itholakala ekujuleni kuka-2-5 cm, umumo uyindilinga, ingaphezulu alilingani ne-depressions nama-bulges, umbala unombala omnyama-omnyama, cishe ubukhulu be-walnut noma i-apula elincane. Umkhiqizi wayo omkhulu ngokwesiko yi-France.

Kungenzeka yini ukukhulisa lawa makhowe esizeni sakho? Kubalandeli beqiniso bobuciko babo, akukho lutho olungenakwenzeka! Indlela yokutshala ama-truffles ayishintshile kangako emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ngaleso sikhathi, manje kusetshenziselwa lokhu izihlahla ze-oki ezingokwemvelo noma ezitshalwe ngokwenziwa zalokhu, ngoba yilezi zihlahla lapho i-truffle ingena ngokuzithandela ku-symbiosis futhi yakha i-mycorrhiza.

Indawo yokusabalalisa ye-truffle emnyama ikhawulelwe eFrance, e-Italy naseSwitzerland. Ezweni Lethu, ezinye izinhlobo zayo ziyakhula, nokho, ziphansi kakhulu kunawo ngokunambitheka, ngakho ukuzala kwawo ezweni akuvamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga inhlabathi yetshe echotshoziwe ekhethekile ene-lime ephezulu, kanye nezimo zokushisa ezichazwe ngokuqinile kanye nomswakama womoya ofanele.

I-Agrotechnics yokukhula kwama-truffles iboniswa kulezi zithombe:

Ungatshala kanjani amakhowe e-oyster ezweni (ngevidiyo)

Kuyabonakala ukuthi cishe zonke izinhlobo zamakhowe adliwayo atshalwe phezu kwezinkuni zaqala ukutshalwa emazweni aseMpumalanga Ekude naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Okuhlukile yikhowe lendabuko elicekela phansi izinkuni elibizwa ngokuthi i-oyster mushroom, elaqala ukufuywa eJalimane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Muva nje, leli khowa selisakazeke kakhulu eYurophu, e-Asia naseMelika.

Ikhowe le-oyster liyikhowe eliyigugu elidliwayo, okulula kakhulu ukulitshala kunama-champignon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kokubili ngokunambitheka nangokubukeka, i-oyster mushroom ifana ne-shiitake, kuphela umbala we-cap yakamuva unombala omnyama, futhi umlenze ophakathi, njengomthetho, uvelele kakhulu kune-lateral ye-oyster mushroom.

Isiko lamakhowe e-oyster libonakala ngesivuno esikhulu endaweni evulekile kanye nokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke liyathandwa phakathi kwabalimi bamakhowe abangama-amateur.

Lapho kutshalwa amakhowe e-oyster, kusetshenziswa indlela ebanzi.

Imininingwane yokuthi ungatshala kanjani amakhowe e-oyster ezweni ichazwe kule vidiyo:

Ukutshala amakhowe e-morel namakhowe oju endlini yabo yasehlobo

Ekhuluma ngalokho amakhowe angatshalwa ezweni, umuntu akanakuhluleka ukusho ama-morels namakhowe oju.

Emahlathini namasimu apula aseFrance naseJalimane kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX. ngamanani amancane, ama-morel aqala ukukhuliswa, phakathi kwawo i-morel e-conical ivame kakhulu.

Abacosha amakhowe bajwayelene kahle naleli khowa. Entwasahlobo, i-morel ikhula ezimfundeni nasemigwaqweni yasehlathini enekepisi elicijile, elinwetshiwe, elimise okwekhoni elinsundu. Isihlobo sayo esiseduze i-morel evamile (edliwayo) enekepisi eliyindilinga. Njengamanje, kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokutshala ama-morels - ezidliwayo neziyi-conical.

Izincwadi zokuqala zendlela yokukhulisa amakhowe esakhiweni zabhalwa e-USSR emuva kuma-30s wekhulu elidlule. Futhi kuma-40s. ukutshalwa kwalesi sikhunta ezicucu zezinkuni kwathathwa eJalimane. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, baphinde benza indlela yokutshala amakhowe besebenzisa i-mycelium elungiselelwe ngendlela yokunamathisela.

Ucwaningo lwe-honey agaric nezindlela zokulukhulisa ezindlini zasehlobo lwenziwa nasezweni Lethu.

Ukutshalwa kwamakhowe ayindandatho ezweni

I-Ringworm ingabizwa ngokuthi encane kunawo wonke amakhowe atshaliwe, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokutshalwa kwayo bavela eJalimane ngo-1969, futhi bathola ukuthandwa kakhulu ePoland, eHungary nase-UK. Nokho, abatshali bamakhowe kwamanye amazwe banesithakazelo esijulile endleleni yokutshala la makhowe endlini yabo yasehlobo. Ukuhlakulela ama-ringworms kulula kakhulu, badinga i-substrate evela kutshani noma enye imfucuza yezolimo, okungekho nzima ukuyilungisa.

I-mushroom inezimfanelo zokunambitha okuphezulu, ingagcinwa futhi ihanjiswe isikhathi eside. I-Koltsevik ithembisa kakhulu mayelana nokulima futhi iyakwazi ukuncintisana ne-champignon ekudumeni noma ukuyidlula, nokho, imizamo yokuhlakulela leli khowe ezweni lethu iqalile muva nje.

Uma sifingqa ukuhlehla okufushane kwezinhlobonhlobo zamakhowe alinywayo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi amasiko endawo anendima enkulu ekusatshalalisweni kwawo. Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, isimo saqala ukuvela lapho amasiko ahlukahlukene amakhowe eqa imingcele yezwe lawo futhi eba “amacosmopolitan” ngempela. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, lokhu kubangelwa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nokuthuthukiswa okujulile kwezindlela zokuxhumana kanye nethuba lokushintshana ngolwazi phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene. Isibonelo, amakhowe e-oyster avela eYurophu asakaze kabanzi kulo lonke elase-Asia naseMelika. I-Volvariella, ngokungangabazeki, izowina izinhliziyo zabalimi bamakhowe kude ngaphesheya kwe-Asia esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

Ukuze ukhule amakhowe ezweni, qala ngalezo zinhlobo ezitholakala kalula: amakhowe oyster nama-champignon. Uma ulwazi lwakho luphumelele, ungazama ukuzalanisa amakhowe akhethiwe.

Amathiphu okukhulisa amakhowe kusuka ku-mycelium engadini

Ngezansi kukhona amathiphu abalimi bamakhowe abasaqalayo ekutshaleni amakhowe asuka ku-mycelium engadini.

1. Ukulungiselela izinto zokusetshenziswa (zokushisa, ukucwiliswa emanzini), uzodinga isitsha futhi, mhlawumbe, ngaphezu kweyodwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukugeza kwendabuko yasemadolobheni kufanelekile, okuvela kuyo kulula kakhulu ukuhlela ukugeleza kwamanzi, izinga lokushisa eligcina kahle.
2. Ukukhulisa amakhowe esizeni, kulula ukuthungatha bese ucwilisa izinto ezingavuthiwe ze-substrate usebenzisa izikhwama ezilukiweyo ezivuzayo (ungasebenzisa ushukela, kodwa okokuqala udinga ukususa isikhwama sepulasitiki esingaphakathi). Izikhwama zigcwele utshani obomile obuqoshiwe, bufakwe kubhavu futhi bugcwaliswe ngamanzi ashisayo.
3. Amanzi okushisa angcono kakhulu ukufudumeza kwesinye isitsha, isibonelo, ebhakedeni noma ethangini usebenzisa i-boiler, esitofu, kukholomu, esitofu. Khona-ke amanzi ashisayo athululelwa ekugezeni ngezikhwama ezibekwe lapho, embozwe ifilimu eqinile futhi ashiye amahora angu-8-12.
4. Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela i-substrate nge-mycelium (i-inoculation), kuhle ukuyigaya kahle kuzinhlamvu zomuntu ngamunye. Kulokhu, kuzoba ne-foci eyengeziwe yokukhula ngokweqile. Yenza lo msebenzi kumagilavu ​​enjoloba afakwe amagciwane. I-mycelium kufanele isuswe esiqandisini amahora angu-6-10 ngaphambi kwesenzo kuyo.
5. Kuyadingeka ukugcwalisa izikhwama nge-substrate, ukuyigxilisa ngokuqinile, ngoba umoya oweqile nezikhala zamahhala zizophazamisa inqubo yokukhula.

Bheka isithombe ukuthi ungagcwalisa kanjani izikhwama ukuze ukhule amakhowe:

• Izikhwama zingasikwa ekupheleni kokukhula ngokweqile ukuze kuncishiswe ithuba lokumisa ku-substrate endaweni yazo, kanye nokutheleleka.
• Izikhwama ezine-substrate ehlwanyelwe kufanele zifakwe endlini ukuze kube nokwenzeka ukudlula ngokukhululekile phakathi kwazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, udinga ukuzama ukuhlela ukukhanya okufanayo kanye nokukhipha umoya.
• Humidify umoya, izikhwama, njll, kodwa hhayi amakhowe ngokwawo, njengoba lokhu kungabangela ukutheleleka ngezinhlobonhlobo zokubola kwamagciwane.
• Lapho ukha amakhowe, ukwakheka kwawo kufanele kucatshangelwe. Amakhowe angancika avundlile futhi kufanele asikwe kuqala, njengoba engeke esakhula futhi angase akhiphe izinhlamvu.
• Uma amakhowe etshalwa ukudayiswa, kubalulekile ukubuza kusengaphambili mayelana nethuba lokumaketha, izindleko.
• Nakuba ukutshala amakhowe kungase kuzwakale kulula ngokwanele, akufanele uhlele ngokushesha ipulazi. Okokuqala udinga ukuzama ukuhlakulela okungenani amakhowe ambalwa.
• Uma amavolumu amakhowe akhiqizwayo engenkulu kakhulu, khona-ke izitifiketi namanye amadokhumenti azidingeki ekuthengisweni kwawo, ngakho-ke ungakwazi ukuthengisa insalela yesakhiwo.
• Ukuze uthole okuningi emizamweni yakho yokutshala amakhowe, kutuswa ukuba ubeke kuqala esimweni ngasinye ekuqapheliseni kwakho, okungenzeka ukuthi kuchezuke embonweni ngokwezinga elithile.
• Labo abahlakulela amakhowe ukuze athengiswe hhayi ngokuqondile, kodwa ngokusebenzisa abathengisi, njengomthetho, bathola okungaphansi kwalabo abawathengisa kuphela. Ngokuphathelene esinganikeza lesi seluleko: zama ukuhlanganisa kumuntu wakho kokubili umenzi kanye nomthengisi.
• Hlanganyela nabanye abalimi bamakhowe. Lokhu ngeke nje kucebise ngokulinganayo isipiliyoni sokukhula kwamakhowe, kodwa futhi kuzosiza, uma kunesidingo, ukufeza umyalo wenqwaba yamakhowe. Ngokuvamile, ukubambisana kuyazuzisa kakhulu.

Izisekelo zokutshala amakhowe ezweni zichazwe kule vidiyo: