Isibikezelo
Amafutha emifino acwengekile atholakala embewini yezitshalo ezihlukahlukene. Amafutha embewu ayi-polyunsaturated, okusho ukuthi ayiketshezi ekamelweni lokushisa.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamafutha emifino acolisisiwe, okuhlanganisa uwoyela we-canola noma we-canola, uwoyela we-soya, uwoyela wommbila, uwoyela welanga, uwoyela we-safflower, namafutha e-peanut.
Igama elihlangene elithi "amafutha emifino" libhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zamafutha atholakala entendeni, ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya noma ubhekilanga.
inqubo yokukhipha amafutha yemifino
Inqubo yokukhipha amafutha emifino embewu ayiyona i-squeamish. Bheka izigaba zenqubo bese uzinqumela ukuthi ngabe lona umkhiqizo ongathanda ukuwusebenzisa.
Ngakho-ke, imbewu iqoqwa kuqala, njengobhontshisi wesoya, i-rapeseed, ukotini, imbewu ye-sunflower. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, lezi zimbewu zivela ezitshalweni eziye zaklanywa ngofuzo ukuze zimelane nenani elikhulu lezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa emasimini.
Imbewu ihlanzwa ngamakhoba, ukungcola nothuli, bese ichotshozwa.
Imbewu echotshoziwe ishiswa ekushiseni kwama-degree angu-110-180 endaweni yokugeza umusi ukuze kuqale inqubo yokukhipha amafutha.
Okulandelayo, imbewu ifakwa emshinini wokunyathelisa wezigaba eziningi, lapho uwoyela ukhanywa ngaphandle kwe-pulp usebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokungqubuzana.
UHexane
Khona-ke i-pulp yembewu namafutha afakwa esitsheni esine-solvent ye-hexane futhi aphathwe kubhavu we-steam ukuze kukhishwe amafutha engeziwe.
I-Hexane itholakala ngokucubungula uwoyela ongahluziwe. Kuyi-anesthetic ethambile. Ukuhogela umoya omningi we-hexane kubangela injabulo encane elandelwa izimpawu ezifana nokozela, ikhanda elibuhlungu kanye nesicanucanu. Ubuthi obungapheli be-hexane buye babonakala kubantu abasebenzisa i-hexane ngokuzilibazisa, kanye nakubasebenzi basefekthri yezicathulo, ababuyisela ifenisha, nabasebenzi bezimoto abasebenzisa i-hexane njengento yokunamathisela. Izimpawu zokuqala zobuthi zihlanganisa i-tinnitus, amajaqamba ezingalweni nasemilenzeni, okulandelwa ubuthakathaka obujwayelekile bemisipha. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-muscle atrophy ivela, kanye nokulahlekelwa kokuxhumana nokukhubazeka okubukwayo. Ngo-2001, i-US Environmental Protection Agency yaphasisa umthethonqubo wokulawula ukukhishwa kwe-hexane ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezingadala umdlavuza kanye nokulimala kwemvelo.
ukucubungula okuqhubekayo
Ingxube yembewu kanye namafutha ibe isidluliswa ku-centrifuge futhi i-phosphate yengezwe ukuqala inqubo yokuhlukanisa amafutha nekhekhe.
Ngemuva kokukhipha i-solvent, uwoyela ongahluziwe uyahlukaniswa futhi i-solvent iyahwamuka futhi ibuyiselwe. I-Makukha icutshungulwa ukuze kutholwe imikhiqizo etholakalayo efana nokudla kwezilwane.
Uwoyela wemifino ongahluziwe ube usuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa, okuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kwe-degumming, alkalizing kanye nokuhlanza.
Ukukhipha amanzi. Phakathi nale nqubo, amanzi engezwa emafutheni. Lapho kuqedwa ukusabela, i-hydrous phosphatides ingahlukaniswa ngokukhipha (i-decantation) noma nge-centrifuge. Phakathi nenqubo, iningi lamanzi ancibilikayo ngisho nengxenye encane ye-phosphatides engancibiliki emanzini iyasuswa. Ama-resin akhishiwe angacutshungulwa abe yi-lecithin ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla noma ngezinjongo zobuchwepheshe.
Ukushaya. Noma yimaphi ama-fatty acids, ama-phospholipids, ama-pigments nama-wax emafutheni akhishiwe aholela ekufakweni kwe-fat oxidation kanye nama-hues angathandeki nama-flavour emikhiqizweni yokugcina. Lokhu kungcola kususwa ngokuphatha amafutha nge-caustic soda noma i-soda ash. Ukungcola kuhlala phansi futhi kuyasuswa. Amafutha acolisisiwe anombala okhanyayo, awanayo i-viscous encane futhi athambekele kakhulu ekufakweni kwe-oxidation.
Ukuhlanza. Inhloso ye-bleaching ukukhipha noma yiziphi izinto ezinemibala emafutheni. Amafutha ashisiwe aphathwa ngama-ejenti ahlukahlukene e-bleaching afana nokugcwala, amalahle acushiwe kanye nobumba olucushiwe. Ukungcola okuningi, okuhlanganisa i-chlorophyll ne-carotenoid, akwenziwa hlangothi ngale nqubo futhi asuswe kusetshenziswa izihlungi. Kodwa-ke, ukuxubha kwandisa i-oxidation yamafutha njengoba amanye ama-antioxidants emvelo kanye nezakhamzimba kususwa kanye nokungcola.