Umbiko ucabangele idatha evela emithonjeni emikhulu engama-37 yamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni wonke esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyishumi (kusuka ngo-2003 kuya ku-2013), etholwe kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwesathelayithi ye-GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment). Iziphetho ososayensi abazenza kulolu cwaningo aziduduzi neze: kwavela ukuthi imithombo yamanzi engu-21 kwengu-37 ixhashazwa ngokweqile, futhi engu-8 yayo iseduze nokuphela okuphelele.
Kusobala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni akunangqondo, kuwubuqaba. Lokhu kungase kusongela ukuqeda hhayi kuphela imithombo engu-8 eyinkinga kakhulu esivele isesimweni esibucayi, kodwa naleyo 21 lapho ibhalansi yokusetshenziswa kokutakula isivele iphazamisekile.
Omunye wemibuzo emikhulu ucwaningo lweNASA olungaphenduli ukuthi angakanani ngempela amanzi ahlanzekile asele kule mithombo engama-37 ebaluleke kakhulu eyaziwa umuntu? Uhlelo lwe-GRACE lungasiza kuphela ukubikezela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukubuyiselwa noma ukuphela komthombo othile wamanzi, kodwa alukwazi ukubala izinqolobane “ngamalitha”. Ososayensi bavumile ukuthi okwamanje abakabi nayo indlela enokwethenjelwa engabavumela ukuba bathole izibalo eziqondile zemithombo yamanzi. Noma kunjalo, umbiko omusha usabalulekile - ubonise ukuthi empeleni sihamba ngendlela engafanele, okungukuthi, ekugcineni kwezinsiza.
Amanzi ayaphi?
Ngokusobala, amanzi “awazishiyi” ngokwawo. Ngamunye kuleyo mithombo engu-21 eyinkinga inomlando wayo oyingqayizivele wokulahlwa. Imvamisa, lokhu kungaba yizimayini, noma ezolimo, noma ukuqedwa kwensiza ngabantu abaningi.
Izidingo zasekhaya
Cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili emhlabeni wonke bathola amanzi abo kuphela emithonjeni engaphansi komhlaba. Ukuncipha kwe-reservoir evamile kuzosho okubi kakhulu kubo: akukho ukuphuza, akukho lutho lokupheka ukudla, akukho lutho lokugeza, akukho lutho lokugeza izingubo, njll.
Ucwaningo lwesathelayithi olwenziwa yi-NASA lubonise ukuthi ukuncipha okukhulu kwemithombo yamanzi kuvame ukwenzeka lapho abantu bendawo bewasebenzisela izidingo zasekhaya. Yimithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba okuwukuphela komthombo wamanzi ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlala eNdiya, ePakistan, eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia (kunesimo samanzi esibi kakhulu emhlabeni) naseNyakatho Afrika. Ngokuzayo, inani labantu eMhlabeni lizoqhubeka nokwanda, futhi ngenxa yokuthambekela kokuya emadolobheni, isimo sizoba sibi kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemboni
Kwesinye isikhathi imboni ibhekene nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngobudedengu. Isibonelo, i-Canning Basin e-Australia ingumthombo wesithathu wamanzi axhashazwe kakhulu emhlabeni. Lesi sifunda siyikhaya lezimayini zegolide nensimbi, kanye nokuhlola nokukhiqizwa kwegesi yemvelo.
Ukukhishwa kwezimbiwa, okuhlanganisa nemithombo kaphethiloli, kuncike ekusetshenzisweni komthamo omkhulu wamanzi kangangokuthi imvelo ayikwazi ukuwabuyisela ngokwemvelo.
Ukwengeza, izizinda zezimayini ngokuvamile azicebile kakhulu emithonjeni yamanzi - futhi lapha ukuxhashazwa kwemithombo yamanzi kuyamangalisa kakhulu. Isibonelo, e-US, u-36% wemithombo kawoyela negesi itholakala ezindaweni lapho amanzi ahlanzekile eyindlala khona. Lapho imboni yezimayini ithuthuka ezindaweni ezinjalo, isimo sivame ukuba bucayi.
Ezolimo
Emhlabeni wonke, ukukhandwa kwamanzi okunisela amasimu ezolimo okuwumthombo omkhulu wezinkinga zamanzi. Enye “yezindawo ezishisayo” kakhulu kule nkinga i-aquifer eseCalifornia Valley e-United States, lapho ezolimo zithuthuke kakhulu. Isimo sibi futhi ezifundeni lapho ezolimo zincike ngokuphelele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ukuze kuniselwe, njengoba kwenzeka eNdiya. Ezolimo zisebenzisa cishe u-70% wawo wonke amanzi ahlanzekile asetshenziswa abantu. Cishe i-13 yalesi samba iya emfuyweni okhulayo wemfuyo.
Amapulazi emfuyo yezimboni angomunye wabathengi abakhulu bamanzi emhlabeni wonke - amanzi awadingeki nje ekukhuleni kokudla, kodwa nokuphuzisa izilwane, izibaya zokuwasha, nezinye izidingo zasemapulazini. Isibonelo, e-US, ipulazi lobisi lesimanje lidla isilinganiso samalitha ayizigidi ezingu-3.4 (noma amalitha angu-898282) wamanzi ngosuku ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene! Kuvela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-1 litre yobisi, amanzi amaningi athululelwa njengoba umuntu ethela eshaweni izinyanga. Imboni yenyama ayingcono kunemboni yobisi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi: uma ubala, kuthatha amalitha angu-475.5 wamanzi ukukhiqiza i-patty yebhega eyodwa.
Ngokusho kososayensi, ngo-2050 inani labantu emhlabeni lizokwanda libe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi iningi lalaba bantu lidla inyama yemfuyo nemikhiqizo yobisi, kuyacaca ukuthi izoba nkulu kakhulu ingcindezi emithonjeni yamanzi okuphuza. Ukuncipha kwemithombo engaphansi kwamanzi, izinkinga kwezolimo kanye nokuphazamiseka ekukhiqizweni kwenani elanele lokudla komphakathi (okungukuthi indlala), ukwanda kwenani labantu abaphila ngaphansi komugqa wobumpofu… Konke lokhu kuyimiphumela yokusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwemithombo yamanzi. .
Yini engenziwa?
Kuyacaca ukuthi umuntu ngamunye akanakuqala “impi” ngokumelene nabasebenzisi bamanzi abanonya ngokugxambukela ekumbiweni kwegolide noma ngisho nokucisha isimiso sokunisela otshanini bakwamakhelwane! Kodwa wonke umuntu angakwazi kakade namuhla ukuqaphela kabanzi mayelana nokusetshenziswa komswakama onikeza ukuphila. Nawa amathiphu awusizo:
· Ungawathengi amanzi okuphuza asemabhodleleni. Abakhiqizi abaningi bamanzi okuphuza bona ngokuwakha ezindaweni ezomile bese bewadayisela abathengi ngenani elikhuphukayo. Ngakho, ngebhodlela ngalinye, ibhalansi yamanzi emhlabeni iphazamiseka nakakhulu.
- Naka ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ekhaya lakho: isibonelo, isikhathi osichitha eshaweni; cisha umpompi ngenkathi uxubha amazinyo; Ungawavumeli amanzi ageleze kusinki ngenkathi uhlikihla izitsha ngomuthi wokuwasha.
- Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama nemikhiqizo yobisi - njengoba sesibalile ngenhla, lokhu kuzonciphisa ukuqedwa kwemithombo yamanzi. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-1 ilitha yobisi lwesoya kudinga izikhathi eziyi-13 kuphela inani lamanzi adingekayo ukukhiqiza ilitha eli-1 lobisi lwenkomo. Ibhega yesoya idinga amanzi ayi-115 ukwenza ibhega yebhola lenyama. Ukuzikhethela kungokwakho.