Ukufakazela kwalasha wemvelo isintu esithuthela kuwo, inhlekelele yemvelo ezayo, namuhla akusadingeki ukuba uchwepheshe wezemvelo. Awudingi nokuba neziqu zasekolishi. Kwanele ukubuka nokuhlola ukuthi izinsiza zemvelo ezithile noma izindawo ezithile eziseplanethini enguMhlaba zishintshe kanjani futhi ngasiphi isivinini eminyakeni eyikhulu noma engamashumi amahlanu edlule.
Kwakukhona izinhlanzi eziningi emifuleni nasolwandle, amajikijolo namakhowe emahlathini, izimbali nezimvemvane ezidlelweni, amaxoxo nezinyoni emaxhaphozini, onogwaja nezinye izilwane ezinoboya, njll iminyaka eyikhulu, namashumi amahlanu, engamashumi amabili edlule? Kancane, kancane, kancane… Lesi sithombe sijwayelekile emaqenjini amaningi ezilwane, izitshalo kanye nezinsiza zemvelo ezingaphili. I-Red Book yezilwane ezisengozini futhi ezingandile ivuselelwa njalo nezisulu ezintsha zemisebenzi ye-Homo sapiens…
Futhi qhathanisa izinga nokuhlanzeka komoya, amanzi nomhlabathi eminyakeni eyikhulu, namashumi amahlanu edlule nanamuhla! Phela, lapho umuntu ehlala khona, namuhla kukhona imfucuza yasendlini, ipulasitiki engaboli emvelweni, ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi, amagesi okukhipha imoto nokunye ukungcola. Amahlathi azungeze amadolobha, agcwele udoti, intuthu elenga phezu kwamadolobha, amapayipi ezindawo zikagesi, izimboni nezitshalo ezishunqayo esibhakabhakeni, emifuleni, emachibini nasezilwandle ezingcoliswe noma ezinoshevu ngenxa yokugeleza, inhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba agcwele umanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ... Futhi iminyaka eyikhulu edlule, izindawo eziningi zazicishe zibe yizintombi nto mayelana nokulondolozwa kwezilwane zasendle kanye nokungabikho kwabantu lapho.
Ukulungiswa kabusha nokukhipha amanzi ngezinga elikhulu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba wezolimo, ukugwaduleka, ukwakhiwa kanye nokukhula kwamadolobha - ziyanda izindawo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezomnotho, kanye nezindawo eziwugwadule kancane. Ibhalansi, ukulingana phakathi kwezilwane zasendle nomuntu kuyaphazamiseka. Imvelo yemvelo iyabhujiswa, iyaguqulwa, iwonakele. Ukusimama kanye nekhono labo lokuvuselela imithombo yemvelo kuyehla.
Futhi lokhu kwenzeka yonke indawo. Zonke izifunda, amazwe, ngisho namazwekazi asevele ehlisa isithunzi. Ngokwesibonelo, thatha ingcebo engokwemvelo yaseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude bese uqhathanisa lokho okwakukhona ngaphambili nalokho okukhona manje. Ngisho ne-Antarctica, ebonakala ikude nempucuko yabantu, ibhekene nomthelela onamandla emhlabeni jikelele we-anthropogenic. Mhlawumbe kwenye indawo kunezindawo ezincane, ezingazodwa leli shwa elingazange lizithintile. Kodwa lokhu kuhlukile emthethweni ojwayelekile.
Kwanele ukusho izibonelo zezinhlekelele zemvelo emazweni ayengaphansi kwe-USSR njengokucekelwa phansi kwe-Aral Sea, ingozi yaseChernobyl, indawo yokuhlola i-Semipalatinsk, ukucekelwa phansi kweBelovezhskaya Pushcha, nokungcoliswa komfula iVolga River.
Ukufa kwe-Aral Sea
Kuze kube muva nje, uLwandle i-Aral lwaluyichibi lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni, elidume ngemithombo yalo yemvelo ecebe kakhulu, futhi indawo yoLwandle i-Aral yayibhekwa njengendawo yemvelo ephumelelayo necebile ngokwebhayoloji. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, ekuphishekeleni ingcebo kakotini, kuye kwaba nokunwetshwa budedengu kokunisela. Lokhu kwaholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kokugeleza komfula we-Syrdarya kanye nemifula i-Amudarya. I-Aral Lake yaqala ukoma ngokushesha. Maphakathi nawo-90s, i-Aral yalahlekelwa yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zomthamo wayo, futhi indawo yayo yacishe yancipha, kwathi ngo-2009 indawo eyomile engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Aral yaphenduka ugwadule olusha lwe-Aral-Kum. I-Flora nezilwane zehle kakhulu, isimo sezulu sesifunda siye saba sibi kakhulu, futhi ukwanda kwezifo phakathi kwezakhamuzi zesifunda sase-Aral Sea. Ngalesi sikhathi, ugwadule lukasawoti olwakhiwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990s lusabalele ezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha-skwele. Abantu, sebekhathele ukulwa nezifo nobumpofu, baqala ukushiya amakhaya abo.
Indawo yokuhlola ye-Semipalatinsk
Ngo-August 29, 1949, ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu laseSoviet lahlolwa endaweni yokuhlola yenuzi yaseSemipalatinsk. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, indawo yokuhlola i-Semipalatinsk ibe yindawo eyinhloko yokuhlola izikhali zenuzi e-USSR. Iziqhumane ezingaphezu kuka-400 zenuzi ezingaphansi komhlaba nezingaphansi komhlaba zenziwa endaweni yokuhlolwa. Ngo-1991, izivivinyo zayeka, kodwa izindawo eziningi ezazingcoliswe kakhulu zahlala endaweni yokuhlolwa kanye nezifunda eziseduze. Ezindaweni eziningi, isizinda semisebe sifinyelela ku-15000 micro-roentgens ngehora, okuphindwe izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane kunezinga elivumelekile. Indawo yezindawo ezingcolisiwe ingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-300 kmXNUMX. Kuyikhaya labantu abangaphezu kwesigidi nengxenye. Izifo zomdlavuza ziye zaba ngesinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu empumalanga yeKazakhstan.
I-Bialowieza Forest
Lena ukuphela kwensali enkulu yehlathi eliyinsalela, elake lamboza amathafa aseYurophu ngokhaphethi oqhubekayo futhi lagawulwa kancane kancane. Inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezingavamile zezilwane, izitshalo kanye nesikhunta, kuhlanganise nezinyathi, zisahlala kuyo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Belovezhskaya Pushcha ivikelwe namuhla (ipaki kazwelonke kanye ne-biosphere reserve), futhi ifakwe ohlwini lwamagugu omhlaba wesintu. I-Pushcha ngokomlando ibiyindawo yokuzilibazisa nokuzingela, okokuqala kwezikhulu zaseLithuania, amakhosi asePoland, ama-tsars aseRussia, bese kuba yi-Soviet party nomenklatura. Manje ingaphansi kokuphathwa kukaMongameli waseBelarusian. E-Pushcha, izikhathi zokuvikelwa okuqinile nokuxhashazwa okunonya kwakushintshana. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukubuyiswa komhlaba, ukuphathwa kokuzingela kuye kwaholela ekucekeleni phansi okukhulu kwesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele semvelo. Ukungaphathi kahle, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemithombo yemvelo, ukunganaki isayensi nemithetho egciniwe yezemvelo, eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu ku-Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Ngaphansi kwesithunzi sokuvikela, ipaki kazwelonke iye yaguqulwa yaba “ihlathi eliguquguqukayo” le-agro-trade-tourist-industrial “mutant Forestry” elihlanganisa ngisho namapulazi ahlangene. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Pushcha ngokwayo, njengehlathi le-relic, iyanyamalala phambi kwamehlo ethu futhi iphenduke enye into, evamile kanye nemvelo enenani elincane.
Imikhawulo yokukhula
Ukutadisha komuntu endaweni yakhe yemvelo kubonakala kuwumsebenzi othakazelisayo futhi onzima kakhulu. Isidingo sokucabangela inani elikhulu lezindawo kanye nezici ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuxhumeka kwamazinga ahlukene, ithonya eliyinkimbinkimbi yomuntu - konke lokhu kudinga umbono ophelele wemvelo wezwe. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi isazi semvelo saseMelika esidumile u-Odum sabiza i-ecology ngesayensi yesakhiwo nokusebenza kwemvelo.
Le ndawo yolwazi ehlukahlukene ihlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene emvelo: okungaphili, okumilayo, okwezilwane kanye nomuntu. Ayikho isayensi ekhona ekwazile ukuhlanganisa ucwaningo olunjalo lomhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, i-ecology ezingeni layo elikhulu bekufanele ihlanganise imikhakha ebonakala ihlukile njenge-biology, geography, cybernetics, medicine, socialology kanye nezomnotho. Izinhlekelele zemvelo, ezilandelanayo, zishintsha lo mkhakha wolwazi ube obalulekile. Ngakho-ke, imibono yomhlaba wonke iphendulelwa namuhla enkingeni yomhlaba wonke yokuphila komuntu.
Ukufuna isu lentuthuko esimeme kwaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Zaqalwa yi-“World Dynamics” ngu-J. Forrester kanye ne-“Limits to Growth” ka-D. Meadows. Engqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Yokuqala Yezemvelo eStockholm ngo-1972, uM. Strong wahlongoza umqondo omusha wokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo nezomnotho. Eqinisweni, uphakamise ukulawulwa komnotho ngosizo lwe-ecology. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1980, kwahlongozwa umqondo wentuthuko esimeme, owawufuna ukufezeka kwelungelo labantu lendawo ekahle.
Omunye wemibhalo yokuqala yezemvelo emhlabeni wonke kwakuyi-Convention on Biological Diversity (eyamukelwa e-Rio de Janeiro ngo-1992) kanye ne-Kyoto Protocol (esayinwe e-Japan ngo-1997). Umhlangano, njengoba nazi, waphoqa amazwe ukuthi athathe izinyathelo zokulondoloza izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nenqubo-mgomo - ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Nokho, njengoba sibona, umphumela walezi zivumelwano mncane. Njengamanje, akungabazeki ukuthi inkinga yezemvelo ayikamiswa, kodwa iya ngokujula. Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke akusadingi ukuqinisekiswa futhi "kumbiwe" emisebenzini yososayensi. Kuphambi kwawo wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kwefasitela lethu, ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nokufudumala, esomiso esivame kakhulu, eziphepho ezinamandla (ngemuva kwakho konke, ukuhwamuka okwandisiwe kwamanzi emkhathini kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi okuningi kufanele kuthululwe endaweni ethile. ).
Omunye umbuzo uwukuthi ngokushesha kangakanani inkinga yemvelo izophenduka inhlekelele yemvelo? Okusho ukuthi, kuzoshesha kangakanani ukuthrenda, inqubo esakwazi ukuhlehliswa, iye kwikhwalithi entsha, lapho ukubuyisela kungasatholakali?
Manje izazi ze-ecology zidingida ukuthi le nto ebizwa ngokuthi i-ecological point of no return isiphasisiwe noma cha? Okungukuthi, ingabe sesiwelile umgoqo ngemva kwalokho inhlekelele yemvelo ayinakugwenywa futhi ngeke kusaba khona ukubuyela emuva, noma ingabe sisenesikhathi sokuma sibuyele emuva? Ayikho impendulo eyodwa okwamanje. Into eyodwa icacile: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyanda, ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo (izinhlobo nemiphakathi ephilayo) kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kuyakhula ngesivinini futhi kuya esimweni esingalawuleki. Futhi lokhu, naphezu kwemizamo yethu emikhulu yokuvimbela nokumisa le nqubo... Ngakho-ke, namuhla usongo lokufa kwesimiso semvelo seplanethi akushiyi muntu ongenandaba.
Indlela yokwenza ukubala okufanele?
Izibikezelo ezingenathemba kakhulu zezazi zemvelo zisishiya kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30, lapho kufanele senze isinqumo futhi sisebenzise izinyathelo ezidingekayo. Kodwa ngisho nalezi zibalo zibonakala zisikhuthaza kakhulu. Sesiwubhubhise umhlaba ngokwanele futhi sihamba ngesivinini esikhulu ngendlela yokungabuyi. Isikhathi sama-single, ukwazi komuntu ngamunye sesiphelile. Isikhathi sesifikile sokuqaphela ngokuhlanganyela kwabantu abakhululekile abanomthwalo wemfanelo ngekusasa lempucuko. Kuphela ngokwenza ngokubambisana, ngumphakathi womhlaba wonke, lapho singakwazi ngempela, uma singayeki, bese sinciphisa imiphumela yenhlekelele yemvelo ezayo. Kuphela uma siqala ukujoyina amandla namuhla lapho sizoba nesikhathi sokumisa ukucekelwa phansi nokubuyisela imvelo. Uma kungenjalo, izikhathi ezinzima zisilindile sonke...
Ngokuka-VIVernadsky, "inkathi ye-noosphere" evumelanayo kufanele yandulelwe ukuhlelwa kabusha okujulile komphakathi nezomnotho, ushintsho ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwayo. Asisho ukuthi isintu kufanele ngokushesha futhi silahle okuthile futhi sikhansele yonke impilo edlule. Ikusasa likhula kusukela esikhathini esedlule. Futhi asigcizeleli ekuhloleni okungaguquki kwezinyathelo zethu zesikhathi esidlule: lokho esikwenze kahle nesingakwenzanga. Akulula namuhla ukuthola ukuthi senzeni ngokulungile nokuthi yini engalungile, futhi akunakwenzeka futhi ukweqa zonke izimpilo zethu zangaphambili size siveze uhlangothi oluphambene. Asikwazi ukwahlulela uhlangothi olulodwa size sibone olunye. Ubukhulu bokukhanya bubonakaliswa ebumnyameni. Akukhona yini ngenxa yalesi sizathu (indlela ye-unipolar) ukuthi isintu sisahluleka emizamweni yaso yokunqanda inkinga ekhulayo yomhlaba wonke futhi siguqule impilo ibe ngcono?
Akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo kuphela ngokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa noma ngokuphambukisa imifula kuphela! Kuze kube manje, kungumbuzo kuphela wokuveza yonke imvelo ngobuqotho bayo kanye nobunye kanye nokuqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukulingana nayo, ukuze wenze isinqumo esifanele kanye nokubala okufanele. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi kufanele manje seqe wonke umlando wethu futhi sibuyele emigedeni, njengoba abanye “abaluhlaza” bebiza, empilweni enjalo lapho simba emhlabathini sifuna izimpande ezidliwayo noma sizingela izilwane zasendle ukuze ukuze sizidlise ngandlela thize. njengoba kwakunjalo emashumini ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule.
Ingxoxo imayelana nokuthile okuhluke ngokuphelele. Kuze kube yilapho umuntu ezitholela yena ukugcwala kwendawo yonke, i-Universe yonke futhi engazi ukuthi ungubani kule Universe nokuthi iyini indima yakhe, ngeke akwazi ukwenza izibalo ezifanele. Kuphela ngemva kwalokho sizokwazi ukuthi iyiphi indlela futhi kanjani ukushintsha ukuphila kwethu. Futhi ngaphambi kwalokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi senzani, yonke into izobe iyingxenye yenhliziyo, ingasebenzi noma ingalungile. Sizomane sibe njengabaphuphi abanethemba lokulungisa umhlaba, benze izinguquko kuwo, bahluleke futhi, bese bezisola kabuhlungu. Okokuqala sidinga ukwazi ukuthi liyini iqiniso nokuthi iyiphi indlela efanele yokubhekana nayo. Futhi-ke umuntu uzokwazi ukuqonda indlela yokwenza ngokuphumelelayo. Futhi uma simane sihamba ngemijikelezo ezenzweni zendawo ngokwazo ngaphandle kokuqonda imithetho yezwe lomhlaba, ngaphandle kokwenza ukubala okulungile, khona-ke sizofika kokunye ukwehluleka. Njengoba sekwenzekile kuze kube manje.
Ukuvumelanisa ne-ecosystem
Umhlaba wezilwane nezitshalo awunayo inkululeko yokuzikhethela. Le nkululeko inikezwa umuntu, kodwa uyisebenzisa ngokuziqhenya. Ngakho-ke, izinkinga ohlelweni lwendalo yomhlaba wonke zidalwa izenzo zethu zangaphambili ezihloselwe ukuzicabangela wena kanye nokucekela phansi. Sidinga izenzo ezintsha eziqondiswe ekudaleni nasekuthandeni abanye abantu. Uma umuntu eqala ukubona inkululeko yokuzikhethela ngokuzinikela, yonke imvelo izobuyela esimweni sokuzwana. Ukuvumelana kubonakala lapho umuntu edla imvelo njengoba nje kuvunyelwe ngokwemvelo ukuphila okuvamile. Ngamanye amazwi, uma isintu sishintshela esikweni lokusebenzisa ngaphandle kwensalela kanye ne-parasitism, khona-ke sizoqala ngokushesha ukuthonya imvelo ngokunenzuzo.
Asiloni noma silungise umhlaba nemvelo nganoma yini enye ngaphandle kwemicabango yethu. Kuphela ngemicabango yethu, isifiso sobunye, sothando, uzwela nesihawu, silungisa umhlaba. Uma senza ngeMvelo ngothando noma ngenzondo, ngokuhlanganisa noma ngokususa, iMvelo isibuyisela kithi kuwo wonke amazinga.
Ukuze ubudlelwano obungenangqondo buqale ukubusa emphakathini, ukuhlelwa kabusha okujulile kokwazi kwenani elikhulu kakhulu labantu, ngokuyinhloko abahlakaniphile, kuhlanganise ne-ecologists, kuyadingeka. Kudingekile ukuqaphela nokwamukela iqiniso elilula futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo elingajwayelekile, ngisho elixakayo kumuntu: indlela yokuhlakanipha nesayensi kuphela iyindlela efile. Asikwazanga futhi asikwazi ukudlulisela kubantu umqondo wokulondoloza imvelo ngolimi lobuhlakani. Sidinga enye indlela - indlela yenhliziyo, sidinga ulimi lothando. Kungale ndlela kuphela sizokwazi ukufinyelela emiphefumulweni yabantu futhi siguqule ukunyakaza kwabo emuva enhlekeleleni yemvelo.