Amagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic ayakhula. Isintu ngokwaso sinecala ngalokhu, okwasungula ama-antibiotics futhi waqala ukuwasebenzisa kabanzi, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwesidingo. Amagciwane ayengenakho ukukhetha ngaphandle kokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Okunye ukunqoba kwemvelo - ukubukeka kofuzo lwe-NDM-1 - kusongela ukuthi kube okokugcina. Yini okufanele uyenze ngayo?
Abantu bavame ukusebenzisa ama-antibiotic ngesizathu esincane kakhulu (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kwesizathu). Yile ndlela izifo ezimelana nezidakamizwa eziningi ezibonakala ngayo, ezingelashwanga ngama-antibiotic aziwa emithini yesimanje. Ama-antibiotics awasebenzi ekwelapheni izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ngoba awasebenzi nje kumagciwane. Kodwa asebenza kuma-bacteria, okuthi ngobuningi ahlala ekhona emzimbeni womuntu. Kodwa-ke, ngobulungisa, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ukwelashwa "okulungile" kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ngama-antibiotic, yiqiniso, kunomthelela ekuzivumelaniseni kwazo nezimo zemvelo ezingezinhle.
Njengoba i-Guardian ibhala, “Inkathi yemithi elwa namagciwane isizophela. Ngolunye usuku sizocabangela ukuthi izizukulwane ezimbili ezingenazo izifo kwakuyisikhathi esihle sokwelapha. Kuze kube manje amagciwane awakakwazi ukuziphindiselela. Kungase kubonakale sengathi ukuphela komlando wezifo ezithathelwanayo kuseduze kakhulu. Kodwa manje ku-ajenda "i-post-antibiotic" apocalypse.
Ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwama-antimicrobial phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaletha inkathi entsha kwezokwelapha. Imithi yokuqala elwa namagciwane, i-penicillin, yatholwa u-Alexander Fleming ngo-1928. Usosayensi wayihlukanisa nohlobo lwesikhunta i-Penicillium notatum, ukukhula kwayo eduze kwamanye amagciwane kwaba nethonya elikhulu kuwo. Ukukhiqizwa komuthi ngobuningi kwasungulwa ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II futhi kwakwazi ukusindisa izimpilo eziningi, okwakuthiwa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ezithinta amasosha alimele ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Ngemva kwempi, imboni yezemithi yayibambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhiqizweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zemithi elwa namagciwane, ephumelela ngokwengeziwe futhi esebenza ngohlu olubanzi lwamagciwane ayingozi. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha kwatholakala ukuthi ama-antibiotics awakwazi ukuba yikhambi eliphelele lokutheleleka kwamagciwane, ngenxa nje yokuthi inani lezinhlobo zamabhaktheriya e-pathogenic likhulu kakhulu futhi ezinye zazo ziyakwazi ukumelana nemiphumela yezidakamizwa. Kodwa into eyinhloko ukuthi amabhaktheriya ayakwazi ukuguqula nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokulwa nama-antibiotic.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amabhaktheriya anenzuzo eyodwa engenakuphikiswa - ibhaktheriya ngalinye aliphili isikhathi eside, futhi ndawonye liphindaphindeka ngokushesha, okusho ukuthi inqubo yokubukeka nokuhlanganiswa kokuguqulwa kwenguquko "enhle" ibathatha kancane kakhulu. isikhathi kunokuba, ake sithi umuntu. Ukuvela kokumelana nezidakamizwa, okungukuthi, ukwehla kokuphumelela kokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics, odokotela baye baqaphela isikhathi eside. Okuphawuleka kakhulu kwaba ukuvela kokuqala kokumelana nemithi ethile, kwase kuba izinhlobo eziningi zesifo sofuba esimelana nezidakamizwa. Izibalo zomhlaba zikhomba ukuthi cishe u-7% weziguli ezinesifo sofuba zinalolu hlobo lofuba. Ukuvela kwesifo sofuba i-Mycobacterium, nokho, akuphelelanga lapho - futhi kwavela uhlobo olubanzi lokungazweli emishanguzweni, okuyinto engeke ikwazi ukwelashwa. Isifo sofuba isifo esiyingozi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukuvela kwezinhlobonhlobo zayo ezimelana kakhulu kwaqashelwa yi-World Health Organization njengeyingozi kakhulu futhi ithathwa ngaphansi kokulawulwa okukhethekile kwe-UN.
“Ukuphela kwenkathi yemithi elwa namagciwane” okumenyezelwe yi-Guardian akuwona umkhuba ovamile wabezindaba wokwethuka. Inkinga ikhonjwe uprofesa waseNgilandi u-Tim Walsh, isihloko sakhe esithi “Ukuvela Kwezindlela Ezintsha Zokumelana Nemithi Elwa Namagciwane e-India, Pakistan nase-UK: I-Molecular, Biological and Epidemiological Aspects” eyanyatheliswa ngo-August 11, 2010 kumagazini ohlonishwayo i-Lancet Infectious Diseases. . I-athikili ka-Walsh nozakwabo igxile ocwaningweni lofuzo lwe-NDM-1, olwatholwa ngu-Walsh ngo-September 2009. Lolu fuzo, lwahlukaniswa okokuqala emasikweni amagciwane atholakala ezigulini ezasuka eNgilandi zaya eNdiya futhi zagcina ziphelile. itafula lokusebenza lapho, kulula kakhulu ukudlulisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhaktheriya ngenxa yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukudluliswa kofuzo okuvundlile. Ikakhulukazi, u-Walsh wachaza ukudluliswa okunjalo phakathi kwe-Escherichia coli E. coli evame kakhulu kanye ne-Klebsiella pneumoniae, enye yezinto eziyimbangela yenyumoniya. Isici esiyinhloko se-NDM-1 ukuthi yenza amabhaktheriya amelane cishe nawo wonke ama-antibiotic anamandla kakhulu futhi anamuhla njenge-carbapenems. Ucwaningo olusha luka-Walsh lubonisa ukuthi amagciwane analezi zakhi zofuzo asevele avamile e-India. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa. NgokukaWalsh, ukuvela kwesakhi sofuzo esinjalo kumagciwane kuyingozi kakhulu, ngoba awekho ama-antibiotics ngokumelene namagciwane amathumbu anofuzo olunjalo. Umuthi ubonakala uneminye iminyaka eyi-10 kuze kube yilapho ukuguqulwa kofuzo kwanda kakhulu.
Lokhu akukuningi kakhulu, uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-antibiotic entsha, ukuhlolwa kwayo kwemitholampilo kanye nokwethulwa kokukhiqizwa ngobuningi kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imboni yemithi isadinga ukuqiniseka ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo. Okuxakayo ukuthi imboni yezemithi ayinandaba kakhulu nokukhiqizwa kwama-antibiotic amasha. I-World Health Organization ize isho ngomunyu ukuthi akusizi ngalutho ukuthi imboni yezokwelapha ikhiqize ama-antimicrobial. Amagciwane ngokuvamile alulama ngokushesha kakhulu: inkambo evamile yemithi elwa namagciwane ayihlali ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Qhathanisa nemithi yenhliziyo ethatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Futhi uma kungadingeki kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwezidakamizwa ngobuningi, khona-ke inzuzo iba yincane, futhi isifiso sezinkampani sokutshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi kule ndlela siyancipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo azivamile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi izifo ze-parasitic kanye nezindawo ezishisayo, futhi zitholakala kude naseNtshonalanga, ezingakhokhela imithi.
Ngaphezu kwezomnotho, kunemikhawulo yemvelo - iningi lemithi elwa namagciwane emisha itholakala njengezinhlobonhlobo zakudala, ngakho-ke amagciwane "ajwayele" kuwo ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukutholakala kohlobo olusha lwemithi elwa namagciwane eminyakeni yamuva akwenzeki kaningi. Yiqiniso, ngaphezu kwama-antibiotics, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kuthuthukisa nezinye izindlela zokwelapha izifo - i-bacteriophages, i-peptide elwa namagciwane, ama-probiotics. Kodwa ukusebenza kwabo kusephansi kakhulu. Kunoma yikuphi, akukho lutho oluzothatha indawo yama-antibiotics ukuze kuvinjwe izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Imisebenzi yokufakelwa kabusha nayo ibalulekile: ukucindezelwa kwesikhashana kwamasosha omzimba adingekayo ukuze kufakwe isitho somzimba kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ukuze kuqinisekiswe isiguli ngokumelene nokuthuthukiswa kwezifo. Ngokufanayo, ama-antibiotics asetshenziswa ngesikhathi somdlavuza we-chemotherapy. Ukungabi bikho kwesivikelo esinjalo kungenza zonke lezi zindlela zokwelapha, uma kungenamsebenzi, zibe yingozi kakhulu.
Nakuba ososayensi befuna izimali ekusongelweni okusha (futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo imali yokuxhasa ucwaningo lokumelana nezidakamizwa), yini okufanele sonke siyenze? Sebenzisa ama-antibiotics ngokucophelela nangokucophelela: ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngakunye kunikeza "isitha", amagciwane, ithuba lokuthola izindlela zokumelana. Kodwa into eyinhloko ukukhumbula ukuthi ukulwa okungcono kakhulu (kusukela ekubukeni kwemiqondo ehlukahlukene yokudla okunempilo nokudla kwemvelo, imithi yendabuko - i-Ayurveda efanayo, kanye nokumane nje ngokombono ovamile) ukuvimbela. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokulwa nezifo iwukusebenza njalo ekuqiniseni umzimba wakho siqu, ukuwuletha esimweni sokuzwana.